Английская Википедия:Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:EngvarB Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox public transit Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System is a metropolitan elevated railway line in Chennai, India. It is operated by Southern Railway of the state-owned Indian Railways. Opened in 1995, it was the first elevated railway line in India and is integrated with the wider Chennai suburban railway network. The railway line runs from Chennai beach to Velachery, covering a distance of Шаблон:Convert with 18 stations.
The project was approved in 1983-84 with construction beginning in 1991. The first phase from Chennai beach to Chepauk was completed in 1995 with further extension to Thirumyilai completed in 1997. Part of second phase from Thirumyilai to Thiruvanmiyur was completed in 2004 with the extension to Velachery in 2007. Шаблон:As of, the planned extension to St. Thomas Mount is still under construction.
The MRTS line is largely elevated, with at-grade sections at its terminals. The line runs at grade initially till Park Town, parallel to the suburban railway network and becomes elevated thereon, roughly following the course of the Buckingham Canal, running parallel to the Coromandel Coast till Thiruvanmiyur before deviating right towards Velachery.
The MRTS uses 9-car electrical multiple unit (EMU) train sets, manufactured by Integral Coach Factory and runs on broad gauge. As of 2015, the system had a ridership of 1 lakh commuters per day. The MRTS system is planned to be taken over by Chennai Metro Rail Limited.
History
Background
The Chennai Suburban Railway started operating in 1931 with a single metre gauge line from Chennai Beach to Tambaram and two more lines were added connecting Chennai Central with Arakkonam and Gummidipoondi in 1985.[1] In 1965, the Planning Commission set up a team to study to assess the adequacy and limitation of existing transport facilities, to determine the feasibility of different modes of transport and recommend phased programmes for development of transport facilities in major cities including Madras.[2]
Planning
To supplement the existing suburban rail network in Chennai, a number of surveys were conducted by the Madras Area Transportation Study Unit (MATSU), which was set up by the Planning Commission during 1968–1970 and the Metropolitan Transport Project (MTP), which was established by Indian Railways in July 1971.[3] The study identified eight important transport corridors including the 39-km north–southeastern rail corridor along the Buckingham Canal.[4]
A feasibility study was conducted by RITES, an engineering and infrastructure enterprise of the Government of India in 1975 and suggested a rail-based mass transit system between Kasturba Nagar and Manali Road. The system was envisaged as a Шаблон:Convert loop line passing through Chennai Beach and Tiruvottiyur.[5] In 1984, the Government of Tamil Nadu began planning for a new railway line to connect the southern part of the city as the existing suburban lines offered no connectivity to the region.[6] Since the planned railway line would pass through congested parts of the city, an elevated rail system with an alignment along the Buckingham Canadl was selected, as it would avoid land-acquisition problems.[7] The project was intended to be implemented in four phases: Chennai beach to Thirumayilai, Tirumailai to St. Thomas Mount, St. Thomas Mount to Villivakkam and Villivakkam to Ennore.
Construction and opening
The project was taken up for implementation by the Ministry of Railways, Government of India in 1983–84 at an estimated cost of Шаблон:INRconvert.[8] After many delays, construction began in 1991 and part of first phase from Chennai beach to Chepauk was completed in 1995. It became operational on 1st November 1995 and was the first operational elevated railway line in India.[1] The line was extended to Thirumayilai in 1997.[9] When the first phase between Chennai Beach and Thirumyilai was completed in 1997, the project had costed Шаблон:INRconvert compared to the initial estimate of Шаблон:INRconvert planned for in 1984.[4] The first phase was projected to cater to 6 lakh passengers per day but the patronage turned out to be lesser than projected.[10]
The second phase of the project was taken up on the basis of the study conducted by RITES during 1987 and 1994 and taking into account population growth and the capacity of public transport system.[2] In 1998, the Railway Board accorded sanction of executing Phase II of the project from Thirumayilai to Velachery.[11] Part of phase II from Thirumaylai to Thiruvanmiyur was opened on 27 June 2004.[12][13] On 19 November 2007, the network was further extended from Thiruvanmiyur to Velachery constructed at a cost of Шаблон:INRconvert.[14][15] While Phase I was fully funded by the Southern Railways and the state government gave the required land, for Phase II, the state government contributed two-thirds of the project cost.[16]
