Английская Википедия:Chen Xiaocui

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Шаблон:Infobox person Chen XiaocuiШаблон:Efn (25 September 1902Шаблон:Spnd1 July 1967) was a Chinese poet, writer, and painter who composed classical Chinese poetry, short stories, novels, and plays, translated Western literature, and created traditional Chinese paintings. She was a founder of the Chinese Women's Calligraphy and Painting Association. After the People's Republic of China was founded, Chen became one of the first professors at Шаблон:Ill in 1960 but died by suicide in 1967, a year into the Cultural Revolution. The major collection of her poetry is Cuilou Yincao (Шаблон:Lang-zh).

Biography

Early life

Chen Xiaocui was born on 25 September 1902.Шаблон:Sfn Her family was from Hangzhou.Шаблон:Sfn Her grandmother named her Chen Zui (Шаблон:Zhi) and gave her the courtesy name Cuina (Шаблон:Zhi).Шаблон:Sfn Her father was Chen Xu (courtesy name Diexian), a writer of the Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies School.Шаблон:Sfn Her mother was Zhu Shu, who also wrote and published poetry.Шаблон:Sfn Chen Xiaocui was the second of three children and the only daughter. Chen's elder brother was Chen Xiaodie,Шаблон:Sfn and her younger brother was Chen Cidie.Шаблон:Sfn

In her early childhood, Chen Xiaocui received instruction in literature from her mother, Zhu Shu.Шаблон:Sfn Chen initiated her formal education at the age of four.Шаблон:Sfn During 1909, when the family resided in Pingchang (Шаблон:Zhi), Jiangsu, banditry in the rural areas disrupted her schooling. She thus studied by herself, and could compose poetry by the age of eight.Шаблон:Sfn Following the family's relocation to Shanghai in 1913,Шаблон:Sfn she enrolled in the Chongwen Higher Women's Elementary School.Шаблон:Sfn The exact endpoint of Chen's formal education is unclear: while Huang Jin-chu contends that her education concluded upon her graduation from elementary school,Шаблон:Sfn Zhao Maofei believes that Chen completed high school when she was seventeen.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1913, Chen Xu started Sanren Gongsi (Шаблон:Lang-zh) in Shanghai with Li Changjue, Wu Juemi, and two of his children, Chen Xiaodie and Chen Xiaocui. In a period of five years, the company translated 73 English novels into Chinese, including the canon of Sherlock Holmes.Шаблон:Sfn Chen published her first work, Sishi Guiyong (Шаблон:Lang-zh), in September 1914.Шаблон:Sfn She then began to write professionally to help her family, using Xiaocui as her pen name.Шаблон:Sfn When she was sixteen, Chen began to study Chinese poetry from her father.Шаблон:Sfn Eventually, in August 1924, Shanghai Women's Literary Professional College appointed Chen as an instructor in poetry and her father as a special lecturer.Шаблон:Sfn

Meanwhile, when she was seventeen, Chen Xiaocui began to study Chinese painting by herself.Шаблон:Sfn In 1919, she studied painting with Yang Shiyou and Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfn

Marriage

In January 1922, the magazine Banyue (Шаблон:Lang-zh) published the ci of Chen Xiaocui and Shi Zhecun together. Chen and Shi thus began to correspond. Shen Xiaosun, a relative of Shi, was working at the Family Industrial Company. He discussed with Chen's father the possibility of an arranged marriage between Chen and Shi. However, Shi declined the opportunity because of his poverty. He did not see Chen in person at the time.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

In 1927, Chen's parents arranged for her to marry Tang Yanqi, the eldest son of the former governor of Zhejiang and the first ROC transportation secretary Шаблон:Ill. Tang was also the nephew of Шаблон:Ill. In October, Chen Xu published Chen's collection of personal works, Cuilou Yincao, for her dowry.Шаблон:Sfn Huang noted that Chen kept her engagement secret from her best friend. She suggested Chen's silence and acquiescence on her marriage was due to her traditional mentality.Шаблон:Sfn In 1928, Chen and Tang had a daughter Tang Cuichu.Шаблон:Sfn The couple separated after two to three years of marriage.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Tang Shouqian left for Taiwan before the founding of the People's Republic of China and died there in 1952.Шаблон:Sfn

Career

Файл:陳小翠與顧飛.jpg
Chen Xiaocui (left) with painter Gu Fei in the 1930s

In 1934, Chen founded China Women's Calligraphy and Painting Association (CWCPA) along with other women painters including Gu Qingyao, Feng Wenfeng, Шаблон:Ill, Zhou Lianxia, Jiang Yanan and Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfn The association had its first meeting on 29 April 1934, and Chen was elected a board member and an editor. On 18 May, Chen and Li Qiujun were elected co-chairs of the association.Шаблон:Sfn The association had hosted ten exhibitions by 1944.Шаблон:Sfn

In the late 1930s, Chinese vernacular literature became more popular because of the New Culture Movement. However, Chen composed poetry in classical Chinese.Шаблон:Sfn In April 1935, Chen attended the founding conference of Cunwenhui (Шаблон:Lang-zh) organized by Jiang Kanghu, who promoted the idea that middle school students and beyond should have a basic knowledge of classical Chinese.Шаблон:Sfn

When Japan controlled Shanghai in 1937, Chen's father and two brothers fled to Kunming, while Chen and her mother stayed in Shanghai.Шаблон:Sfn Chen Xu fell ill in 1939, returned to Shanghai, and died on 24 March 1940. Chen Xiaocui collected and published her father's remaining works as Xuyuan Yigao (Шаблон:Lang-zh).Шаблон:Sfn

