Английская Википедия:Charlie Chaplin
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Redirect Шаблон:Pp-vandalism Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox personШаблон:Charlie Chaplin sidebar
Sir Charles Spencer Chaplin Шаблон:Post-nominals (16 April 1889Шаблон:Snd25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy.
Chaplin's childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. His father was absent and his mother struggled financiallyШаблон:Sndhe was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine. When he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an early age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian. At 19, he was signed to the Fred Karno company, which took him to the United States. He was scouted for the film industry and began appearing in 1914 for Keystone Studios. He soon developed the Tramp persona and attracted a large fan base. He directed his own films and continued to hone his craft as he moved to the Essanay, Mutual, and First National corporations. By 1918, he was one of the world's best-known figures.
In 1919, Chaplin co-founded distribution company United Artists, which gave him complete control over his films. His first feature-length film was The Kid (1921), followed by A Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928). He initially refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) without dialogue. His first sound film was The Great Dictator (1940), which satirised Adolf Hitler. The 1940s were marked with controversy for Chaplin, and his popularity declined rapidly. He was accused of communist sympathies, and some members of the press and public were scandalised by his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the U.S. and settle in Switzerland. He abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967).
Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in, and composed the music for most of his films. He was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramp's struggles against adversity. Many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. He received an Honorary Academy Award for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century" in 1972, as part of a renewed appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in high regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times, and The Great Dictator often ranked on lists of the greatest films.
Biography
1889–1913: early years
Background and childhood hardship
Charles Spencer Chaplin Jr. was born on 16 April 1889 to Hannah Chaplin (née Hill) and Charles Chaplin Sr. His paternal grandmother came from the Smith family, who belonged to Romani people.[1][2][3][4] There is no official record of his birth, although Chaplin believed he was born at East Street, Walworth, in South London.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn His parents had married four years previously, at which time Charles Sr. became the legal guardian of Hannah's first son, Sydney John Hill.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn At the time of his birth, Chaplin's parents were both music hall entertainers. Hannah, the daughter of a shoemaker,Шаблон:Sfn had a brief and unsuccessful career under the stage name Lily Harley,Шаблон:Sfn while Charles Sr., a butcher's son,Шаблон:Sfn was a popular singer.Шаблон:Sfn Although they never divorced, Chaplin's parents were estranged by around 1891.Шаблон:Sfn The following year, Hannah gave birth to a third son, George Wheeler Dryden, fathered by the music hall entertainer Leo Dryden. The child was taken by Dryden at six months old, and did not re-enter Chaplin's life for thirty years.Шаблон:Sfn
Chaplin's childhood was fraught with poverty and hardship, making his eventual trajectory "the most dramatic of all the rags to riches stories ever told" according to his authorised biographer David Robinson.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin's early years were spent with his mother and brother Sydney in the London district of Kennington. Hannah had no means of income, other than occasional nursing and dressmaking, and Chaplin Sr. provided no financial support.Шаблон:Sfn As the situation deteriorated, Chaplin was sent to Lambeth Workhouse when he was seven years old.Шаблон:Efn The council housed him at the Central London District School for paupers, which Chaplin remembered as "a forlorn existence".Шаблон:Sfn He was briefly reunited with his mother 18 months later, but Hannah was forced to readmit her family to the workhouse in July 1898. The boys were promptly sent to Norwood Schools, another institution for destitute children.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Rquote
In September 1898, Hannah was committed to Cane Hill mental asylum; she had developed a psychosis seemingly brought on by an infection of syphilis and malnutrition.Шаблон:Sfn For the two months she was there, Chaplin and his brother Sydney were sent to live with their father, whom the young boys scarcely knew.Шаблон:Sfn Charles Sr. was by then severely alcoholic, and life there was bad enough to provoke a visit from the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin's father died two years later, at 38 years old, from cirrhosis of the liver.Шаблон:Sfn
Hannah entered a period of remission but, in May 1903, became ill again.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin, then 14, had the task of taking his mother to the infirmary, from where she was sent back to Cane Hill.Шаблон:Sfn He lived alone for several days, searching for food and occasionally sleeping rough, until SydneyШаблон:Sndwho had joined the Navy two years earlierШаблон:Sndreturned.Шаблон:Sfnm Hannah was released from the asylum eight months later,Шаблон:Sfn but in March 1905, her illness returned, this time permanently. "There was nothing we could do but accept poor mother's fate", Chaplin later wrote, and she remained in care until her death in 1928.Шаблон:Sfnm
Young performer
Between his time in the poor schools and his mother succumbing to mental illness, Chaplin began to perform on stage. He later recalled making his first amateur appearance at the age of five years, when he took over from Hannah one night in Aldershot.Шаблон:Efn This was an isolated occurrence, but by the time he was nine Chaplin had, with his mother's encouragement, grown interested in performing. He later wrote: "[she] imbued me with the feeling that I had some sort of talent".Шаблон:Sfn Through his father's connections,Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin became a member of the Eight Lancashire Lads clog-dancing troupe, with whom he toured English music halls throughout 1899 and 1900.Шаблон:Efn Chaplin worked hard, and the act was popular with audiences, but he was not satisfied with dancing and wished to form a comedy act.Шаблон:Sfn
In the years Chaplin was touring with the Eight Lancashire Lads, his mother ensured that he still attended school but, by the age of 13, he had abandoned education.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He supported himself with a range of jobs, while nursing his ambition to become an actor.Шаблон:Sfn At 14, shortly after his mother's relapse, he registered with a theatrical agency in London's West End. The manager sensed potential in Chaplin, who was promptly given his first role as a newsboy in Harry Arthur Saintsbury's Jim, a Romance of Cockayne.Шаблон:Sfn It opened in July 1903, but the show was unsuccessful and closed after two weeks. Chaplin's comic performance, however, was singled out for praise in many of the reviews.Шаблон:Sfnm
Saintsbury secured a role for Chaplin in Charles Frohman's production of Sherlock Holmes, where he played Billy the pageboy in three nationwide tours.Шаблон:Sfn His performance was so well received that he was called to London to play the role alongside William Gillette, the original Holmes.Шаблон:Efn "It was like tidings from heaven", Chaplin recalled.Шаблон:Sfn At 16 years old, Chaplin starred in the play's West End production at the Duke of York's Theatre from October to December 1905.Шаблон:Sfn He completed one final tour of Sherlock Holmes in early 1906, before leaving the play after more than two-and-a-half years.Шаблон:Sfn
Stage comedy and vaudeville
Chaplin soon found work with a new company and went on tour with his brother, who was also pursuing an acting career, in a comedy sketch called Repairs.Шаблон:Sfn In May 1906, Chaplin joined the juvenile act Casey's Circus,Шаблон:Sfn where he developed popular burlesque pieces and was soon the star of the show. By the time the act finished touring in July 1907, the 18-year-old had become an accomplished comedic performer.Шаблон:Sfnm He struggled to find more work, however, and a brief attempt at a solo act was a failure.Шаблон:Efn
Meanwhile, Sydney Chaplin had joined Fred Karno's prestigious comedy company in 1906 and, by 1908, he was one of their key performers.Шаблон:Sfnm In February, he managed to secure a two-week trial for his younger brother. Karno was initially wary, and considered Chaplin a "pale, puny, sullen-looking youngster" who "looked much too shy to do any good in the theatre".Шаблон:Sfn However, the teenager made an impact on his first night at the London Coliseum and he was quickly signed to a contract.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin began by playing a series of minor parts, eventually progressing to starring roles in 1909.Шаблон:Sfn In April 1910, he was given the lead in a new sketch, Jimmy the Fearless. It was a big success, and Chaplin received considerable press attention.Шаблон:Sfnm
Karno selected his new star to join the section of the company that toured North America's vaudeville circuit, a section which also included Stan Laurel.[5]Шаблон:Sfn The young comedian headed the show and impressed reviewers, being described as "one of the best pantomime artists ever seen here".Шаблон:Sfn His most successful role was a drunk called the "Inebriate Swell", which drew him significant recognition.Шаблон:Sfnm The tour lasted 21 months, and the troupe returned to England in June 1912.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin recalled that he "had a disquieting feeling of sinking back into a depressing commonplaceness" and was, therefore, delighted when a new tour began in October.Шаблон:Sfnm
1914–1917: entering films
Keystone
Six months into the second American tour, Chaplin was invited to join the New York Motion Picture Company. A representative who had seen his performances thought he could replace Fred Mace, a star of their Keystone Studios who intended to leave.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin thought the Keystone comedies "a crude mélange of rough and rumble", but liked the idea of working in films and rationalised: "Besides, it would mean a new life."Шаблон:Sfn He met with the company and signed a $150-per-weekШаблон:Efn contract in September 1913.Шаблон:Sfnm Chaplin arrived in Los Angeles in early December,Шаблон:Sfn and began working for the Keystone studio on 5Шаблон:SpacesJanuary 1914.[6] Шаблон:Multiple image