The progress of different phases of the project is summarized below:[17]
| Phase | Length | Route | Stations | Opening Date | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase I-A | Шаблон:Convert | Chennai BeachШаблон:NdashChepauk | 5 | 16 November 1995 | Operational |
| Phase I-B | Шаблон:Convert | ChepaukШаблон:NdashThirumayilai | 4 | 19 October 1997 | Operational |
| Phase II-A | Шаблон:Convert | ThirumayilaiШаблон:NdashThiruvanmiyur | 6 | 26 January 2004 | Operational |
| Phase II-B | Шаблон:Convert | ThiruvanmiyurШаблон:NdashVelachery | 3 | 19 November 2007 | Operational |
| Phase II-B Extension[18] | Шаблон:Convert | VelacheryШаблон:NdashSt. Thomas Mount | 3 | TBD | Under construction |
Future plan
The extended second phase of the project, connecting Velachery with St. Thomas Mount was not completed due to alignment and land acquisition issues.[19][20] According to the Railway Budget 2012, the section was to be commissioned by December 2013.[21] In October 2012, land acquisition was resumed by CMDA the Madras High Court vacated a stay.[22] There were further delays in land acquisition and only Шаблон:Convert of the stretch was completed by May 2014.[23] Further cases were filed by land owners demanding higher compensation, based on the Land Acquisition Act 2013 in 2014 and 2015.[24] In March 2016, Southern Railway stated that MRTS final phase will take at least 18 more months from the date of receiving land from the state government which was yet to start the process of acquiring land as per new rates.[25] In 2018, discussion between residents and Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority failed and the Madras High court dismissed petitions challenging land acquisition for the project.[26] After CMDA filed a case regarding the land acquisition in 2020, the land was acquired for the completion of the project.[27][28] Despite plans to make the final strech operational in steps by 2022, Шаблон:As of, the line is still under construction.[29][30]
The third and fourth phases of the MRTS were initially planned to connect St. Thomas Mount with Villivakkam and Villivakkam with Ennore, respectively.[31] However, with the implementation of the Chennai Metro Rail, the plan for developing these two phases have been dropped, since these overlap with the alignment of the Chennai Metro Rail.[32] The MRTS is proposed to be merged with Chennai Metro Rail Limited.[33] In July 2018, PwC said the merger would be a costly affair costing around Шаблон:INR 3,000 crore to change the trains and other facilities to facilitate the merger.[34] On 11 May 2022, Southern Railway granted in-principle approval for the Chennai Metro to takeover the MRTS.[35]
Infrastructure
Route
The MRTS line is largely elevated, with at-grade sections at its terminals. From Beach to Chennai Park Town station, the line runs at grade, parallel to the suburban railway network. Following Chennai Park Town station, the line's first phase becomes elevated and follows the course of the Buckingham Canal, which runs parallel to the Coromandel Coast. The line remains elevated for the alignment of the second phase up to Perungudi, after which it returns to an at-grade section at Velachery. The Шаблон:Convert line from Chennai Beach to Velachery is Шаблон:Convert elevated and Шаблон:Convert at surface.[17] The ongoing Шаблон:Convert extension of the line from Velachery to St. Thomas Mount is also elevated.
Stations
The MRTS line currently has 18 operational stations. The Chennai Beach station is a hub terminal for several suburban trains, and, along with Chennai Fort station, it serves the commercial locations of Broadway and Parry's Corner. Chennai Park Town station is located opposite Chennai Central, which is a hub for both long-distance express trains and suburban trains. Places of tourist interests such as Parthasarathy Temple and Kapaleeshwarar Temple are located close to Thiruvallikeni and Thirumayilai MRTS stations, respectively. Marina Beach spans along the stretch of the Thiruvallikeni and Light House stations, in addition to the Chepauk station, which lies abutting the Chepauk Stadium. The MRTS also passes through those areas of Chennai where the information technology (IT) industry is located—while the Kasturba Nagar, Thiruvanmiyur and Indira Nagar stations are located on the IT corridor, the neighbourhoods of Perungudi, Taramani and Velachery also have IT establishments. The St. Thomas Mount station at the southern end of the alignment, upon completion, will have three different types of railway networks, namely, the suburban and long-distance express trains plying on the conventional tracks at grade level, the MRTS elevated station at level 1 and the Chennai Metro Rail at level 2.[36] Each station is designed by a different architect and is built to accommodate a 9-car train.[37]
