Английская Википедия:Charsadda

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Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement Chārsadda (Шаблон:Lang-ps; Шаблон:Audio; Шаблон:Lang-ur; Шаблон:Audio) is a town and headquarters of Charsadda District, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.[1] It is the eighty fifth-largest city of Pakistan, according to 2017 census. Located in the Valley of Peshawar, Charsadda lies about Шаблон:Convert from the provincial capital of Peshawar at an altitude of Шаблон:Convert.[2] The total area of Charsadda District measures about 996 square Km. The district is geographically organized into two primary parts: Hashtnagar (Pashto: Ashnaghar) and Do Aaba (Pashto: Duaba).

Name

The name Chārsadda means "four roads", from the words chār ("four") and sadda ("road").[3]Шаблон:Rp An alternate explanation, given by Munshi Gopaldas in the 1874 Tawarikh-i Peshawar, is that the city was named after one of the sons of the Pashtun conqueror Ilyas Khan Muhammadzai.[3]Шаблон:Rp

History

The earliest archaeological deposits recovered at Charsadda, in Bala Hisar, are dated to Шаблон:Circa, when a small community was established on a low natural mound of clay above the floodplain of the Kabul and Swat rivers, constructing structures of timber posts slotted into postholes,[4] in association with ceramic sherds and ash. Subsequent periods indicate that more permanent structures were built at Charsadda, including stone-lined pits. Between the 14th century BCE and the 6th century BCE, when an Achaemenid presence is represented at the site (see below), the inhabitants of Charsadda developed an iron-working industry and used ceramics that are typical for this period in the Vale of Peshawar, Swat and Dir. The later history of Charsadda can be traced back to the 6th century BCE. It was the capital of Gandhara from the 6th century BCE to the 2nd century CE. The ancient name of Charsadda was Pushkalavati.The city hosts the ruins of what was once the ancient Gandharan capital city of Pushkalavati (meaning Lotus City in Sanskrit), and The father of Sanskrit grammar, Pāṇini was from this area and lived around 4th century BCE.[5][6] Many invaders have ruled over this region during different times of history. These include the Maurya empire and the Gupt Empire(of India), Alexander the Great's Macedonians, the Greco-Bactrians, the Indo-Greeks, the Indo-Scythians, the Indo-Parthians, the Kushans, the Huns, the Turks and Durranis

Файл:Charsadda Buddhist stuatuary.jpg
Buddhist statuary obtained in archaeological excavation from Charsadda is the great tourist attraction
Файл:Charsadda Buddhist statues.jpg
Buddhist statues obtained in archaeological excavation from Charsadda is the great tourist attraction

Charsadda is contiguous to the town of Prang; and these two places were identified by Alexander Cunningham with the ancient Pushkalāvati, capital of the region at the time of Alexander's invasion, and transliterated as Peukelaus or Peukelaotis by the Greek historians. Its chieftain (Astes), according to Arrian, was killed in defence of one of his strongholds after a prolonged siege by Hephaistion. Ptolemy fixes its site upon the eastern bank of the Suastene or Swat. The region was later conquered by Chandragupt Maurya The Great from the Macedonian satraps.

The present town of Charsadda is of more recent origin.[3]Шаблон:Rp

Rivers

There are three rivers flowing in Charsadda: the River Jindi, the Kabul River and the Swat River; these are the main source of irrigation for Charsadda. The three rivers then merge and join the Indus River.[7]

Administration

The district is administratively subdivided into three tehsils – Charsadda, Tangi, and Shabqadar which contained a total of 49 Union Councils.[1]

Education

Bacha Khan University is a public university situated in Charsadda, named after Abdul Ghaffar Khan (Bacha Khan). In January 2016, the university was attacked by gunmen.[8]

Cemetery

Charsadda's huge cemetery lies south of the tehsil bazaar.[9]Шаблон:Rp It currently occupies an area of 3x4 km, but it used to be bigger — a lot of the current town has been built on top of the old cemetery, often illegally.[9]Шаблон:Rp Two major roads (the Khushal Khan Khattak and Ali Khan roads) cut across the cemetery from north to south, connecting Charsadda with areas to the south like Prang and Babara.[9]Шаблон:Rp Various other roads also cross over the cemetery, connecting other villages and towns.[9]Шаблон:Rp Heavy traffic like trucks and trailers use these roads, which causes additional stress on the underlying graves.[9]Шаблон:Rp