Chaplin's boss was Mack Sennett, who initially expressed concern that the 24-year-old looked too young.Шаблон:Sfn He was not used in a picture until late January, during which time Chaplin attempted to learn the processes of filmmaking.Шаблон:Sfn The one-reeler Making a Living marked his film acting debut and was released on 2Шаблон:SpacesFebruary 1914. Chaplin strongly disliked the picture, but one review picked him out as "a comedian of the first water".Шаблон:Sfn For his second appearance in front of the camera, Chaplin selected the costume with which he became identified. He described the process in his autobiography: Шаблон:Blockquote
The film was Mabel's Strange Predicament, but "the Tramp" character, as it became known, debuted to audiences in Kid Auto Races at VeniceШаблон:Sndshot later than Mabel's Strange Predicament but released two days earlier on 7Шаблон:SpacesFebruary 1914.Шаблон:Sfn[7] Chaplin adopted the character as his screen persona and attempted to make suggestions for the films he appeared in. These ideas were dismissed by his directors.Шаблон:Sfn During the filming of his 11th picture, Mabel at the Wheel, he clashed with director Mabel Normand and was almost released from his contract. Sennett kept him on, however, when he received orders from exhibitors for more Chaplin films.[8] Sennett also allowed Chaplin to direct his next film himself after Chaplin promised to pay $1,500 ($Шаблон:Inflation in Шаблон:Inflation-year dollars) if the film was unsuccessful.Шаблон:Sfn
Caught in the Rain, issued 4Шаблон:SpacesMay 1914, was Chaplin's directorial debut and was highly successful.Шаблон:Sfn Thereafter he directed almost every short film in which he appeared for Keystone,Шаблон:Sfn at the rate of approximately one per week,Шаблон:Sfn a period which he later remembered as the most exciting time of his career.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin's films introduced a slower form of comedy than the typical Keystone farce,Шаблон:Sfn and he developed a large fan base.Шаблон:Sfnm In November 1914, he had a supporting role in the first feature length comedy film, Tillie's Punctured Romance, directed by Sennett and starring Marie Dressler, which was a commercial success and increased his popularity.Шаблон:Sfn When Chaplin's contract came up for renewal at the end of the year, he asked for $1,000 a week,Шаблон:Efn an amount Sennett refused as he thought it was too large.Шаблон:Sfn
Essanay
The Essanay Film Manufacturing Company of Chicago sent Chaplin an offer of $1,250Шаблон:Efn a week with a signing bonus of $10,000.Шаблон:Efn He joined the studio in late December 1914,Шаблон:Sfn where he began forming a stock company of regular players, actors he worked with again and again, including Ben Turpin, Leo White, Bud Jamison, Paddy McGuire, Fred Goodwins, and Billy Armstrong. He soon recruited a leading lady, Edna Purviance, whom Chaplin met in a café and hired on account of her beauty. She went on to appear in 35 films with Chaplin over eight years;Шаблон:Sfn the pair also formed a romantic relationship that lasted until 1917.Шаблон:Sfn
Chaplin asserted a high level of control over his pictures and started to put more time and care into each film.Шаблон:Sfnm There was a month-long interval between the release of his second production, A Night Out, and his third, The Champion.Шаблон:Sfn The final seven of Chaplin's 14 Essanay films were all produced at this slower pace.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin also began to alter his screen persona, which had attracted some criticism at Keystone for its "mean, crude, and brutish" nature.Шаблон:Sfn The character became more gentle and romantic;Шаблон:Sfn The Tramp (April 1915) was considered a particular turning point in his development.Шаблон:Sfnm The use of pathos was developed further with The Bank, in which Chaplin created a sad ending. Robinson notes that this was an innovation in comedy films, and marked the time when serious critics began to appreciate Chaplin's work.Шаблон:Sfn At Essanay, writes film scholar Simon Louvish, Chaplin "found the themes and the settings that would define the Tramp's world".Шаблон:Sfn
During 1915, Chaplin became a cultural phenomenon. Shops were stocked with Chaplin merchandise, he was featured in cartoons and comic strips, and several songs were written about him.Шаблон:Sfnm In July, a journalist for Motion Picture Magazine wrote that "Chaplinitis" had spread across America.Шаблон:Sfn As his fame grew worldwide, he became the film industry's first international star.Шаблон:Sfnm When the Essanay contract ended in December 1915,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Chaplin, fully aware of his popularity, requested a $150,000Шаблон:Efn signing bonus from his next studio. He received several offers, including Universal, Fox, and Vitagraph, the best of which came from the Mutual Film Corporation at $10,000Шаблон:Efn a week.Шаблон:Sfn
Mutual
A contract was negotiated with Mutual that amounted to $670,000Шаблон:Efn a year,[9] which Robinson says made ChaplinШаблон:Sndat 26 years oldШаблон:Sndone of the highest-paid people in the world.Шаблон:Sfn The high salary shocked the public and was widely reported in the press.Шаблон:Sfn John R. Freuler, the studio president, explained: "We can afford to pay Mr. Chaplin this large sum annually because the public wants Chaplin and will pay for him."Шаблон:Sfn
Mutual gave Chaplin his own Los Angeles studio to work in, which opened in March 1916.Шаблон:Sfn He added two key members to his stock company, Albert Austin and Eric Campbell,Шаблон:Sfn and produced a series of elaborate two-reelers: The Floorwalker, The Fireman, The Vagabond, One A.M., and The Count.Шаблон:Sfn For The Pawnshop, he recruited the actor Henry Bergman, who was to work with Chaplin for 30 years.Шаблон:Sfn Behind the Screen and The Rink completed Chaplin's releases for 1916. The Mutual contract stipulated that he release a two-reel film every four weeks, which he had managed to achieve. With the new year, however, Chaplin began to demand more time.Шаблон:Sfn He made only four more films for Mutual over the first ten months of 1917: Easy Street, The Cure, The Immigrant, and The Adventurer.Шаблон:Sfn With their careful construction, these films are considered by Chaplin scholars to be among his finest work.[10]Шаблон:Sfnm Later in life, Chaplin referred to his Mutual years as the happiest period of his career.Шаблон:Sfn However, Chaplin also felt that those films became increasingly formulaic over the period of the contract, and he was increasingly dissatisfied with the working conditions encouraging that.[11]
Chaplin was attacked in the British media for not fighting in the First World War.Шаблон:Sfn He defended himself, claiming that he would fight for Britain if called and had registered for the American draft, but he was not summoned by either country.Шаблон:Efn Despite this criticism, Chaplin was a favourite with the troops,Шаблон:Sfn and his popularity continued to grow worldwide. Harper's Weekly reported that the name of Charlie Chaplin was "a part of the common language of almost every country", and that the Tramp image was "universally familiar".Шаблон:Sfn In 1917, professional Chaplin imitators were so widespread that he took legal action,Шаблон:Sfn and it was reported that nine out of ten men who attended costume parties, did so dressed as the Tramp.Шаблон:Sfn The same year, a study by the Boston Society for Psychical Research concluded that Chaplin was "an American obsession".Шаблон:Sfn The actress Minnie Maddern Fiske wrote that "a constantly increasing body of cultured, artistic people are beginning to regard the young English buffoon, Charles Chaplin, as an extraordinary artist, as well as a comic genius".Шаблон:Sfn
1918–1922: First National
In January 1918, Chaplin was visited by leading British singer and comedian Harry Lauder, and the two acted in a short film together.[12]
Mutual was patient with Chaplin's decreased rate of output, and the contract ended amicably. With his aforementioned concern about the declining quality of his films because of contract scheduling stipulations, Chaplin's primary concern in finding a new distributor was independence; Sydney Chaplin, then his business manager, told the press, "Charlie [must] be allowed all the time he needs and all the money for producing [films] the way he wantsШаблон:Spaces... It is quality, not quantity, we are after."Шаблон:Sfn In June 1917, Chaplin signed to complete eight films for First National Exhibitors' Circuit in return for $1Шаблон:Spacesmillion.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfn He chose to build his own studio, situated on five acres of land off Sunset Boulevard, with production facilities of the highest order.Шаблон:Sfnm Charlie Chaplin Studios was completed in January 1918,Шаблон:Sfn and Chaplin was given freedom over the making of his pictures.[13]
A Dog's Life, released April 1918, was the first film under the new contract. In it, Chaplin demonstrated his increasing concern with story construction and his treatment of the Tramp as "a sort of Pierrot".Шаблон:Sfn The film was described by Louis Delluc as "cinema's first total work of art".Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin then embarked on the Third Liberty Bond campaign, touring the United States for one month to raise money for the Allies of the First World War.Шаблон:Sfn He also produced a short propaganda film at his own expense, donated to the government for fund-raising, called The Bond.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin's next release was war-based, placing the Tramp in the trenches for Shoulder Arms. Associates warned him against making a comedy about the war but, as he later recalled: "Dangerous or not, the idea excited me."Шаблон:Sfn He spent four months filming the picture, which was released in October 1918 with great success.Шаблон:Sfn
United Artists, Mildred Harris, and The Kid
After the release of Shoulder Arms, Chaplin requested more money from First National, which was refused. Frustrated with their lack of concern for quality, and worried about rumours of a possible merger between the company and Famous Players–Lasky, Chaplin joined forces with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, and D. W. Griffith to form a new distribution company, United Artists, in January 1919.Шаблон:Sfnm The arrangement was revolutionary in the film industry, as it enabled the four partnersШаблон:Sndall creative artistsШаблон:Sndto personally fund their pictures and have complete control.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin was eager to start with the new company and offered to buy out his contract with First National. They refused and insisted that he complete the final six films owed.Шаблон:Sfn
Before the creation of United Artists, Chaplin married for the first time. The 16-year-old actress Mildred Harris had revealed that she was pregnant with his child, and in September 1918, he married her quietly in Los Angeles to avoid controversy.Шаблон:Sfn Soon after, the pregnancy was found to be false.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin was unhappy with the union and, feeling that marriage stunted his creativity, struggled over the production of his film Sunnyside.Шаблон:Sfnm Harris was by then legitimately pregnant, and on 7Шаблон:SpacesJuly 1919, gave birth to a son. Norman Spencer Chaplin was born malformed and died three days later.Шаблон:Sfn The marriage ended in April 1920, with Chaplin explaining in his autobiography that they were "irreconcilably mismated".Шаблон:Sfnm