| # | Station name[38] | Шаблон:Tooltip[17] | Opening | Connections | Layout | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Tamil | Transliteration | |||||
| 1 | Chennai Beach | சென்னை கடற்கரை | Cennaī Kadarkarai | 0 | 1 November 1995 | Suburban – South Line Suburban – North Line Suburban – West Line |
At Grade |
| 2 | Chennai Fort | சென்னை கோட்டை | Cennaī Kottai | 1.70 | 1 November 1995 | Suburban – South Line | At Grade |
| 3 | Chennai Park Town | சென்னை பூங்கா நகர் | Cennaī Poonga Nagar | 2.54 | 1 November 1995 | Central Main Line Suburban – South Line Suburban – West Line Suburban – North Line Metro – Blue Line Metro – Green Line |
At Grade |
| 4 | Chintadripet | சிந்தாதிரிப்பேட்டை | Chinthadripettai | 3.43 | 1 November 1995 | Elevated | |
| 5 | Chepauk | சேப்பாக்கம் | Chepakkam | 5 | 1 November 1995 | Elevated | |
| 6 | Thiruvallikeni | திருவல்லிக்கேணி | Thiruvallikeni | 5.74 | 19 October 1997 | Elevated | |
| 7 | Light House | கலங்கரை விளக்கம் | Kalangarai Vilakkam | 6.95 | 19 October 1997 | Elevated | |
| 8 | Mundagakanniamman Koil | முண்டகக்கண்ணியம்மன் கோவில் | Mundagakanniamman Kovil | 7.925 | 14 May 2014 | Elevated | |
| 9 | Thirumayilai | திருமயிலை | Thirumayilai | 8.66 | 19 October 1997 | Elevated | |
| 10 | Mandaveli | மந்தைவெளி | Mandaiveli | 9.699 | 26 January 2004 | Elevated | |
| 11 | Greenways Road | பசுமைவழிச் சாலை | Pasumaivazhi Salai | 11.02 | 26 January 2004 | Elevated | |
| 12 | Kotturpuram | கோட்டூர்புரம் | Kottoorpuram | 11.892 | 26 January 2004 | Elevated | |
| 13 | Kasturba Nagar | கஸ்தூரிபாய் நகர் | Kasturibai Nagar | 12.824 | 26 January 2004 | Elevated | |
| 14 | Indira Nagar | இந்திரா நகர் | Indira Nagar | 13.796 | 26 January 2004 | Elevated | |
| 15 | Thiruvanmiyur | திருவான்மியூர் | Thiruvanmiyur | 14.655 | 26 January 2004 | Elevated | |
| 16 | Taramani | தரமணி | Tharamani | 16.57 | 19 November 2007 | Elevated | |
| 17 | Perungudi | பெருங்குடி | Perungudi | 17.713 | 19 November 2007 | At Grade | |
| 18 | Velachery | வேளச்சேரி | Velachery | 19.34 | 19 November 2007 | At Grade | |
Various plans have been made to make use of the empty space in the MRTS stations.[39] In February 2009, IRCTC envisaged to set up food stalls at 12 MRTS stations.[40][41] In September 2013, the IRCTC set up food stalls at three stations Tirumayilai, Thiruvanmiyur and Velachery.[42] In April 2018, IRCTC opened the first food plaza at Thiruvanmiyur MRTS station.[43]
Design
The Chennai MRTS bears greater resemblance to the Chennai Suburban Railway as opposed to a true rapid transit line as it uses the same gauge as the suburban system, thus allowing the movements of passengers between the existing suburban lines and the MRTS.[44] The trains run on the MRTS are Electric multiple units and do not have automatic doors like a metro train. Ballastless track is used between Tirumayilai and Velachery.[45] The elevated tracks are built at an average height of about Шаблон:Convert from the ground.[46]
Rolling stock
The Chennai MRTS uses 9-car electrical multiple unit train sets.[47] The trains use 25 kV overhead catenary for power supply and run on broad gauge lines.[48][49] A nine-car rake is typified by three motor coaches each at the front, the middle and the last with the motors used to run the wheels of the train at a stipulated speed limit.[50] The MRTS coaches have entry and exit on both sides and the coaches are manufactured by the Integral Coach Factory, Chennai. Unlike most rapid transit systems, and like the Chennai Suburban Railway, the MRTS has first-class passenger seating but does not have air-conditioned coaches.[51]
Operations
Timing
The current operational route length between Chennai Beach and Velachery is Шаблон:Convert with an average speed of Шаблон:Convert and a journey time has been 45 minutes.[52][53] The first train departs from Chennai Beach at 4:15 am, and the last one departs at 9:35 pm. From Velachery, the first train departs at 5:00 am to Chennai beach, with the last train departing Velachery at 10:20 pm.[54] On Sundays and holidays, 51 trips are operated.[55]
Fares and ticketing
| Distance (km) | 2nd-Class Fares | 1st-Class Fares | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adult (Шаблон:INR) | Child (Шаблон:INR) | Adult (Шаблон:INR) | Child (Шаблон:INR) | |
| 1–5 | 5 | 5 | 45 | 45 |
| 6–10 | 5 | 5 | 45 | 45 |
| 11–15 | 5 | 5 | 55 | 45 |
| 16–20 | 5 | 5 | 80 | 55 |
| 21–25 | 10 | 10 | 85 | 55 |
The fare structure of the Chennai MRTS is integrated with that of the Chennai Suburban Railway, as both are operated by the Southern Railways. In addition to the fare scheme listed in the table, which is meant for one-time ticketed travel, the Southern Railways has monthly tickets and quarterly season tickets for more frequent travelers.[57] Short validity tickets are available for tourists.[58] Tickets can be bought at the counters or booked through mobile app.[59]
Patronage