After the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945, Chen and other poets, including Cheng Zhongtao, Zhang Hongwei, and Cheng Man-ch'ing, founded Shalong Poetry Society (Шаблон:Lang-zh).Шаблон:Sfn By the end of the year, CWCPA resumed its activities, and Chen took charge of its operations.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1947, when Shanghai's Bureau of Education was preparing to establish the Shanghai Museum of Art, it named Chen Xiaocui as one of its committee members.Шаблон:Sfn Chen also began to teach private painting that year.Шаблон:Sfn In 1948, the Shanghai campus of the Шаблон:Ill hired Chen as a professor in Chinese poetry.Шаблон:Sfn In April 1949, Chen's paintings were included in the spring exhibition of the Shanghai Museum of Art.Шаблон:Sfn

According to Chen Xiaodie, Chen Xiaocui considered leaving for Taiwan in 1950, but did not make the journey.Шаблон:Sfn In 1956, Шаблон:Ill introduced Chen to join the Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party.Шаблон:Sfn In 1957, Chen's daughter Tang Cuichu left for France.Шаблон:Sfn In 1960, when Шаблон:Ill was founded, Chen was one of the first professors, along with Zhou Lianxia and Lu Xiaoman.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1964, Shi Zhecun learnt of Chen's address in Shanghai from Шаблон:Ill. He visited Chen on 20 February, meeting Chen for the first time. Shi visited Chen for a few times more and they exchanged literary works.Шаблон:Sfn

Persecution and suicide

When the Cultural Revolution began in 1966, Chen Xiaocui was first removed from her home in June.Шаблон:Sfn In the winter of 1966,Шаблон:Sfn she sought refuge with Zhao Quancheng and Шаблон:Ill.Шаблон:Sfn After two months, when the Zhao family began to undergo struggle sessions, the Shanghai Chinese Painting Academy also demanded that Chen return to campus.Шаблон:Sfn

Around this time, Chen Xiaocui exchanged her place of residence with Pang Zuoyu to avoid harassment from the Red Guards.Шаблон:Sfn She also twice attempted to escape from Shanghai, but both times she was captured. The second time Chen was captured, two Red Guards found on her over 300 jin of grain ration coupons and hundreds of Yuan hidden in her trousers. After confiscating her personal belongings, the two Red Guards tied Chen in ropes and beat her.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1967, the rebel faction of Shanghai's Administration of Culture arranged to move Chen's residence to the ground floor of a house on Шаблон:Ill. The faction also confiscated Chen's collection of Chinese paintings and sold them as scrap paper.Шаблон:Sfn On the morning of 1 July 1967,Шаблон:Efn when Chen arrived at Shanghai Chinese Painting Academy, she found that the painters were about to undergo struggle sessions. She immediately returned to her residence, but Red Guards followed her and attempted to break down her door. On that day she took sleeping pills and then killed herself by a gas stoveШаблон:Sfn at night.Шаблон:Sfn Upon her suicide she composed a death poem, but it was destroyed by the Red Guards.Шаблон:Sfn

Works

Classical Chinese poetry

Chen mostly wrote classical poetry but also composed other forms of Chinese literature including ci, qu, fu, zaju, and chuanqi.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Ill, a scholar in Chinese classical poetry, considered Chen's poetry in the book "excellent and rare".Шаблон:Sfn Guo Mei called her an important woman writer of sanqu during the Republic of China,Шаблон:Sfn with an "exceptional creative talent".Шаблон:Sfn

Cuilou Yincao Quanji (Шаблон:Lang-zh) is the most comprehensive collection of Chen's poetry,Шаблон:Sfn containing her poetic works from 1915 to 1966.Шаблон:Sfn However, some of Chen's works were published posthumously. In 1972, Chen Xiaohui's nephew Chen Keyan published Cuiyinlou Yiji (Шаблон:Lang-zh) in Taipei. Chen Xiaohui's brother, Chen Dingshan, wrote an introduction for it.Шаблон:Sfn In 1985, Shi Zhecun published Cuilou Shimenglu (Шаблон:Lang-zh).Шаблон:Sfn

Novels and stories

Like many Chinese women novelists in the early 20th century who had exposure to foreign languages, Chen both composed and translated novels.Шаблон:Sfn Her novels were published mostly before 1920, when she joined her father and brother in writing to help with her family's income.Шаблон:Sfn In 1916, she translated a short story by the French novelist Marcelle Tinayre.Шаблон:Sfn Guo Yanli observed that Chen's stories, such as "Xinfu Huawei Quan" (Шаблон:Lang-zh), imitate Western literature by their Western context and humorous style.Шаблон:Sfn However, Ma Qinqin believed that Chen also abided by Confucian values in her novels.Шаблон:Sfn

Some of the notable novels and short stories by Chen include:Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Refbegin

Original works

Translations

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Chinese plays

In 1917, Chen and her father published a zaju (a form of Chinese play) together on Shen Bao.Шаблон:Sfn Chen independently published a zaju on Шаблон:Ill in 1921.Шаблон:Sfn In 1922, Chen published Feng Qin Ji (Шаблон:Lang-zh),Шаблон:Sfn which is her only currently surviving Chuanqi.Шаблон:Sfn According to Guo Mei, it is a love story containing Chen's personal opinion on the liberation of women and the freedom of marriage. In particular, Chen criticized the excessive sense of liberation of women at her time and the loss of Chinese culture and identity.Шаблон:Sfn

Visual arts

Chen started to study Chinese painting by herself when she was seventeen.Шаблон:Sfn In 1923, Banyue published a painting collaborated by her and Yang Shiyou.Шаблон:Sfn She began to publish her paintings independently from 1925.Шаблон:Sfn Chen made many Chinese paintings depicting women, which Peng Minzhe considered as a form of "self-portrayal" for Chen, an elite, educated woman.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

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References

Citations

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Newspaper articles

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Journal articles

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Academic theses

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Books

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External links

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