Losing the child, plus his own childhood experiences, are thought to have influenced Chaplin's next film, which turned the Tramp into the caretaker of a young boy.[13]Шаблон:Sfnm For this new venture, Chaplin also wished to do more than comedy and, according to Louvish, "make his mark on a changed world".Шаблон:Sfn Filming on The Kid began in August 1919, with four-year-old Jackie Coogan his co-star.Шаблон:Sfn The Kid was in production for nine months until May 1920 and, at 68 minutes, it was Chaplin's longest picture to date.Шаблон:Sfn Dealing with issues of poverty and parent–child separation, The Kid was one of the earliest films to combine comedy and drama.Шаблон:Sfn It was released in January 1921 with instant success, and, by 1924, had been screened in over 50 countries.Шаблон:Sfn
Chaplin spent five months on his next film, the two-reeler The Idle Class.Шаблон:Sfn Work on the picture was for a time delayed by more turmoil in his personal life. First National had on 12 April announced Chaplin's engagement to the actress May Collins, whom he had hired to be his secretary at the studio. By early June, however, Chaplin "suddenly decided he could scarcely stand to be in the same room" as Collins, but instead of breaking off the engagement directly, he "stopped coming in to work, sending word that he was suffering from a bad case of influenza, which May knew to be a lie."[14]
Ultimately work on the film resumed, and following its September 1921 release, Chaplin chose to return to England for the first time in almost a decade.Шаблон:Sfn He wrote a book about his journey, titled My Wonderful Visit.[15] He then worked to fulfil his First National contract, releasing Pay Day in February 1922. The Pilgrim, his final short film, was delayed by distribution disagreements with the studio and released a year later.Шаблон:Sfn
1923–1938: silent features
A Woman of Paris and The Gold Rush
Having fulfilled his First National contract, Chaplin was free to make his first picture as an independent producer. In November 1922, he began filming A Woman of Paris, a romantic drama about ill-fated lovers.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin intended it to be a star-making vehicle for Edna Purviance,Шаблон:Sfn and did not appear in the picture himself other than in a brief, uncredited cameo.Шаблон:Sfn He wished the film to have a realistic feel and directed his cast to give restrained performances. In real life, he explained, "men and women try to hide their emotions rather than seek to express them".Шаблон:Sfn A Woman of Paris premiered in September 1923 and was acclaimed for its innovative, subtle approach.Шаблон:Sfn The public, however, seemed to have little interest in a Chaplin film without Chaplin, and it was a box office disappointment.Шаблон:Sfn The filmmaker was hurt by this failureШаблон:Sndhe had long wanted to produce a dramatic film and was proud of the resultШаблон:Sndand soon withdrew A Woman of Paris from circulation.Шаблон:Sfn
Chaplin returned to comedy for his next project. Setting his standards high, he told himself "This next film must be an epic! The Greatest!"Шаблон:Sfn Inspired by a photograph of the 1898 Klondike Gold Rush, and later the story of the Donner Party of 1846–1847, he made what Geoffrey Macnab calls "an epic comedy out of grim subject matter".Шаблон:Sfnm In The Gold Rush, the Tramp is a lonely prospector fighting adversity and looking for love. With Georgia Hale as his leading lady, Chaplin began filming the picture in February 1924.Шаблон:Sfn Its elaborate production, costing almost $1Шаблон:Spacesmillion,Шаблон:Sfn included location shooting in the Truckee mountains in Nevada with 600 extras, extravagant sets, and special effects.Шаблон:Sfn The last scene was shot in May 1925 after 15 months of filming.Шаблон:Sfn
Chaplin felt The Gold Rush was the best film he had made.Шаблон:Sfn It opened in August 1925 and became one of the highest-grossing films of the silent era with a U.S. box-office of $5Шаблон:Spacesmillion.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfnm The comedy contains some of Chaplin's most famous sequences, such as the Tramp eating his shoe and the "Dance of the Rolls".Шаблон:Sfnm Macnab has called it "the quintessential Chaplin film".Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin stated at its release, "This is the picture that I want to be remembered by".Шаблон:Sfn
Lita Grey and The Circus
While making The Gold Rush, Chaplin married for the second time. Mirroring the circumstances of his first union, Lita Grey was a teenage actress, originally set to star in the film, whose surprise announcement of pregnancy forced Chaplin into marriage. She was 16 and he was 35, meaning Chaplin could have been charged with statutory rape under California law.Шаблон:Sfn He therefore arranged a discreet marriage in Mexico on 25 November 1924.Шаблон:Sfnm They originally met during her childhood and she had previously appeared in his works The Kid and The Idle Class.Шаблон:Sfn Their first son, Charles Spencer Chaplin III, was born on 5Шаблон:SpacesMay 1925, followed by Sydney Earl Chaplin on 30 March 1926.Шаблон:Sfn On 6 July 1925, Chaplin became the first movie star to be featured on a Time magazine cover.[16]
It was an unhappy marriage, and Chaplin spent long hours at the studio to avoid seeing his wife.Шаблон:Sfn In November 1926, Grey took the children and left the family home.Шаблон:Sfn A bitter divorce followed, in which Grey's applicationШаблон:Sndaccusing Chaplin of infidelity, abuse, and of harbouring "perverted sexual desires"Шаблон:Sndwas leaked to the press.Шаблон:SfnmШаблон:Efn Chaplin was reported to be in a state of nervous breakdown, as the story became headline news and groups formed across America calling for his films to be banned.Шаблон:Sfnm Eager to end the case without further scandal, Chaplin's lawyers agreed to a cash settlement of $600,000Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sndthe largest awarded by American courts at that time.Шаблон:Sfn His fan base was strong enough to survive the incident, and it was soon forgotten, but Chaplin was deeply affected by it.Шаблон:Sfnm Less than five months after the divorce, Grey's former butler Don Solovich was murdered in Utah, and articles speculated about connections between Chaplin and the murder.[17][18][19]
Before the divorce suit was filed, Chaplin had begun work on a new film, The Circus.Шаблон:Sfn He built a story around the idea of walking a tightrope while besieged by monkeys, and turned the Tramp into the accidental star of a circus.Шаблон:Sfn Filming was suspended for ten months while he dealt with the divorce scandal,Шаблон:Sfn and it was generally a trouble-ridden production.Шаблон:Sfn Finally completed in October 1927, The Circus was released in January 1928 to a positive reception.Шаблон:Sfn At the 1st Academy Awards, Chaplin was given a special trophy "For versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing and producing The Circus".[20] Despite its success, he permanently associated the film with the stress of its production; Chaplin omitted The Circus from his autobiography, and struggled to work on it when he recorded the score in his later years.Шаблон:Sfnm
City Lights
By the time The Circus was released, Hollywood had witnessed the introduction of sound films. Chaplin was cynical about this new medium and the technical shortcomings it presented, believing that "talkies" lacked the artistry of silent films.Шаблон:Sfnm He was also hesitant to change the formula that had brought him such success,Шаблон:Sfnm and feared that giving the Tramp a voice would limit his international appeal.Шаблон:Sfnm He, therefore, rejected the new Hollywood craze and began work on a new silent film. Chaplin was nonetheless anxious about this decision and remained so throughout the film's production.Шаблон:Sfnm
When filming began at the end of 1928, Chaplin had been working on the story for almost a year.Шаблон:Sfnm City Lights followed the Tramp's love for a blind flower girl (played by Virginia Cherrill) and his efforts to raise money for her sight-saving operation. It was a challenging production that lasted 21 months,Шаблон:Sfn with Chaplin later confessing that he "had worked himself into a neurotic state of wanting perfection".Шаблон:Sfn One advantage Chaplin found in sound technology was the opportunity to record a musical score for the film, which he composed himself.Шаблон:Sfn[21]
Chaplin finished editing City Lights in December 1930, by which time silent films were an anachronism.Шаблон:Sfn A preview before an unsuspecting public audience was not a success,Шаблон:Sfn but a showing for the press produced positive reviews. One journalist wrote, "Nobody in the world but Charlie Chaplin could have done it. He is the only person that has that peculiar something called 'audience appeal' in sufficient quality to defy the popular penchant for movies that talk."Шаблон:Sfn Given its general release in January 1931, City Lights proved to be a popular and financial success, eventually grossing over $3Шаблон:Spacesmillion.Шаблон:EfnШаблон:Sfnm The British Film Institute called it Chaplin's finest accomplishment, and the critic James Agee hails the closing scene as "the greatest piece of acting and the highest moment in movies".[22]Шаблон:Sfn City Lights became Chaplin's personal favourite of his films and remained so throughout his life.Шаблон:Sfn
Travels, Paulette Goddard, and Modern Times
City Lights had been a success, but Chaplin was unsure if he could make another picture without dialogue. He remained convinced that sound would not work in his films, but was also "obsessed by a depressing fear of being old-fashioned".Шаблон:Sfn In this state of uncertainty, early in 1931, the comedian decided to take a holiday and ended up travelling for 16 months.Шаблон:SfnmШаблон:Efn He spent months travelling Western Europe, including extended stays in France and Switzerland, and spontaneously decided to visit Japan.Шаблон:Sfn The day after he arrived in Japan, Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi was assassinated by ultra-nationalists in the May 15 Incident. The group's original plan had been to provoke a war with the United States by assassinating Chaplin at a welcome reception organised by the prime minister, but the plan had been foiled due to delayed public announcement of the event's date.Шаблон:Sfn
