Английская Википедия:Charles Lutaud

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Шаблон:Infobox governor Charles Lutaud (15 November 1855 – 27 October 1921) was a French administrator who became Governor General of Algeria from 1911 to 1918. He was a supporter of French settlement in the colony. He felt that granting voting rights to the indigenous Muslims of Algeria should only be done gradually, as they advanced to the same level as the French.

Early career

Charles Lutaud was born in Mâcon on 15 November 1855. His parents were François Lutaud, clerk of the justice of the peace, and Marie Corsin. He obtained a degree in law. On 20 December 1877 he was appointed Chief of Staff to the prefect of the Somme department. On 24 March 1879 he was made Chief of Staff to the prefect of Loire-Inférieure. On 25 November 1881 he became Secretary General of the prefecture of Morbihan. He was appointed Deputy Chief of Staff to Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau, Minister of the Interior, on 1 March 1883, and then deputy chief of staff to François Allain-Targé, Minister of the Interior, on 21 March 1883.Шаблон:Sfn

On 10 April 1884 Lutaud was appointed sub-prefect of Boulogne. He was appointed prefect of Sarthe on 24 May 1889.Шаблон:Sfn In August 1891 the Republicans of Sarthe paid homage to Lutaud.Шаблон:Sfn He was made Prefect in turn of Corsica (3 October 1893), Côtes-du-Nord (21 October 1895) and Haute-Garonne (13 July 1897).Шаблон:Sfn

Lutaud was appointed Prefect of Algiers in December 1898.Шаблон:Sfn The Jews of Algeria had been given French citizenship in 1870.Шаблон:Sfn Lutaud took office at a time of anti-Semitic agitation by the colons.Шаблон:Sfn In an interview with L'Écho de Paris after his appointment, he announced that the Algiers police would be reorganized on the Parisian model. Lutaud was a freemason, and soon became the target of anti-Semitic newspapers in Algeria. On 26 April 1901 rebels attacked the small French settlement of Margueritte, killing six Europeans. The response was violent, with sixteen Muslims killed and 125 charged. The event was used as an excuse for a reactionary campaign to remove Lutaud from office.Шаблон:Sfn

Lutaud left Algiers in 1901.Шаблон:Sfn He was appointed Prefect of Bouches-du-Rhône (16 July 1901), Gironde (9 September 1902) and then Rhône (4 January 1907). Lutaud married Valentine Loucou in Paris on 28 July 1908.Шаблон:Sfn

Governor-general of Algeria

Lutaud was appointed to succeed Charles Jonnart as governor-general of Algeria on 21 March 1911, taking office in May 1911.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Algeria, he did not meet the expectations of the liberals. Among his first declarations he talked of the civilizing mission of France and her representatives in Algeria.Шаблон:Sfn He fully supported the European settlers, and allowed them to continue to acquire land. He did not make any reforms that would help the indigenous population.Шаблон:Sfn

Lutaud declared that the Algerians were not essentially inferior to the French, but were backward, and the French had a duty to educate them. He used this backwardness as an excuse for discriminatory policies. He said that he had a profound confidence in the unity of the human race, and expected that by progressive steps the Algerians would be able to receive the same rights as the French. The steps would be slow but sure. Their children would eventually receive the same education as the French, and they would eventually receive the franchise. Any resistance by the Algerians to becoming French was just evidence of their backwardness.Шаблон:Sfn Once the indigenous people had become French, they would cease to be indigenous.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1912 he received requests from the Natural History Society of North Africa and the Horticultural Society of Algiers to create protected parks covering Шаблон:Convert of forested land in Algeria.Шаблон:Sfn Lutaud favoured the idea, and asked the North African Station for Forest Research to prepare a proposal. World War I (1914–1918) put a halt to plans, but after the war an expanded version of the plan was implemented.Шаблон:Sfn

Lutaud faced pressure from a coalition of liberal parliamentarians and the growing number of members of the Algerian elite who had received French education to grant full citizenship rights to Algerians. He responded with minimal concessions to avoid making significant changes. By a decree of 18 June 1913 he exempted a very small number of Muslims from the native code, and abolished the requirement for permits to travel within Algeria and between Algeria and France. These and a few other changes became law on 15 July 1914.Шаблон:Sfn

During World War I many Muslim Algerians fought for France, causing growing pressure to enfranchise them. In 1915 Lutaud threatened resignation if this happened.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn In 1917 Lutaud made a proposal to allow all Algerian soldiers to apply for French citizenship, not just those who had fought in Europe. However, the colonial administration would vet their applications, not the Ministry of War. The effect would presumably be fewer approved applications.Шаблон:Sfn In a report of December 1917 he pointed out the danger of a proposal for giving citizenship to Algerian soldiers that would have made the ability to read and write Arabic a qualification, since this would encourage the spread of that language.Шаблон:Sfn

Georges Clemenceau returned to power for the last time in November 1917, and decided the Algerians should be rewarded for their contribution to the war effort. He replaced Lutaud by Charles Jonnart, who had already served as governor twice.Шаблон:Sfn Lutaud left office in January 1918.Шаблон:Sfn

Last years

In June 1918 Lutaud was given the authority of a high commissioner of France in the Ukrainian People's Republic, which had made terms with the central powers in February that year with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.Шаблон:Sfn

Lutaud was appointed an officer of the Legion of Honour on 10 August 1899, Knight on 13 July 1891, Commander on 9 January 1914 and Grand Officer in January 1919.Шаблон:Sfn He died in Paris on 27 October 1921.Шаблон:Sfn His ashes are in the columbarium of Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.Шаблон:Sfn He has been called a good representative of conservative Jacobinism. He left the reputation of a zealous, clumsy and brutal administrator, but strong in his convictions.Шаблон:Sfn

Bibliography

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References

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Sources

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Шаблон:Rulers of Algeria Шаблон:Authority control

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