The ridership increased from approximately 25,000 in 2000 to 66,518 people in 2008.[60] When the MRTS was extended up to Velachery in 2007, it saw a three-fold increase in the revenue.[61] In 2015, the ridership increased to 100,000 commuters a day.[62][63]
As the route passes close to some of the most famous temples of Chennai, the MRTS operates special trains during popular religious festivals such as the Vaikunta Ekadashi at Parthasarathy Temple in Triplicane and Arupathumoovar at the Kapaleeshwarar Temple in Mylapore.[64][65] Special trains are also run during cricket matches at the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium at Chepauk,[3][66][67] Kaanum Pongal at Marina Beach[68][69][70] and bus strikes.[71]
Of the system's 18 stations, Park Town, Thirumayilai, Thiruvanmiyur and Velachery account for nearly 40 percent of the ridership.[72] In a measure to increase patronage, the MRTS had adopted several schemes to draw potential passengers.[73] In 2023, Chennai Urban Transport Authority (CUMTA) introduced plans to improve last-mile connectivity to improve usage.[74] The extension up to St. Thomas Mount is expected to increase patronage derived from people working in the IT establishments, residences and other offices near to the MRTS network and St. Thomas Mount station, having an interchange with Chennai metro.[75][76]
Finances
In a ten month period in 2009-10, the MRTS earned a revenue of Шаблон:INRconvert with Шаблон:INRconvert from ticketing sales and had operating expenses of about Шаблон:INRconvert, translating into losses of more than Шаблон:INRconvert.[77] As of 2023, the MRTS registered revenues of Шаблон:INRconvert annually. But with an estimated operational expenses of about Шаблон:INRconvert, the annual losses widened to Шаблон:INRconvert.[74][78]
Tracking
MRTS schedules are available on Google Maps or Google Transit and this feature has been extended for Android smartphone devices too.[79][80][81][82] SMS tracking facility has been implemented in MRTS trains. The trains have been fitted with GPS devices and the new method will help finding the position of the trains in real time without human intervention.[83]
Criticism
MRTS has been criticized for poor maintenance of stations, lack of inter-modal transport facility, environmental and security issues.[84] Access to the Chennai MRTS remains an issue as it does not fully integrate with other modes of transportation in the city.[85][86] As per a survey conducted in 2012, special focus was required on pedestrian facilities that would provide access to MRTS stations from nearby roads and bus stops, apart from identifying new feeder routes for the network.[87] With the completion of connectivity to St. Thomas Mount, the MRTS will be able to integrate into the grid of the Chennai Suburban Railway and the Chennai Metro Rail, thus sharing an inter-modal transportation interchange with both the systems, when it is expected to reach its full potential due to uninterrupted movement of commuters across different rail lines in the city.[88]
The system has been criticized for improper maintenance of stations and the infrastructure.[89] The stations often face vandalism, seepage of rainwater through holes in the roofs and non-functional station amenities such as lifts and escalators.[90][91] In a recent bid to provide improve the security of the passengers using the network, it has been decided that the MRTS stations would have a single entry and exit point as it has been difficult for the RPF personnel to monitor multiple gates at the same time.[92][93] There is a 20% shortage in the strength of the railway protection force in MRTS stations.[94] Chennai Metro is planned to takeover the system so that the line will be modernized with better stations, integrated ticketing systems, better facilities for passengers, increased frequency of services taking into consideration passenger demands, and better maintenance.[95]
The MRTS has been criticised for environmental issues during its construction phase, due to the fact that much of the alignment was built along the banks of the Buckingham Canal.[96] Although the canal itself has been in decline due to fly tipping and sewage, the Chennai River Restoration Trust has planned to revitalize and redevelop it.[97] However, a Шаблон:Convert section of the canal will remain impassable due to the presence of the MRTS and the impact caused by the erection of MRTS pillars blocked of the natural flow of storm water during rains. This has led to severe stagnation of rainwater in the neighborhoods adjoining the canal.[98]
See also
References
Notes Шаблон:Reflist
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite report
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite news
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- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокRiderне указан текст - ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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