In his autobiography, Chaplin recalled that on his return to Los Angeles, "I was confused and without plan, restless and conscious of an extreme loneliness". He briefly considered retiring and moving to China.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin's loneliness was relieved when he met 21-year-old actress Paulette Goddard in July 1932, and the pair began a relationship.Шаблон:Sfnm He was not ready to commit to a film, however, and focused on writing a serial about his travels (published in Woman's Home Companion).Шаблон:Sfn The trip had been a stimulating experience for Chaplin, including meetings with several prominent thinkers, and he became increasingly interested in world affairs.Шаблон:Sfn The state of labour in America troubled him, and he feared that capitalism and machinery in the workplace would increase unemployment levels. It was these concerns that stimulated Chaplin to develop his new film.Шаблон:Sfnm
Modern Times was announced by Chaplin as "a satire on certain phases of our industrial life".Шаблон:Sfn Featuring the Tramp and Goddard as they endure the Great Depression, it took ten and a half months to film.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin intended to use spoken dialogue but changed his mind during rehearsals. Like its predecessor, Modern Times employed sound effects but almost no speaking.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin's performance of a gibberish song did, however, give the Tramp a voice for the only time on film.Шаблон:Sfn After recording the music, Chaplin released Modern Times in February 1936.Шаблон:Sfn It was his first feature in 15 years to adopt political references and social realism,Шаблон:Sfn a factor that attracted considerable press coverage despite Chaplin's attempts to downplay the issue.Шаблон:Sfn The film earned less at the box-office than his previous features and received mixed reviews, as some viewers disliked the politicising.Шаблон:Sfnm Today, Modern Times is seen by the British Film Institute as one of Chaplin's "great features",[22] while David Robinson says it shows the filmmaker at "his unrivalled peak as a creator of visual comedy".Шаблон:Sfn
Following the release of Modern Times, Chaplin left with Goddard for a trip to the Far East.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin, Goddard, and a Japanese servant named Yonnemori arrived in Saigon at 8:30 am on 13 April 1936, where they stayed at the Continental hotel before going on a trip to visit multiple locations in French Indochina.[23] After Saigon they visited Phnom Penh to view Angkor Wat, returning to Saigon to go to Da Lat, followed by Huế, arriving in Đà Nẵng at 23 April where he visited the Marble Mountains and the Henri Parmentier Museum.[23] On 29 April they arrived in Hanoi (the capital city of French Indochina) where they stayed at the Métropole hotel.[23] In the afternoon of 5 May they visited the popular tourist destination Hạ Long Bay, after visiting Hạ Long Bay the couple left from Hải Phòng to Hong Kong on board of a ship named the Canton.[23] The couple had refused to comment on the nature of their relationship, and it was not known whether they were married or not.Шаблон:Sfn Sometime later, Chaplin revealed that they married in Canton during this trip.Шаблон:Sfn By 1938, the couple had drifted apart, as both focused heavily on their work, although Goddard was again his leading lady in his next feature film, The Great Dictator. She eventually divorced Chaplin in Mexico in 1942, citing incompatibility and separation for more than a year.Шаблон:Sfn
1939–1952: controversies and fading popularity
The Great Dictator
The 1940s saw Chaplin face a series of controversies, both in his work and in his personal life, which changed his fortunes and severely affected his popularity in the United States. The first of these was his growing boldness in expressing his political beliefs. Deeply disturbed by the surge of militaristic nationalism in 1930s world politics,Шаблон:Sfnm Chaplin found that he could not keep these issues out of his work.Шаблон:Sfn Parallels between himself and Adolf Hitler had been widely noted: the pair were born four days apart, both had risen from poverty to world prominence, and Hitler wore the same moustache style as Chaplin. It was this physical resemblance that supplied the plot for Chaplin's next film, The Great Dictator, which directly satirised Hitler and attacked fascism.Шаблон:Sfnm
Chaplin spent two years developing the scriptШаблон:Sfn and began filming in September 1939, six days after Britain declared war on Germany.Шаблон:Sfn He had submitted to using spoken dialogue, partly out of acceptance that he had no other choice, but also because he recognised it as a better method for delivering a political message.Шаблон:Sfn Making a comedy about Hitler was seen as highly controversial, but Chaplin's financial independence allowed him to take the risk.Шаблон:Sfn "I was determined to go ahead", he later wrote, "for Hitler must be laughed at."Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Chaplin replaced the Tramp (while wearing similar attire) with "A Jewish Barber", a reference to the Nazi Party's belief that he was Jewish.[24]Шаблон:Efn In a dual performance, he also played the dictator "Adenoid Hynkel", a parody of Hitler.Шаблон:Sfn
The Great Dictator spent a year in production and was released in October 1940.Шаблон:Sfn The film generated a vast amount of publicity, with a critic for The New York Times calling it "the most eagerly awaited picture of the year", and it was one of the biggest money-makers of the era.Шаблон:Sfn The ending was unpopular, however, and generated controversy.Шаблон:Sfnm Chaplin concluded the film with a five-minute speech in which he abandoned his barber character, looked directly into the camera, and pleaded against war and fascism.Шаблон:Sfnm Charles J. Maland has identified this overt preaching as triggering a decline in Chaplin's popularity, and writes, "Henceforth, no movie fan would ever be able to separate the dimension of politics from [his] star image".Шаблон:Sfn Nevertheless, both Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt liked the film, which they saw at private screenings before its release. Roosevelt subsequently invited Chaplin to read the film's final speech over the radio during his January 1941 inauguration, with the speech becoming a "hit" of the celebration. Chaplin was often invited to other patriotic functions to read the speech to audiences during the years of the war.Шаблон:Sfn The Great Dictator received five Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay and Best Actor.[25]
Legal troubles and Oona O'Neill
In the mid-1940s, Chaplin was involved in a series of trials that occupied most of his time and significantly affected his public image.Шаблон:Sfn The troubles stemmed from his affair with an aspiring actress named Joan Barry, with whom he was involved intermittently between June 1941 and the autumn of 1942.Шаблон:Sfn Barry, who displayed obsessive behaviour and was twice arrested after they separated,Шаблон:Efn reappeared the following year and announced that she was pregnant with Chaplin's child. As Chaplin denied the claim, Barry filed a paternity suit against him.Шаблон:Sfn
The director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), J. Edgar Hoover, who had long been suspicious of Chaplin's political leanings, used the opportunity to generate negative publicity about him. As part of a smear campaign to damage Chaplin's image,Шаблон:Sfn the FBI named him in four indictments related to the Barry case. Most serious of these was an alleged violation of the Mann Act, which prohibits the transportation of women across state boundaries for sexual purposes.Шаблон:Efn Historian Otto Friedrich called this an "absurd prosecution" of an "ancient statute",Шаблон:Sfn yet if Chaplin was found guilty, he faced 23 years in jail.Шаблон:Sfn Three charges lacked sufficient evidence to proceed to court, but the Mann Act trial began on 21 March 1944.[26] Chaplin was acquitted two weeks later, onШаблон:Spaces4 April.[27]Шаблон:Sfn The case was frequently headline news, with Newsweek calling it the "biggest public relations scandal since the Fatty Arbuckle murder trial in 1921".Шаблон:Sfn
Barry's child, Carol Ann, was born in October 1943, and the paternity suit went to court in December 1944. After two arduous trials, in which the prosecuting lawyer accused him of "moral turpitude",Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin was declared to be the father. Evidence from blood tests that indicated otherwise were not admissible,Шаблон:Efn and the judge ordered Chaplin to pay child support until Carol Ann turned 21. Media coverage of the suit was influenced by the FBI, which fed information to gossip columnist Hedda Hopper, and Chaplin was portrayed in an overwhelmingly critical light.Шаблон:Sfnm
The controversy surrounding Chaplin increased whenШаблон:Sndtwo weeks after the paternity suit was filedШаблон:Sndit was announced that he had married his newest protégée, 18-year-old Oona O'Neill, the daughter of American playwright Eugene O'Neill.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin, then 54, had been introduced to her by a film agent seven months earlier.Шаблон:Efn In his autobiography, Chaplin described meeting O'Neill as "the happiest event of my life", and claimed to have found "perfect love".Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin's son, Charles III, reported that Oona "worshipped" his father.Шаблон:Sfn The couple remained married until Chaplin's death, and had eight children over 18 years: Geraldine Leigh (b. July 1944), Michael John (b. March 1946), Josephine Hannah (b. March 1949), Victoria Agnes (b. May 1951), Eugene Anthony (b. August 1953), Jane Cecil (b. May 1957), Annette Emily (b. December 1959), and Christopher James (b. July 1962).Шаблон:Sfn
Monsieur Verdoux and communist accusations
Chaplin claimed that the Barry trials had "crippled [his] creativeness", and it was some time before he began working again.Шаблон:Sfn In April 1946, he finally began filming a project that had been in development since 1942.Шаблон:Sfn Monsieur Verdoux was a black comedy, the story of a French bank clerk, Verdoux (Chaplin), who loses his job and begins marrying and murdering wealthy widows to support his family. Chaplin's inspiration for the project came from Orson Welles, who wanted him to star in a film about the French serial killer Henri Désiré Landru. Chaplin decided that the concept would "make a wonderful comedy",Шаблон:Sfn and paid Welles $5,000Шаблон:Efn for the idea.Шаблон:Sfn
Chaplin again vocalised his political views in Monsieur Verdoux, criticising capitalism and arguing that the world encourages mass killing through wars and weapons of mass destruction.Шаблон:Sfnm Because of this, the film met with controversy when it was released in April 1947;Шаблон:Sfnm Chaplin was booed at the premiere, and there were calls for a boycott.Шаблон:Sfnm Monsieur Verdoux was the first Chaplin release that failed both critically and commercially in the United States.Шаблон:Sfn It was more successful abroad,Шаблон:Sfn and Chaplin's screenplay was nominated at the Academy Awards.Шаблон:Sfn He was proud of the film, writing in his autobiography, "Monsieur Verdoux is the cleverest and most brilliant film I have yet made."Шаблон:Sfn
