Английская Википедия:Charles Moran (railroad executive)
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox person Charles Moran (October 31, 1811 – July 22, 1895) was an American business man and president of the Erie Railroad from 1857 to 1859.Шаблон:Sfn
Biography
Charles Moran was born in Brussels, Belgium, in 1811. He came to New York City while a young man and engaged in business, becoming in time senior partner in the dry-goods commission and importing house of Moran & Iselin. This firm was dissolved in 1852, Mr. Moran retiring. He had won an enviable reputation as a careful and successful business man, and as his bent was toward finance, he founded the New York banking-house of Moran Bros.Шаблон:Sfn The foreign correspondence of the house was particularly extensive and of high class, which fact gave Mr. Moran extraordinary opportunity for the placing of American loans abroad.Шаблон:Sfn
It was his success in this way in 1856, with a large Erie loan, that made him a conspicuous figure in railroad financiering, and turned the attention of the Erie toward him in a time of emergency, and induced it to call him to the management of its critical affairs. He became president of the company on the eve of the great financial upheaval of 1857, the disastrous effects of which harassed and hampered his earnest efforts in the herculean task he had undertaken, all through his two years' administration.Шаблон:Sfn Few men would have faced the obstacles he encountered, much less have attempted to overcome them. Mr. Moran retired from the Erie management, August 1859, and gave his entire attention to his banking business.Шаблон:Sfn In the later portion of his life Moran lived at 12 East 53rd Street in New York City.[1] He continued as senior partner of Moran Bros until his death, July 22, 1895.Шаблон:Sfn Charles Moran had two sons, Amedee Depau Moran and D. Comyn Moran, who succeeded him in his banking business.Шаблон:Sfn
Work
Election as director in 1854
In 1854 Charles Moran, broker and private banker, and Louis Von Hoffman, private banker, both from New York City,Шаблон:Sfn were elected among the sixteen directors of the New York and Erie Company. This election was in recognition of the interests of foreign creditors of the company, Moran having placed a large amount of the company's unsecured, or income, bonds in Switzerland and other parts of Europe.Шаблон:Sfn Moran would soon become one of Homer Ramsdell's confidant.
When in 1854, Ramsdell acquired the land besides water frontage at the Hudson River,Шаблон:Sfn where the immense Erie Railroad yards, depots, ferry would be situated, nobody of the board knew except Charles Moran, They thought it was in the best for the interests of the Company that for new railroads, improvements, and lake steam, the matter should not be talked about. The boats. Work on the terminal facilities at Jersey City was begun in 1856. In June of that year the Mallory & Co. of Newburgh for putting the tunnel through Bergen Hill,Шаблон:Sfn which would be finished under James P. Kirkwood.
Selection as president
In 1857, misfortune marked Erie, and it was evident that the company's affairs were once more approaching a crisis. This was the situation that confronted the Erie when Charles Moran returned from Europe in July 1857, where he had gone the previous winter to raise loans.Шаблон:Sfn Homer Ramsdell had private enterprises of much magnitude, and the increasing depression in the business affairs of the company, he declared, required that he should give them more of his personal attention, and he announced his determination to resign the Presidency of the company. The board of directors had been led to believe that Charles Moran, better than any other person available, could take hold of the company's critical affairs and straighten them out. They notified him of their belief, and solicited him to take charge of the management.Шаблон:Sfn
He replied that he would undertake the task, with assurances that he could perform it if the company would pay him $25,000 a year for his services. This was as much as the President of the United States was paid, and an unheard-of salary for the executive head of any corporation. The Board decided, however, that Moran was worth the outlay, and they agreed to his terms. July 18, 1887, William E. Dodge, who was outraged because the Company persisted in permitting work to be done on the railroad on Sunday, resigned from the Board. Moran was chosen in his place, and was unanimously elected president, Mr. Ramsdell continuing as a member of the Board.Шаблон:Sfn
It was announced of Mr. Moran in the public prints, upon his election as President of the Erie, that he was a man of high character and integrity, of vigorous mind, and devoted to the study of political economy, which was at the foundation of the success of any work of this description; that he had superior administrative ability, and that his election would give great satisfaction to all true friends of the enterprise, both at home and abroad. All this about Mr. Moran was undoubtedly true, but within the next two years he was to learn by bitter experience that it required something more than devotion to the study of political economy to be at the foundation of the success of such a work as the New York and Erie Railroad was.Шаблон:Sfn
Moran's policy changes
Early in his incumbency, President Moran demonstrated that his policy was to be radically different in the management of the company's affairs from that of any of his predecessors. It had been the custom, as a bid for new business and an inducement to retain old, to issue free passes to drovers who accompanied their cattle to market on the stock trains, and to "freighters." who controlled produce shipments in those days. There were about 160 persons receiving these free tickets, and the issuing of them had been regarded as good business policy by all managements up to the Moran control. Moran did not believe it was a sound business principle, and he abolished the free pass system at once. He also dispensed with agencies, runners, advertisements, and all such methods of increasing the company's business.Шаблон:Sfn