The age of the cemetery is not known.[9]Шаблон:Rp One local tradition holds that Ahmad Shah Durrani originally endowed the land to the locals as a reward for their military support during his Indian campaigns.[9]Шаблон:Rp Another tradition places it in the 15th century, when there was widespread migration of Pashtun tribes into the Peshawar valley.[9]Шаблон:Rp These migrations would have been accompanied by violent conflict, and the battlefields were supposedly seen as unfit for cultivating or living on after they had been "stained with human blood".[9]Шаблон:Rp According to Qasim Jan Mohammadzai, the cemetery likely originated when the local population converted to Islam and thus began to bury their dead close to their villages.[9]Шаблон:Rp The site chosen for the cemetery would have originally been communal land, known in Pashtun as Shamilat, that had previously been used for cattle grazing.[9]Шаблон:Rp

Different clans (Khels) each have different sections of the cemetery to bury their dead in.[9]Шаблон:Rp The boundaries between these sections are marked by shallow trenches or brick walls.[9]Шаблон:Rp The Durrani tribe, for example, has their section in the northeast; it is marked off by barbed wire and shaded by tall trees.[9]Шаблон:Rp Most of the graves in this section are decorated with marble slabs; many of them belong to the period of Durrani rule.[9]Шаблон:Rp There are also separate sections for Christians and Ahmadis near the main Janazgah, as well as a separate section for non-locals in the southeastern part of the cemetery.[9]Шаблон:Rp In this section, called the Musafirkhana, anyone may bury without needing prior permission.[9]Шаблон:Rp

Although not as large as the Makli necropolis near Thatta, the Charsadda cemetery has a much higher density of graves.[9]Шаблон:Rp Whereas Makli primarily houses the graves of the ruling class and prominent holy men, Charsadda is used mostly by ordinary people.[9]Шаблон:Rp That said, there are several prominent saints' tombs at Charsadda, as well as royal Durrani graves from their time in power.[9]Шаблон:Rp

Among the saints' tombs at Charsadda are those of Ghazi Gul Baba, Mullah Shah Alam Baba, Mian Sayed Noor Baba, Baba Sahib (aka Ali bin Yousaf Dalazak), Jhare Baba, and Shaheed Baba.[9]Шаблон:Rp These tombs are sites of pilgrimage; annual urs are held where thousands of devotees gather at night to hear qawwals sung in the saints' honour.[9]Шаблон:Rp

South of the main Janazgah, on the right side of the Ali Khan Baba road, there are two prominent enclosures, each marked off with a brick wall and accessed by a gate on the west side.[9]Шаблон:Rp This area is known as the Chardewarai.[9]Шаблон:Rp The larger enclosure houses eight tombs of the Ali Khel clan, who were the local rulers at the time of the Durrani hegemony; its gate is ornately decorated.[9]Шаблон:Rp The other one has the grave of the 18th-century poet Ali Khan.[9]Шаблон:Rp Southwest of these two enclosures is a (now ruined) domed brick mausoleum on a raised platform, said to belong to a holy woman.[9]Шаблон:Rp None of these tombs have any inscriptions providing a specific date for their construction.[9]Шаблон:Rp

One of the most distinct features of the Charsadda cemetery is the way its graves are decorated.[9]Шаблон:Rp About 90% of the graves are decorated with small black and white stones arranged to form geometric or floral designs.[9]Шаблон:Rp This type of decoration is locally known as Da Kanro Gulkari, and the style of grave is known as a Hashtnaghri Qabroona or a Hashtnaghri grave.[9]Шаблон:Rp Some wealthier people's graves are made of brick or marble, but Hashtnaghri graves remain popular because they are cheaper, quickly made, and durable.[9]Шаблон:Rp

Another tradition associated with the Charsadda cemetery is the annual family visits to deceased relatives' graves.[9]Шаблон:Rp These take place both on Ashura, when any necessary repairs to the grave are done, and on the first day of Eid al-Adha celebrations.[9]Шаблон:Rp During the Eid visit, family members arrive early in the morning to recite the Fatiha and the Tilawa; this visit is considered compulsory if the buried person died recently.[9]Шаблон:Rp

See also

پشکلاوتی

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Gandhara Шаблон:Charsadda-Union-Councils Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Tehsils & Unions in the District of Charsada – Government of Pakistan Шаблон:Webarchive
  2. ↑ Location of Charsadda – Falling Rain Genomics
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ Coningham, R.A.E. and C. Batt, 2007. "Dating the Sequence", in R.A.E. Coningham and I. Ali (eds.), Charsadda: The British-Pakistani Excavations at the Bala Hisar, Society for South Asian Studies Monograph No. 5, BAR International Series 1709, Archaeopress, Oxford, p. 97.
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Pakistan attack: Gunmen kill 19 at Bacha Khan University BBC
  9. ↑ 9,00 9,01 9,02 9,03 9,04 9,05 9,06 9,07 9,08 9,09 9,10 9,11 9,12 9,13 9,14 9,15 9,16 9,17 9,18 9,19 9,20 9,21 9,22 9,23 9,24 9,25 9,26 9,27 9,28 9,29 9,30 9,31 9,32 9,33 9,34 Шаблон:Cite journal
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