The negative reaction to Monsieur Verdoux was largely the result of changes in Chaplin's public image.Шаблон:Sfn Along with the damage of the Joan Barry scandal, he was publicly accused of being a communist.Шаблон:Sfnm His political activity had heightened during World War II, when he campaigned for the opening of a Second Front to help the Soviet Union and supported various Soviet–American friendship groups.Шаблон:Sfn He was also friendly with several suspected communists, and attended functions given by Soviet diplomats in Los Angeles.Шаблон:Sfn In the political climate of 1940s America, such activities meant Chaplin was considered, as Larcher writes, "dangerously progressive and amoral".Шаблон:Sfnm The FBI wanted him out of the country,Шаблон:Sfn and launched an official investigation in early 1947.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn
Chaplin denied being a communist, instead calling himself a "peacemonger",Шаблон:Sfnm but felt the government's effort to suppress the ideology was an unacceptable infringement of civil liberties.Шаблон:Sfn Unwilling to be quiet about the issue, he openly protested against the trials of Communist Party members and the activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin received a subpoena to appear before HUAC but was not called to testify.Шаблон:Sfnm As his activities were widely reported in the press, and Cold War fears grew, questions were raised over his failure to take American citizenship.Шаблон:Sfnm Calls were made for him to be deported; in one extreme and widely published example, Representative John E. Rankin, who helped establish HUAC, told Congress in June 1947: "[Chaplin's] very life in Hollywood is detrimental to the moral fabric of America. [If he is deported]Шаблон:Spaces... his loathsome pictures can be kept from before the eyes of the American youth. He should be deported and gotten rid of at once."Шаблон:Sfn
In 2003, declassified British archives belonging to the British Foreign Office revealed that George Orwell secretly accused Chaplin of being a secret communist and a friend of the USSR[28] in the Orwell's list document. Chaplin's name was one of 35 that Orwell gave to the Information Research Department (IRD), a secret British Cold War propaganda department which worked closely with the CIA.[28] Chaplin was not the only actor in America whom Orwell accused of being a secret communist.[28]
Limelight and banning from the United States
Although Chaplin remained politically active in the years following the failure of Monsieur Verdoux,Шаблон:Efn his next film, about a forgotten music hall comedian and a young ballerina in Edwardian London, was devoid of political themes. Limelight was heavily autobiographical, alluding not only to Chaplin's childhood and the lives of his parents, but also to his loss of popularity in the United States.Шаблон:Sfnm The cast included various members of his family, including his five oldest children and his half-brother, Wheeler Dryden.Шаблон:Sfn
Filming began in November 1951, by which time Chaplin had spent three years working on the story.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn He aimed for a more serious tone than any of his previous films, regularly using the word "melancholy" when explaining his plans to his co-star Claire Bloom.Шаблон:Sfn Limelight featured a cameo appearance from Buster Keaton, whom Chaplin cast as his stage partner in a pantomime scene. This marked the only time the comedians worked together in a feature film.Шаблон:Sfn
Chaplin decided to hold the world premiere of Limelight in London, since it was the setting of the film.Шаблон:Sfn As he left Los Angeles, he expressed a premonition that he would not be returning.Шаблон:Sfn At New York, he boarded the Шаблон:RMS with his family on 18 September 1952.Шаблон:Sfn The next day, United States Attorney General James P. McGranery revoked Chaplin's re-entry permit and stated that he would have to submit to an interview concerning his political views and moral behaviour to re-enter the US.Шаблон:Sfn Although McGranery told the press that he had "a pretty good case against Chaplin", Maland has concluded, on the basis of the FBI files that were released in the 1980s, that the US government had no real evidence to prevent Chaplin's re-entry. It is likely that he would have gained entry if he had applied for it.Шаблон:Sfnm However, when Chaplin received a cablegram informing him of the news, he privately decided to cut his ties with the United States: Шаблон:Blockquote
Because all of his property remained in America, Chaplin refrained from saying anything negative about the incident to the press.Шаблон:Sfn The scandal attracted vast attention,Шаблон:Sfn but Chaplin and his film were warmly received in Europe.Шаблон:Sfn In America, the hostility towards him continued, and, although it received some positive reviews, Limelight was subjected to a wide-scale boycott.Шаблон:Sfn Reflecting on this, Maland writes that Chaplin's fall, from an "unprecedented" level of popularity, "may be the most dramatic in the history of stardom in America".Шаблон:Sfn
1953–1977: European years
Move to Switzerland and A King in New York
Chaplin did not attempt to return to the United States after his re-entry permit was revoked, and instead sent his wife to settle his affairs.Шаблон:Efn The couple decided to settle in Switzerland and, in January 1953, the family moved into their permanent home: Manoir de Ban, a Шаблон:Convert estate[29] overlooking Lake Geneva in Corsier-sur-Vevey.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Chaplin put his Beverly Hills house and studio up for sale in March, and surrendered his re-entry permit in April. The next year, his wife renounced her US citizenship and became a British citizen.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin severed the last of his professional ties with the United States in 1955, when he sold the remainder of his stock in United Artists, which had been in financial difficulty since the early 1940s.Шаблон:Sfnm
Chaplin remained a controversial figure throughout the 1950s, especially after he was awarded the International Peace Prize by the communist-led World Peace Council, and after his meetings with Zhou Enlai and Nikita Khrushchev.Шаблон:Sfnm He began developing his first European film, A King in New York, in 1954.Шаблон:Sfn Casting himself as an exiled king who seeks asylum in the United States, Chaplin included several of his recent experiences in the screenplay. His son, Michael, was cast as a boy whose parents are targeted by the FBI, while Chaplin's character faces accusations of communism.Шаблон:Sfn The political satire parodied HUAC and attacked elements of 1950s cultureШаблон:Sndincluding consumerism, plastic surgery, and wide-screen cinema.Шаблон:Sfnm In a review, the playwright John Osborne called it Chaplin's "most bitter" and "most openly personal" film.Шаблон:Sfn In a 1957 interview, when asked to clarify his political views, Chaplin stated "As for politics, I am an anarchist. I hate government and rulesШаблон:Sndand fettersШаблон:Spaces... People must be free."[30]
Chaplin founded a new production company, Attica, and used Shepperton Studios for the shooting.Шаблон:Sfn Filming in England proved a difficult experience, as he was used to his own Hollywood studio and familiar crew, and no longer had limitless production time. According to Robinson, this had an effect on the quality of the film.Шаблон:Sfnm A King in New York was released in September 1957, and received mixed reviews.Шаблон:Sfnm Chaplin banned American journalists from its Paris première and decided not to release the film in the United States. This severely limited its revenue, although it achieved moderate commercial success in Europe.Шаблон:Sfn A King in New York was not shown in America until 1973.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
Final works and renewed appreciation
In the last two decades of his career, Chaplin concentrated on re-editing and scoring his old films for re-release, along with securing their ownership and distribution rights.Шаблон:Sfn In an interview he gave in 1959, the year of his 70th birthday, Chaplin stated that there was still "room for the Little Man in the atomic age".Шаблон:Sfn The first of these re-releases was The Chaplin Revue (1959), which included new versions of A Dog's Life, Shoulder Arms, and The Pilgrim.Шаблон:Sfn
In America, the political atmosphere began to change and attention was once again directed to Chaplin's films instead of his views.Шаблон:Sfn In July 1962, the New York Times published an editorial stating, "We do not believe the Republic would be in danger if yesterday's unforgotten little tramp were allowed to amble down the gangplank of a steamer or plane in an American port".Шаблон:Sfn The same month, Chaplin was invested with the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters by the universities of Oxford and Durham.Шаблон:Sfn In November 1963, the Plaza Theater in New York started a year-long series of Chaplin's films, including Monsieur Verdoux and Limelight, which gained excellent reviews from American critics.Шаблон:Sfnm September 1964 saw the release of Chaplin's memoir, My Autobiography, which he had been working on since 1957.Шаблон:Sfn The 500-page book became a worldwide best-seller. It focused on his early years and personal life, and was criticised for lacking information on his film career.Шаблон:Sfnm
Shortly after the publication of his memoirs, Chaplin began work on A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), a romantic comedy based on a script he had written for Paulette Goddard in the 1930s.Шаблон:Sfn Set on an ocean liner, it starred Marlon Brando as an American ambassador and Sophia Loren as a stowaway found in his cabin.Шаблон:Sfn The film differed from Chaplin's earlier productions in several aspects. It was his first to use Technicolor and the widescreen format, while he concentrated on directing and appeared on-screen only in a cameo role as a seasick steward.Шаблон:Sfn He also signed a deal with Universal Pictures and appointed his assistant, Jerome Epstein, as the producer.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin was paid $600,000 director's fee as well as a percentage of the gross receipts.Шаблон:Sfn A Countess from Hong Kong premiered in January 1967, to unfavourable reviews, and was a box-office failure.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfnm Chaplin was deeply hurt by the negative reaction to the film, which turned out to be his last.Шаблон:Sfn
Chaplin had a series of minor strokes in the late 1960s, which marked the beginning of a slow decline in his health.Шаблон:Sfn Despite the setbacks, he was soon writing a new film script, The Freak, a story of a winged girl found in South America, which he intended as a starring vehicle for his daughter, Victoria.Шаблон:Sfn His fragile health prevented the project from being realised.Шаблон:Sfn In the early 1970s, Chaplin concentrated on re-releasing his old films, including The Kid and The Circus.Шаблон:Sfn In 1971, he was made a Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour at the Cannes Film Festival.Шаблон:Sfn The following year, he was honoured with a special award by the Venice Film Festival.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1972, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences offered Chaplin an Honorary Award, which Robinson sees as a sign that America "wanted to make amends". Chaplin was initially hesitant about accepting but decided to return to the US for the first time in 20 years.Шаблон:Sfn The visit attracted a large amount of press coverage and, at the Academy Awards gala, he was given a 12-minute standing ovation, the longest in the academy's history.Шаблон:Sfn Visibly emotional, Chaplin accepted his award for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century".Шаблон:Sfn