Money was necessary to carry forward the improvements the company had then in hand, but which were being delayed by lack of funds, so a scheme for a fourth mortgage loan was announced early in August 1857. It was proposed to raise $3,000,000 by creating a stock for $6,000,000, half to be paid in cash and half in the unsecured bonds of the company. The object of the loan was to fund the debt of the company, and to obtain means to continue the construction of the Bergen tunnel, the depots, wharves and other improvements of the Long Dock property. It was calculated that the debt of the company would be increased but about $1,000,000 by this plan.Шаблон:Sfn
It was a discouraging time for negotiating loans, however, even on the most approved security, for it was at the height of the panic of 1857 when banks were failing by the score, and the oldest business houses were trembling on the verge of bankruptcy; but President Moran and his associates went to work- in earnest to place the new bonds. The unsecured bonds of the company were low in the market being then quoted at about thirty-five and the terms of the new issue were favorable, but investors ignored it.Шаблон:Sfn
A meeting of the stock and bondholders held at No. 13 Broad Street, New York, September 23, 1857. For the purpose of inducing them to subscribe for the new loan. President Moran made an address which is to-day a graphic and in some respects an amusing – exhibit of the company's situation and tribulations in that critical year. He began by presenting a statement of the financial condition of the company (see image).Шаблон:Sfn
December 1857 Strike
The most important difficulty the road had to contend with, Moran explained in 1857, was the engineers' strike of the fall of 1856:
- ... Owing to a policy which occupied itself with minutiae to the exclusion of the main chance, the best set of engineers ever gathered in this country was dispersed. They spread reports all over the country unfavorable to the Erie road; they said it was served by incompetent engineers, by mere boys, and what they said was in part true. The strike was followed by a December and a January change in weather by which the road was blocked by snows, and an inundation in February which destroyed the most important bridges on the line. Constant rains kept the road in a state of liquefaction until July, and the result of all this was that during the first six months of the present fiscal year there had been a diminution of receipts of $534,000, and an increase of expenditure of $482,000, leaving a comparative balance against the Company of $1,016,000. Notwithstanding this loss the road has gone ahead within the last two years between four hundred and five hundred thousand dollars. If, under such unfavorable circumstances as these, such results could be obtained, what would they not be when the large crops of this year came in, and when economical and active management had made the road as productive as possible?Шаблон:Sfn
By the end of the year on Tuesday, December 1, 1887, by order of President Charles Moran, a reduction of wages and salaries of employees went into effect, owing to the hard times and the critical condition There were 250 laborers at the pier at Piermont, handling freight. They were divided into night and day gangs, and were known as laborers, checkers, tally clerks, porters, and stowers. Their pay had been $1 per day. It was reduced to 90 cents for eleven hours' work. Six hours were reckoned half a day's work. Steady men could make from $25 to $30 a month at the old wages.Шаблон:Sfn
President Moran was getting a salary of $25,000 a year, and it was current all along the railroad that, owing to financial straits the company was in, he was taking no chances, but was collecting his salary, pro rata, every day. When his order to reduce wages and salaries was issued, inquiry was made by the men as to whether the president hid submitted to a reduction in his own great stipend. When it was learned that he had not, the feeling was bitter, and the laborers at the Piermont docks protested against the cut in their wages and quit work. The brakemen on that division of the railroad joined the laborers, as did the laborers along the division. Traffic came to a standstill.Шаблон:Sfn The strike was broken later that week by Metropolitan policemen and Piermont Guards. These strikes would eventually cost the Company half a million to a million dollars.Шаблон:Sfn
Bankruptcy and resignation
The last "Address of the Directors of the New York and Erie Railroad Company to the Stockholders", early 1859 gave an impression of the depressing situation, stating with:
- "The depression in the market value of the Shares and Bonds of the New York and Erie R. R. Company, increasing from month to month and from week to week, indicates a fear that the whole stock may in a short time be lost, and some of the unsecured debt share the same fate. These fears are not without foundation, but they may by energetic proceedings be removed. It is evidently to the forbearance of the Creditors that the Company owes its continued existence. This lenity must grow out of the belief that there is a real, though at present unavailable, value in the property of the Company, which in time will again become apparent..."[2]
The address further gives an overview of companies development in the 1850s, and continued to stipulate its decline, and its origins:
- "...remembering as they may, that for four years, commencing on 1 October 1852, when the trains first ran through from Jersey City to Dunkirk, and ending September 30, 1856, the earnings over all working expenses paid the interest on the debts, and left a surplus more than sufficient to pay full interest to the Stockholders; though 'part of that surplus went to the general improvements. The figures and facts are not to be found in any one publication,' and therefore may with advantage be collected here, as the commencement of an attempt to understand the real condition of the Company's affairs."
