Английская Википедия:Chess in Armenia

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article

Файл:Yerevan Chess House.jpg
The House of Chess in Yerevan, founded in 1970[1]
Файл:Chess, Vernissage, Yerevan.jpg
Two men playing chess in Yerevan Vernissage
Файл:Chess at Charles Aznavour Square0786.jpg
Children playing at an outdoor chess set in Charles Aznavour Square of Yerevan

Chess has been played in Armenia since the early Middle Ages; however, it was institutionalized during the early Soviet period.[2] Highly popular in Armenia today,[3][4][5] chess gained widespread recognition during the 1960s, when Soviet Armenian grandmaster Tigran Petrosian became the World Chess Champion.[2][6] A country of about three million people, Armenia is considered one of the strongest chess nations today,[7][8] and a chess superpower.[9][10] Among countries, Armenia has one of the most chess grandmasters per capita.[11]

Since the country's independence, the Armenian men's chess team has won the European Team Championship (1999), the World Team Championship (2011) and the Chess Olympiad (2006, 2008, 2012). The women's team had its crowning victory at the 2003 European Championship. As of August 2021, Armenia ranks seventh in the world by the average rating of its top players.[12] Levon Aronian, formerly Armenia's best chess player, has placed as high as world No. 2 in the FIDE rankings, and has been a World Champion candidate on six occasions.

Since the 2011–12 school year, chess lessons have been made part of the curriculum in every public school in Armenia, making it the first country in the world to make chess mandatory in schools.[13][14]

Name

Until the early 20th century, chess was known in Armenian as čatrak (ճատրակ), from Middle Persian chatrang.[15][16] Another name was ճատրկուց, čatrkuts.[16] Today, that term—pronounced jadrag[17]—is only used in Western Armenian, which is spoken in the Armenian diaspora.[18] In modern Eastern Armenian, the variation used in Armenia, chess is known as šaxmat Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:IPA-hy). It is derived from Russian šáxmaty (шахматы), itself a derivative from Persian šâh mât (Шаблон:Lang), literally meaning "the king is at a loss" or "the king is helpless."[19] The latter Persian phrase is also the etymology of the English checkmate.[20]

History

Early history

In their 1936 book on the history of chess, historians Joseph Orbeli and Kamilla Trever suggest that chess was known in Armenia since at least the 9th century during the Arab rule. According to them, the game was brought to Armenia by the Arabs from India,[21] where the game is believed to have been originated in the sixth century as Chaturanga.[22] In 1967 chess pieces were excavated by archaeologists in the citadel of Dvin, the medieval Armenian capital.[23] Chess is mentioned in manuscripts from the 12th–13th centuries, kept in the Matenadaran in Yerevan, including by Vardan Areveltsi and Mkhitar Anetsi.[24][16] Until the mid-20th century villagers in Shenavan, in the Aparan area, used homemade chess figures similar to medieval ones.[21][25]

Файл:Շախմատի տարերքը Armenian translation of Emanuel Lasker.png
A 1930 Armenian translation of Emanuel Lasker's books on chess by Simon Hovyan.[26]

Soviet period

Chess in Armenia was institutionalized after the establishment of Soviet rule in 1920.[27] In 1926-27, chemist Simon Hovyan (1869-1942) spearheaded an initiative to introduce sections dedicated to chess in numerous Armenian newspapers. He played a crucial role in the widespread popularization of the game by providing lectures on the rules and strategy of chess, as well as translating books by Emanuel Lasker, Ilya Maizelis (ru), and Yakov Rokhlin (ru) into Armenian.Шаблон:R

Файл:Anefo 910-9356 Hoogovenschaaktoernooi.jpg
Tigran Petrosian, World Chess Champion in 1963–69

The first chess competitions were held in 1927, when the Armenian Chess Federation was founded.[28] Until 1934 chess players from Armenia competed in the Transcaucasian championship. In 1934 the first Armenian Chess Championship was held in Yerevan.[16] Genrikh Kasparyan became its winner. In later years Kasparyan won the championship nine times and became the most-titled Armenian chess player with ten national championship wins. The women's championship was also held the same year, Sirush Makints and Margarita Mirza-Avagian shared the champion title.[29][16] The first Armenian chess club was founded in Yerevan in 1936.[16] Chess clubs were also founded in Leninakan (now Gyumri) and Kirovakan (now Vanadzor) in the 1950s.Шаблон:R By the early 1980s all towns and districts (rayons) of Soviet Armenia had chess clubs.[16]

Chess became particularly popular with the unprecedented success of Tigran Petrosian in the 1960s. Born in Tiflis, the current capital of Armenia's neighbor Georgia, he started his ascent in Armenia with a 1946 victory at the national championship. He then won the Soviet champion title four times (1959, 1961, 1969, 1975). In 1963 Petrosian became the World Chess Champion, defeating Mikhail Botvinnik, another Soviet representative. Petrosian's victory not only popularized the game of chess, but also "led to an outpouring of patriotic fervour" in the smallest Soviet republic. "From that moment on, chess became a national obsession."[30] Many couples named their sons Tigran, after Petrosian.[30] Besides being World Champion for six years (1963 to 1969), Petrosian won the Chess Olympiad nine times with the Soviet team (1958 to 1974).[31]