Although Chaplin still had plans for future film projects, by the mid-1970s he was very frail.Шаблон:Sfn He experienced several further strokes, which made it difficult for him to communicate, and he had to use a wheelchair.Шаблон:Sfn[31] His final projects were compiling a pictorial autobiography, My Life in Pictures (1974) and scoring A Woman of Paris for re-release in 1976.Шаблон:Sfn He also appeared in a documentary about his life, The Gentleman Tramp (1975), directed by Richard Patterson.Шаблон:Sfn In the 1975 New Year Honours, Chaplin was awarded a knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II,Шаблон:Sfn[32]Шаблон:Efn though he was too weak to kneel and received the honour in his wheelchair.[33]
Death
By October 1977, Chaplin's health had declined to the point that he needed constant care.Шаблон:Sfn In the early morning of Christmas Day 1977, Chaplin died at home after having a stroke in his sleep.[31] He was 88 years old. The funeral, on 27 December, was a small and private Anglican ceremony, according to his wishes.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn Chaplin was interred in the Corsier-sur-Vevey cemetery.Шаблон:Sfn Among the film industry's tributes, director René Clair wrote, "He was a monument of the cinema, of all countries and all timesШаблон:Spaces... the most beautiful gift the cinema made to us."Шаблон:Sfn Actor Bob Hope declared, "We were lucky to have lived in his time."Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin left more than $100 million to his widow.[34]
On 1 March 1978, Chaplin's coffin was dug up and stolen from its grave by Roman Wardas and Gantcho Ganev. The body was held for ransom in an attempt to extort money from his widow, Oona Chaplin. The pair were caught in a large police operation in May, and Chaplin's coffin was found buried in a field in the nearby village of Noville. It was re-interred in the Corsier cemetery in a reinforced concrete vault.[35]Шаблон:Sfn
Filmmaking
Influences
Chaplin believed his first influence to be his mother, who entertained him as a child by sitting at the window and mimicking passers-by: "it was through watching her that I learned not only how to express emotions with my hands and face, but also how to observe and study people."Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin's early years in music hall allowed him to see stage comedians at work; he also attended the Christmas pantomimes at Drury Lane, where he studied the art of clowning through performers like Dan Leno.Шаблон:Sfnm Chaplin's years with the Fred Karno company had a formative effect on him as an actor and filmmaker. Simon Louvish writes that the company was his "training ground",Шаблон:Sfn and it was here that Chaplin learned to vary the pace of his comedy.Шаблон:Sfn The concept of mixing pathos with slapstick was learnt from Karno,Шаблон:Efn who also used elements of absurdity that became familiar in Chaplin's gags.Шаблон:Sfn[36] From the film industry, Chaplin drew upon the work of the French comedian Max Linder, whose films he greatly admired.Шаблон:Sfnm In developing the Tramp costume and persona, he was likely inspired by the American vaudeville scene, where tramp characters were common.Шаблон:Sfn
Method
Chaplin never spoke more than cursorily about his filmmaking methods, claiming such a thing would be tantamount to a magician spoiling his own illusion.Шаблон:Sfn Little was known about his working process throughout his lifetime,Шаблон:Sfn but research from film historiansШаблон:Sndparticularly the findings of Kevin Brownlow and David Gill that were presented in the three-part documentary Unknown Chaplin (1983)Шаблон:Sndhas since revealed his unique working method.Шаблон:Sfnm
Until he began making spoken dialogue films with The Great Dictator (1940), Chaplin never shot from a completed script.Шаблон:Sfn Many of his early films began with only a vague premise, for example "Charlie enters a health spa" or "Charlie works in a pawn shop".Шаблон:Sfn He then had sets constructed and worked with his stock company to improvise gags and "business" using them, almost always working the ideas out on film.Шаблон:Sfnm As ideas were accepted and discarded, a narrative structure would emerge, frequently requiring Chaplin to reshoot an already-completed scene that might have otherwise contradicted the story.Шаблон:Sfnm From A Woman of Paris (1923) onward Chaplin began the filming process with a prepared plot,Шаблон:Sfn but Robinson writes that every film up to Modern Times (1936) "went through many metamorphoses and permutations before the story took its final form".Шаблон:Sfn
Producing films in this manner meant Chaplin took longer to complete his pictures than almost any other filmmaker at the time.Шаблон:Sfn If he was out of ideas, he often took a break from the shoot, which could last for days, while keeping the studio ready for when inspiration returned.Шаблон:Sfnm Delaying the process further was Chaplin's rigorous perfectionism.Шаблон:Sfnm According to his friend Ivor Montagu, "nothing but perfection would be right" for the filmmaker.Шаблон:Sfn Because he personally funded his films, Chaplin was at liberty to strive for this goal and shoot as many takes as he wished.Шаблон:Sfnm The number was often excessive, for instance 53 takes for every finished take in The Kid (1921).Шаблон:Sfnm For The Immigrant (1917), a 20-minute short, Chaplin shot 40,000 feet of filmШаблон:Sndenough for a feature-length.Шаблон:Sfnm Шаблон:Rquote
Describing his working method as "sheer perseverance to the point of madness",Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin would be completely consumed by the production of a picture.Шаблон:Sfnm Robinson writes that even in Chaplin's later years, his work continued "to take precedence over everything and everyone else".Шаблон:Sfn The combination of story improvisation and relentless perfectionismШаблон:Sndwhich resulted in days of effort and thousands of feet of film being wasted, all at enormous expenseШаблон:Sndoften proved taxing for Chaplin who, in frustration, would lash out at his actors and crew.Шаблон:Sfnm
Chaplin exercised complete control over his pictures,Шаблон:Sfn to the extent that he would act out the other roles for his cast, expecting them to imitate him exactly.Шаблон:Sfnm He personally edited all of his films, trawling through the large amounts of footage to create the exact picture he wanted.Шаблон:Sfn As a result of his complete independence, he was identified by the film historian Andrew Sarris as one of the first auteur filmmakers.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin did receive help from his long-time cinematographer Roland Totheroh, brother Sydney Chaplin, and various assistant directors such as Harry Crocker and Charles Reisner.[37]
Style and themes
While Chaplin's comedic style is broadly defined as slapstick,Шаблон:Sfn it is considered restrained and intelligent,Шаблон:Sfn with the film historian Philip Kemp describing his work as a mix of "deft, balletic physical comedy and thoughtful, situation-based gags".Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin diverged from conventional slapstick by slowing the pace and exhausting each scene of its comic potential, with more focus on developing the viewer's relationship to the characters.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Unlike conventional slapstick comedies, Robinson states that the comic moments in Chaplin's films centre on the Tramp's attitude to the things happening to him: the humour does not come from the Tramp bumping into a tree, but from his lifting his hat to the tree in apology.Шаблон:Sfn Dan Kamin writes that Chaplin's "quirky mannerisms" and "serious demeanour in the midst of slapstick action" are other key aspects of his comedy,Шаблон:Sfn while the surreal transformation of objects and the employment of in-camera trickery are also common features.Шаблон:Sfnm His signature style consisted of gestural idiosyncrasies like askew derby hat, drooping shoulders, deflated chest and dangling arms and tilted back pelvis to enrich the comic persona of his 'tramp' character. His shabby but neat clothing and incessant grooming behaviour along with his geometrical walk and movement gave his onscreen characters a puppet-like quality.[38]
Chaplin's silent films typically follow the Tramp's efforts to survive in a hostile world.Шаблон:Sfn The character lives in poverty and is frequently treated badly, but remains kind and upbeat;Шаблон:Sfnm defying his social position, he strives to be seen as a gentleman.Шаблон:Sfn As Chaplin said in 1925, "The whole point of the Little Fellow is that no matter how down on his ass he is, no matter how well the jackals succeed in tearing him apart, he's still a man of dignity."Шаблон:Sfn The Tramp defies authority figuresШаблон:Sfn and "gives as good as he gets",Шаблон:Sfn leading Robinson and Louvish to see him as a representative for the underprivilegedШаблон:Sndan "everyman turned heroic saviour".Шаблон:Sfnm Hansmeyer notes that several of Chaplin's films end with "the homeless and lonely Tramp [walking] optimisticallyШаблон:Spaces... into the sunsetШаблон:Spaces... to continue his journey."Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Rquote
The infusion of pathos is a well-known aspect of Chaplin's work,Шаблон:Sfnm and Larcher notes his reputation for "[inducing] laughter and tears".Шаблон:Sfn Sentimentality in his films comes from a variety of sources, with Louvish pinpointing "personal failure, society's strictures, economic disaster, and the elements".Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin sometimes drew on tragic events when creating his films, as in the case of The Gold Rush (1925), which was inspired by the fate of the Donner Party.Шаблон:Sfn Constance B. Kuriyama has identified serious underlying themes in the early comedies, such as greed (The Gold Rush) and loss (The Kid).Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin also touched on controversial issues: immigration (The Immigrant, 1917); illegitimacy (The Kid, 1921); and drug use (Easy Street, 1917).Шаблон:Sfn He often explored these topics ironically, making comedy out of suffering.Шаблон:Sfn
Social commentary was a feature of Chaplin's films from early in his career, as he portrayed the underdog in a sympathetic light and highlighted the difficulties of the poor.Шаблон:Sfn Later, as he developed a keen interest in economics and felt obliged to publicise his views,Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin began incorporating overtly political messages into his films.Шаблон:Sfn Modern Times (1936) depicted factory workers in dismal conditions, The Great Dictator (1940) parodied Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini and ended in a speech against nationalism, Monsieur Verdoux (1947) criticised war and capitalism, and A King in New York (1957) attacked McCarthyism.Шаблон:Sfn