- "The 30 September 1856, marks the culminating point in the success of the Company. The road was good, and its equipments in cars, locomotives and every thing necessary for doing a large business, were nearly all that could be desired. From thence, its decline may be dated. The old and experienced enginemen were at that time discharged. Those substituted for them, though competent and careful, could not at once run the trains as economically as had before been usual. But they acquitted themselves well. No accident happened to car or passenger in the months of October, November and December; and the earnings of the road for that period, being the first quarter of the fiscal year ending September 30, 1857, amounted to $1,605,582.42, a. sum which with one exception had never been exceeded in the same quarter. It left, after paying all working expenses and interest on the bonded and floating debt, as net surplus earnings, $207,447.53. After this, the real decline began, with a hard winter, destructive spring freshets, and imaginary improvements by a new President..."[2]
This Address continued with more recent events, but couldn't turn the tide. Up to August 1859, of the loan only $1,253,500 had been taken. The hopeless state of entanglement in the affairs of the Company culminated on the 4th of that month in the recovery of a judgment against it for $35,000 default in sinking fund bonds, and an execution was issued the same day. Other suits were pending in which the same questions were involved, and it became plain that if the bondholders wished to protect the property of the corporation, and hold it together against a reorganization, some steps must be taken at once.Шаблон:Sfn
Proceedings were begun by the trustees of the fourth mortgage, default having also been made on the first, second, third, and fifth mortgages. On motion thus made, Nathaniel Marsh, Secretary of the company, was appointed Receiver by Judge Mason of Chenango County. He took possession of the road on August 16, 1859. On the 19th the Directors made a large reduction in President Moran's salary. On the 27th he resigned as president, and retired from the Directory. Samuel Marsh was elected president to succeed him. When Moran left the capital stock of the company was $11,000,000 and the bonded debt $36,783,650 (see image).Шаблон:Sfn
Erie stock in July 1857, when the Moran administration began, was quoted at thirty-three and one-third. In August 1859, when the Moran administration ended, the stock was wavering at eight. That Charles Moran made earnest and conscientious endeavor to extricate the company from its troubles and start it forward on a successful career it would be unjust to doubt. According to Mott (1899; p. 129) "his ability to do so had been simply misjudged and overrated – and by nobody more than by himself."Шаблон:Sfn
Money, 1863
In 1851 Moran had published in the local press some of his views in regard to the relative value of gold and silver, and the effects of the large influx of gold from new mines. In the 1860s he further developed these ideas in discussions at the meetings of the Society for the Advancement of Political and Social Science in New York City. This gradually assumed the form of a work, which is an attempt to analyze and discuss the subject of money, in its most important, practical phases. Moran wanted to describe this subject more fully than has been done in any of the works that have, and explain and reconcile all the anomalies that, heretofore, have rendered money so vexed a subject.Шаблон:Sfn
His 1863 book "Money" build on his earlier publications. Moran further explains, that "every prediction then made on this subject has been fully realized, while not one of those made by the partisans of the theory of the future depreciation of gold and appreciation of silver has been fulfilled. The conclusions in regard to the effect on prices, of bank-note issues, were arrived at and communicated to friends long before reading trie able works of Fullarton and Tooke, in which similar views are maintained. This is mentioned here, not so much to claim the merit of originality for these conclusions, as with a view to obtain for them the weight due to conclusions arrived at by different parties, examining the same subject from different points of view."Шаблон:Sfn
A late 1863 review in British Westminster Review, commented, that "Mr. Moran's Essay on Money is but another added to the heap of such publications as have long since tired all human patience. Writers of his school will never be brought to recognise the difference between currency and credit. Their theory is, that because credit is the basis of all extended commerce, the banking system of a country should be so constituted as to come to the rescue of a credit destroyed by injudicious investments in times of overtrading and speculation..."[3]
Owner of the Nevada and California Railroad
The Nevada and Oregon Railroad, a narrow-gauge line found in 1882 building from north from Reno was sold to their largest investor, the Moran Brothers, a group of New York investors, at foreclosure in 1884 and operated unofficially as the Nevada and California Railroad. In 1893 the Moran Brothers sold the railroad and it was reorganized as the Nevada–California–Oregon Railway. His presence in Lassen County, California continues to this day with the namesake town/place of Moran bearing his last name as well as Amadee, the name of his son.
Publications
References
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- Attribution
Файл:PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from Шаблон:Cite book; and other public domain material from books and/or websites.
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