Английская Википедия:Chengguan, Huangyuan County
Шаблон:Infobox settlement Шаблон:Chinese Шаблон:Chinese Шаблон:Chinese Chengguan, also known as Huangyuan and by other names, is a town on the Huangshui River in Qinghai, China. It serves as the seat of Huangyuan County, lying about Шаблон:Cvt upstream (west) from the provincial capital of Xining and approximately Шаблон:Cvt east of Qinghai Lake.[1] Chengguan has a 600-yearШаблон:Citation needed history as a frontier trading post between the Chinese, Mongolian, and Tibetan cultural spheres.
Names
The city was first known as TongkorШаблон:Sfnp[2] or Tongkhor,[3] after a nearby lamasery established by the Tongkor reincarnation line.[3] The name has been romanized in many different ways: Tang-keou-eul,Шаблон:Sfnp Tang-kiuul,[4][5] Tonkir,Шаблон:Sfnp Tongor,Шаблон:Sfnp Denger,Шаблон:Sfnp Donkir,[6] Dung kor,[6] Tung kor,[6] and Tankar.[6] The name is still used in Tibetan and Mongolian, although after the Xinhai Revolution the name was changed in Chinese to Xiancheng in 1913, then to Zhongshan in honor of Sun Yat-sen, then to Huangyang in 1938. During the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, it was finally renamed Chengguan.
Following Chinese practice, it is also frequently known as Huangyuan from the county it administers.
History
The lamasery to the town's south was established in 1648 by Dogyu Gyatso, the 4th Tongkor, in remembrance of a visit to the area by Sonam Gyatso, the 3rd Dalai Lama.[3] It became an important religious center for the Mongolian tribes of the area.[3]
The town itself was formally recognized by the Qing Empire in 1727, the 5th year of the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor. It was walled and became an important border town and trading post on the route between China proper and Tibet.[7] The journey to Lhasa was usually reckoned as 60–70 days.[7] Caravans from Lhasa brought Buddhist books, woolen cloth of various colors and qualities, incense sticks, disks of chank-shells and amber for ornaments, furs, the best quality saffron ("K'a ch'é shakama") from Kashmir, cowries, dried dates, and brown sugar from India, and a few other items. Among the most valuable items brought by Tibetans orШаблон:Mdashmore frequentlyШаблон:MdashNepalese, were conch shells with their whorls turning to the right. They were highly valued for use as trumpets ("Yä-chyil dung-kar") in the monasteries, to the point where they were classed among the establishments' "jewels". One of them could sell for between four and five hundred taels. The Chinese also placed a high value on them. A few traders from Khotan and Kashgar visited each year, usually in the autumn, bringing Khotan rugs, Hami raisins, dried melons and a few other things of little value. The exports contain goods of much higher value, including mules and horses, satin, silks and gold brocades, and chinaware.[8]
During the First Dungan Revolt, the town and surrounding countryside were the scene of a massacre of around 10,000 Muslims.[9] At the time, the other Chinese and Tibetans in the town numbered less than 10,000 themselves and were protected by only a nominal force of 200 men under a "colonel".[9] Following the massacre, Muslims were banned from entering the town for a time[9] and the town lost importance as a trade center.[10]
After the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, Chengguan raised to district status. It was lowered to town status in 1953. Since the Reform and Opening Up Policy, the town has attempted to attract tourists with "Dan Gar Ancient Town" (Шаблон:Lang, Gǔchéng), a restoration of some of the former walled city.
References
Citations
Bibliography
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 Шаблон:Citation.
- ↑ Шаблон:Citation.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite EB9 AND Шаблон:Cite EB1911
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Rockhill (1891), p. 109, n. 2.
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Rockhill (1891), pp. 133-134.
- ↑ Rockhill (1891), pp. 110-111.
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Rockhill (1891), p. 109.
- ↑ Rockhill (1891), p. 110.