Several of Chaplin's films incorporate autobiographical elements, and the psychologist Sigmund Freud believed that Chaplin "always plays only himself as he was in his dismal youth".Шаблон:Sfn The Kid is thought to reflect Chaplin's childhood trauma of being sent into an orphanage,Шаблон:Sfn the main characters in Limelight (1952) contain elements from the lives of his parents,Шаблон:Sfn and A King in New York references Chaplin's experiences of being shunned by the United States.Шаблон:Sfn Many of his sets, especially in street scenes, bear a strong similarity to Kennington, where he grew up. Stephen M. Weissman has argued that Chaplin's problematic relationship with his mentally ill mother was often reflected in his female characters and the Tramp's desire to save them.Шаблон:Sfn
Regarding the structure of Chaplin's films, the scholar Gerald Mast sees them as consisting of sketches tied together by the same theme and setting, rather than having a tightly unified storyline.Шаблон:Sfn Visually, his films are simple and economic,Шаблон:Sfnm with scenes portrayed as if set on a stage.Шаблон:Sfnm His approach to filming was described by the art director Eugène Lourié: "Chaplin did not think in 'artistic' images when he was shooting. He believed that action is the main thing. The camera is there to photograph the actors".Шаблон:Sfn In his autobiography, Chaplin wrote, "Simplicity is bestШаблон:Spaces... pompous effects slow up action, are boring and unpleasantШаблон:Spaces... The camera should not intrude."Шаблон:Sfn This approach has prompted criticism, since the 1940s, for being "old fashioned",Шаблон:Sfnm while the film scholar Donald McCaffrey sees it as an indication that Chaplin never completely understood film as a medium.Шаблон:Sfn Kamin, however, comments that Chaplin's comedic talent would not be enough to remain funny on screen if he did not have an "ability to conceive and direct scenes specifically for the film medium".Шаблон:Sfn
Composing
Chaplin developed a passion for music as a child and taught himself to play the piano, violin, and cello.Шаблон:Sfnm He considered the musical accompaniment of a film to be important,Шаблон:Sfn and from A Woman of Paris onwards he took an increasing interest in this area.Шаблон:Sfn With the advent of sound technology, Chaplin began using a synchronised orchestral soundtrackШаблон:Sndcomposed by himselfШаблон:Sndfor City Lights (1931). He thereafter composed the scores for all of his films, and from the late 1950s to his death, he scored all of his silent features and some of his short films.Шаблон:Sfn
As Chaplin was not a trained musician, he could not read sheet music and needed the help of professional composers, such as David Raksin, Raymond Rasch and Eric James, when creating his scores. Musical directors were employed to oversee the recording process, such as Alfred Newman for City Lights.Шаблон:Sfn Although some critics have claimed that credit for his film music should be given to the composers who worked with him, RaksinШаблон:Sndwho worked with Chaplin on Modern TimesШаблон:Sndstressed Chaplin's creative position and active participation in the composing process.Шаблон:Sfn This process, which could take months, would start with Chaplin describing to the composer(s) exactly what he wanted and singing or playing tunes he had improvised on the piano.Шаблон:Sfn These tunes were then developed further in a close collaboration among the composer(s) and Chaplin.Шаблон:Sfn According to film historian Jeffrey Vance, "although he relied upon associates to arrange varied and complex instrumentation, the musical imperative is his, and not a note in a Chaplin musical score was placed there without his assent."[39]
Chaplin's compositions produced three popular songs. "Smile", composed originally for Modern Times (1936) and later set to lyrics by John Turner and Geoffrey Parsons, was a hit for Nat King Cole in 1954.[39] For Limelight, Chaplin composed "Terry's Theme", which was popularised by Jimmy Young as "Eternally" (1952).Шаблон:Sfn Finally, "This Is My Song", performed by Petula Clark for A Countess from Hong Kong (1967), reached number one on the UK and other European charts.[40] Chaplin also received his only competitive Oscar for his composition work, as the Limelight theme won an Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1973 following the film's re-release.[39]Шаблон:Efn
Filmography
Directed features:
- The Kid (1921)
- A Woman of Paris (1923)
- The Gold Rush (1925)
- The Circus (1928)
- City Lights (1931)
- Modern Times (1936)
- The Great Dictator (1940)
- Monsieur Verdoux (1947)
- Limelight (1952)
- A King in New York (1957)
- A Countess from Hong Kong (1967)
Awards and nominations
Chaplin received many awards and honours, especially later in life. In the 1975 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE).[41] He was also awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degrees by the University of Oxford and the University of Durham in 1962.Шаблон:Sfn In 1965, he and Ingmar Bergman were joint winners of the Erasmus PrizeШаблон:Sfn and, in 1971, he was appointed a Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by the French government.[42] From the film industry, Chaplin received a special Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival in 1972,Шаблон:Sfn and a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Lincoln Center Film Society the same year. The latter has since been presented annually to filmmakers as The Chaplin Award.[43] Chaplin was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1972, having been previously excluded because of his political beliefs.Шаблон:Sfn
Chaplin received three Academy Awards: an Honorary Award for "versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing, and producing The Circus" in 1929,[20] a second Honorary Award for "the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century" in 1972,Шаблон:Sfn and a Best Score award in 1973 for Limelight (shared with Ray Rasch and Larry Russell).[39] He was further nominated in the Best Actor, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Picture (as producer) categories for The Great Dictator, and received another Best Original Screenplay nomination for Monsieur Verdoux.[44] In 1976, Chaplin was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA).[45] Six of Chaplin's films have been selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress: The Immigrant (1917), The Kid (1921), The Gold Rush (1925), City Lights (1931), Modern Times (1936), and The Great Dictator (1940).[46]
| Year | Association | Category | Nominated work | Result | Шаблон:Abbr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1928 | Academy Award | Best Director (Comedy Picture) | The Circus | Шаблон:Nom | |
| Best Actor | Шаблон:Nom | ||||
| Best Story (Original) | Шаблон:Nom | ||||
| Honorary Academy Award | Шаблон:Won | ||||
| 1940 | Outstanding Production | The Great Dictator | Шаблон:Nom | ||
| Best Actor | Шаблон:Nom | ||||
| Best Original Screenplay | Шаблон:Nom | ||||
| 1947 | Monsieur Verdoux | Шаблон:Nom | |||
| 1971 | Academy Honorary Award | Шаблон:Won | |||
| 1972 | Best Original Score | Limelight | Шаблон:Won | ||
| 1940 | National Board of Review | Best Actor | The Great Dictator | Шаблон:Won | |
| 1940 | New York Film Critics Circle Award | Best Actor | Шаблон:Won | ||
| 1952 | Best Director | Limelight | Шаблон:Nom | ||
| Best Actor | Шаблон:Nom | ||||
| 1976 | BAFTA Awards | BAFTA Fellowship | Шаблон:Won | ||
| 1974 | Directors Guild of America Award | Life Achievement Award | Шаблон:Won | ||
| 1972 | Film Society of Lincoln Center | Gala Tribute | Шаблон:Won | ||
| 1972 | Venice International Film Festival | Career Golden Lion | Шаблон:Won | ||
| 1972 | Walk of Fame | Motion Picture - Star | Шаблон:Won | ||
Legacy
Recognition
In 1998, the film critic Andrew Sarris called Chaplin "arguably the single most important artist produced by the cinema, certainly its most extraordinary performer and probably still its most universal icon".Шаблон:Sfn He is described by the British Film Institute as "a towering figure in world culture",[47] and was included in Time magazine's list of the "100 Most Important People of the 20th Century" for the "laughter [he brought] to millions" and because he "more or less invented global recognizability and helped turn an industry into an art".[48] In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Chaplin as the 10th greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema.[49]
The image of the Tramp has become a part of cultural history;Шаблон:Sfn according to Simon Louvish, the character is recognisable to people who have never seen a Chaplin film, and in places where his films are never shown.Шаблон:Sfn The critic Leonard Maltin has written of the "unique" and "indelible" nature of the Tramp, and argued that no other comedian matched his "worldwide impact".[50] Praising the character, Richard Schickel suggests that Chaplin's films with the Tramp contain the most "eloquent, richly comedic expressions of the human spirit" in movie history.Шаблон:Sfn Memorabilia connected to the character still fetches large sums in auctions: in 2006 a bowler hat and a bamboo cane that were part of the Tramp's costume were bought for $140,000 in a Los Angeles auction.[51]
As a filmmaker, Chaplin is considered a pioneer and one of the most influential figures of the early twentieth century.Шаблон:Sfnm He is often credited as one of the medium's first artists.Шаблон:Sfnm Film historian Mark Cousins has written that Chaplin "changed not only the imagery of cinema, but also its sociology and grammar" and claims that Chaplin was as important to the development of comedy as a genre as D.W. Griffith was to drama.Шаблон:Sfn He was the first to popularise feature-length comedy and to slow down the pace of action, adding pathos and subtlety to it.Шаблон:Sfn[52] Although his work is mostly classified as slapstick, Chaplin's drama A Woman of Paris (1923) was a major influence on Ernst Lubitsch's film The Marriage Circle (1924) and thus played a part in the development of "sophisticated comedy".Шаблон:Sfnm According to David Robinson, Chaplin's innovations were "rapidly assimilated to become part of the common practice of film craft".Шаблон:Sfn Filmmakers who cited Chaplin as an influence include Federico Fellini (who called Chaplin "a sort of Adam, from whom we are all descended"),Шаблон:Sfn Jacques Tati ("Without him I would never have made a film"),Шаблон:Sfn René Clair ("He inspired practically every filmmaker"),Шаблон:Sfn François Truffaut ("My religion is cinema. I believe in Charlie Chaplin…"),[53] Michael Powell,Шаблон:Sfn Billy Wilder,[54] Vittorio De Sica,Шаблон:Sfn and Richard Attenborough.[55] Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky praised Chaplin as "the only person to have gone down into cinematic history without any shadow of a doubt. The films he left behind can never grow old."[56] Indian filmmaker Satyajit Ray said about Chaplin "If there is any name which can be said to symbolize cinemaШаблон:Sndit is Charlie Chaplin… I am sure Chaplin's name will survive even if the cinema ceases to exist as a medium of artistic expression. Chaplin is truly immortal."[57] French auteur Jean Renoir's favourite filmmaker was Chaplin.[58][59]
Chaplin also strongly influenced the work of later comedians. Marcel Marceau said he was inspired to become a mime artist after watching Chaplin,[52] while the actor Raj Kapoor based his screen persona on the Tramp.[54] Mark Cousins has also detected Chaplin's comedic style in the French character Monsieur Hulot and the Italian character Totò.[54] In other fields, Chaplin helped inspire the cartoon characters Felix the CatШаблон:Sfn and Mickey Mouse,Шаблон:Sfn and was an influence on the Dada art movement.Шаблон:Sfn As one of the founding members of United Artists, Chaplin also had a role in the development of the film industry. Gerald Mast has written that although UA never became a major company like MGM or Paramount Pictures, the idea that directors could produce their own films was "years ahead of its time".Шаблон:Sfn
In 1992, the Sight & Sound Critics' Top Ten Poll ranked Chaplin at No. 5 in its list of "Top 10 Directors" of all time.[60] In the 21st century, several of Chaplin's films are still regarded as classics and among the greatest ever made. The 2012 Sight & Sound poll, which compiles "top ten" ballots from film critics and directors to determine each group's most acclaimed films, saw City Lights rank among the critics' top 50, Modern Times inside the top 100, and The Great Dictator and The Gold Rush placed in the top 250.[61] The top 100 films as voted on by directors included Modern Times at number 22, City Lights at number 30, and The Gold Rush at number 91.[62] Every one of Chaplin's features received a vote.[63] Chaplin was ranked at No. 35 on Empire magazine's "Top 40 Greatest Directors of All-Time" list in 2005.[64] In 2007, the American Film Institute named City Lights the 11th greatest American film of all time, while The Gold Rush and Modern Times again ranked in the top 100.[65] Books about Chaplin continue to be published regularly, and he is a popular subject for media scholars and film archivists.Шаблон:Sfnm Many of Chaplin's film have had a DVD and Blu-ray release.[66]
Шаблон:AnchorChaplin's legacy is managed on behalf of his children by the Chaplin office, located in Paris. The office represents Association Chaplin, founded by some of his children "to protect the name, image and moral rights" to his body of work, Roy Export SAS, which owns the copyright to most of his films made after 1918, and Bubbles Incorporated S.A., which owns the copyrights to his image and name.[67] Their central archive is held at the archives of Montreux, Switzerland and scanned versions of its contents, including 83,630 images, 118 scripts, 976 manuscripts, 7,756 letters, and thousands of other documents, are available for research purposes at the Chaplin Research Centre at the Cineteca di Bologna.[68] The photographic archive, which includes approximately 10,000 photographs from Chaplin's life and career, is kept at the Musée de l'Elysée in Lausanne, Switzerland.[69] The British Film Institute has also established the Charles Chaplin Research Foundation, and the first international Charles Chaplin Conference was held in London in July 2005.[70] Elements for many of Chaplin's films are held by the Academy Film Archive as part of the Roy Export Chaplin Collection.[71]
Commemoration and tributes
Chaplin's final home, Manoir de Ban in Corsier-sur-Vevey, Switzerland, has been converted into a museum named "Chaplin's World". It opened on 17 April 2016 after fifteen years of development, and is described by Reuters as "an interactive museum showcasing the life and works of Charlie Chaplin".[72] On the 128th anniversary of his birth, a record-setting 662 people dressed as the Tramp in an event organised by the museum.[73] Previously, the Museum of the Moving Image in London held a permanent display on Chaplin, and hosted a dedicated exhibition to his life and career in 1988. The London Film Museum hosted an exhibition called Charlie ChaplinШаблон:SndThe Great Londoner, from 2010 until 2013.[74]
In London, a statue of Chaplin as the Tramp, sculpted by John Doubleday and unveiled in 1981, is located in Leicester Square.Шаблон:Sfn The city also includes a road named after him in central London, "Charlie Chaplin Walk", which is the location of the BFI IMAX.[75] There are nine blue plaques memorialising Chaplin in London, Hampshire, and Yorkshire.[76] In Canning Town, East London, the Gandhi Chaplin Memorial Garden, opened by Chaplin's granddaughter Oona Chaplin in 2015, commemorates the meeting between Chaplin and Mahatma Gandhi at a local house in 1931.[77] The Swiss town of Vevey named a park in his honour in 1980 and erected a statue there in 1982.Шаблон:Sfn In 2011, two large murals depicting Chaplin on two 14-storey buildings were also unveiled in Vevey.[78] Chaplin has also been honoured by the Irish town of Waterville, where he spent several summers with his family in the 1960s. A statue was erected in 1998;[79] since 2011, the town has been host to the annual Charlie Chaplin Comedy Film Festival, which was founded to celebrate Chaplin's legacy and to showcase new comic talent.[80]
In other tributes, a minor planet, 3623 Chaplin (discovered by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Karachkina in 1981) is named after him.Шаблон:Sfn Throughout the 1980s, the Tramp image was used by IBM to advertise their personal computers.Шаблон:Sfn Chaplin's 100th birthday anniversary in 1989 was marked with several events around the world,Шаблон:Efn and on 15 April 2011, a day before his 122nd birthday, Google celebrated him with a special Google Doodle video on its global and other country-wide homepages.[81]
Characterisations
Chaplin is the subject of a biographical film, Chaplin (1992) directed by Richard Attenborough and starring Robert Downey Jr. in the title role, with Geraldine Chaplin playing Hannah Chaplin.[82] He is also a character in the historical drama film The Cat's Meow (2001), played by Eddie Izzard, and in the made-for-television movie The Scarlett O'Hara War (1980), played by Clive Revill.[83][84] A television series about Chaplin's childhood, Young Charlie Chaplin, ran on PBS in 1989, and was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Children's Program.[85] The French film The Price of Fame (2014) is a fictionalised account of the robbery of Chaplin's grave.[86] Tommy Steele in Search of Charlie Chaplin investigated Chaplin's roots in south-east London.[87]
Chaplin's life has also been the subject of several stage productions. Two musicals, Little Tramp and Chaplin, were produced in the early 1990s. In 2006, Thomas Meehan and Christopher Curtis created another musical, Limelight: The Story of Charlie Chaplin, which was first performed at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego in 2010.[88] It was adapted for Broadway two years later, re-titled ChaplinШаблон:SndA Musical.[89] Chaplin was portrayed by Robert McClure in both productions. In 2013, two plays about Chaplin premiered in Finland: Chaplin at the Svenska Teatern,[90] and Kulkuri (The Tramp) at the Tampere Workers' Theatre.[91]
Chaplin has also been characterised in literary fiction. He is the protagonist of Robert Coover's short story "Charlie in the House of Rue" (1980; reprinted in Coover's 1987 collection A Night at the Movies), and of Glen David Gold's Sunnyside (2009), a historical novel set in the First World War period.[92] A day in Chaplin's life in 1909 is dramatised in the chapter titled "Modern Times" in Alan Moore's Jerusalem (2016), a novel set in the author's home town of Northampton, England.[93]
Legal precedent
A lawsuit brought by Chaplin, Chaplin v. Amador, 93 Cal. App. 358 (1928), set an important legal precedent -- that a performer's persona and style, in this case Chaplin's "particular kind or type of mustache, old and threadbare hat, clothes and shoes, a decrepit derby, ill-fitting vest, tight-fitting coat, and trousers and shoes much too large for him, and with this attire, a flexible cane usually carried, swung and bent as he performs his part," is entitled to legal protection from those unfairly mimicking those traits in order to deceive the public.[94] The case was an important milestone in U.S. courts' ultimate recognition of a common-law right of publicity.[95]
Written works
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite bookШаблон:Efn
- Шаблон:Cite book
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Notes
References
Citations
Works cited
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Further reading
- Menand, Louis, "The War on Chaplin" (review of Scott Eyman, Charlie Chaplin vs. America, Simon & Schuster, 1923), The New Yorker, 20 November 2023, pp. 60–64.
External links
- Шаблон:Official website by Association Chaplin
- Chaplin's World Museum at the Manoir de Ban, Switzerland
- Works
- Papers
- The Charlie Chaplin professional and personal Archive at Cineteca di Bologna, Italy
- Chaplin's file at the Federal Bureau of Investigation website
- Шаблон:PM20
- Data
- Шаблон:AFI person
- Шаблон:IMDb name
- Шаблон:TCMDb name
- Шаблон:AllMovie name
- Charlie Chaplin at Virtual History: Film history of the 20th century
Шаблон:Charlie Chaplin Шаблон:Navboxes Шаблон:Chaplin family Шаблон:Portal bar Шаблон:Authority control
- ↑ Charles Chaplin, Jr., with N. and M. Rau, My Father, Charlie Chaplin, Random House: New York, (1960), pp. 7–8. Quoted in Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Charlie Chaplin, My Autobiography, page 19. Quoted in Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite magazine
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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- ↑ Chaplin "Charlie Chaplin meets Harry LauderШаблон:SndRare Archival Footage", Roy Export Company Ltd., Association Chaplin via YouTube. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
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- ↑ Associated Press, "Tentative Jury in Chaplin CaseШаблон:SndBritish Nationality Of Actor Made Issue", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, 22 March 1944, Vol. 50, p. 1.
- ↑ Associated Press, "Chaplin Acquitted Amid Cheers, ApplauseШаблон:SndActor Chokes With Emotion as Court Fight Won", The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Wednesday 5Шаблон:SpacesApril 1944, Volume 50, p. 1.
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- ↑ A round-table Chaplin Interview Шаблон:Webarchive in 1952, first broadcast on BBC Radio on 15 October 1952. (In Norwegian)
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- ↑ 39,0 39,1 39,2 39,3 Vance, Jeffrey (4 August 2003). "Chaplin the Composer: An Excerpt from Chaplin: Genius of the Cinema". Variety Special Advertising Supplement, pp. 20–21.
- ↑ Hennessy, Mike (22 April 1967). "Chaplin's 'Song' Catches Fire in Europe". Billboard, p. 60.
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