The USSR Chess Championship was held in Yerevan twice, in 1962 and 1975.[32]

In 1962, there were 30,000 chess players in Soviet Armenia, as well as 3,000 instructors and judges. By 1986 the number of chess players had increased to 50,000, including three grandmasters: Rafael Vaganian, Smbat Lputian, and Arshak Petrosian.Шаблон:R In the late Soviet period, Rafael Vaganian (1989)[33] and Artashes Minasian (1991)[34] became Soviet Champions. Vaganian also won the Olympiad with the Soviet team twice in 1984 and 1986.[35]

Independent Armenia

Armenia gained its independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. Since then, Armenian chess players have had the opportunity to represent the Republic of Armenia. Three major chess tournaments have taken place in independent Armenia: the 32nd Chess Olympiad was held at the Sports & Music Complex in Yerevan in 1996;[36] the 2001 World Team Chess Championship and the 2014 European Individual Chess Championship were held at the Yerevan Opera Theater.[37][38]

Файл:Amiryan street winter2.jpg
A billboard in central Yerevan celebrating Armenia's victory at the 38th Chess Olympiad. It shows members of the Armenian team with the caption "The Kings of Chess".

Armenia earned its first medal at the 1992 Chess Olympiad, finishing third.[39] Armenia won bronze medals at the 2002 and 2004 Olympiads as well.[40][41] The Armenian team made a breakthrough with the sensational victory at the 2006 Chess Olympiad.[42] They also won the 2008[43] and 2012 Chess Olympiads.[44] Their record at the World Team Championships has been similarly outstanding, finishing third in 1997,[45] 2001,[46] and 2005,[47] and winning in 2011.[48] At the European championships the team performed somewhat more poorly, placing third in 1997,[49] first in 1999, and second in 2007.[50]

Chess in schools

In 2011, the Ministry of Education of Armenia made chess part of the primary school curriculum along with such standards as math and history for children over the age of 6.[51][52] Chess is compulsory for second, third and fourth graders.[14] Over $1.5 million was spent on the program. The inclusion of chess in schools was generally received positively by the public, but some parents claimed that their children's school program was already complicated and overloaded.[53] Grandmaster Smbat Lputian argued that "bringing chess into schools is the best way to build the future."[54] Grandmaster Rafael Vaganian criticized the program as "farce."[55]

The decision was widely reported in the international media. Journalists, chess experts and officials in various countries praised the program and advised its adoption in their respective countries.[56][57] During his visit to Armenia in 2014 Magnus Carlsen stated: "I think Armenia's experience of teaching chess in schools is a great example for the whole world."[58] As of 2020, chess is taught in grades 2 to 4 with two classes a week.[59]

Шаблон:Bar chart

Recent developments

On December 12, 2019 the United Nations (UN) designated 20 July as World Chess Day as proposed by the Armenian delegation. It marks the date in 1924 when the International Chess Federation was established.[60]

As of 2021, Armenia's statistics agency recorded 4,969 chess players (including 1,318 females), up from 1,846 (375 females) in 2005 and 184 coaches (including 36 females) up from 87 (17 females) in 2005.[61][62]

In August 2022, when he met with the men's team that won a silver medal at the 44th Chess Olympiad, Armenia's Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said Armenia should aim to win the World Chess Championship by 2050. His government has listed it as a strategic goal for Armenia.[63]

Armenian diaspora

Файл:Ռաֆայել-Վահանյան 02.JPG
GM Rafael Vaganian, who resides in Germany, performing a simultaneous exhibition in Yerevan.

A number of ethnic Armenian chess players have achieved success outside of Armenia. Most notably, in 1985, Garry Kasparov, born in Baku, Soviet Azerbaijan to an Armenian mother and Russian Jewish father,[64] became World Champion. Although he never represented Armenia and is only half-Armenian, some sources preferred to call him Armenian,[65] partly because his last name is the Russified form of his mother's Armenian last name Kasparyan.[65]

Other notable Armenian diaspora chess players include[66] Sergei Movsesian (Czech Republic, Slovakia), Yury Dokhoian[67] and David Paravyan (Russia), Levon Ashotovich Grigorian (Uzbekistan), Tatev Abrahamyan, Samuel Sevian, Varuzhan Akobian, Melikset Khachiyan (United States), Dina Kagramanov and Natalia Khoudgarian (Canada), José Bademian Orchanian (Uruguay), Krikor Mekhitarian (Brazil), Knarik Mouradian (Lebanon).

Institutions

The national governing body for chess, the Armenian Chess Federation, was founded in 1927.[28] Serzh Sargsyan, then Defense Minister, was elected its president in 2004 and was reelected in 2011.[68] Sargsyan "is known for enthusiastically supporting Armenian chess players."[56] On one occasion, Sargsyan stated that "We don't want people to know Armenia just for the earthquake and the genocide. We would rather it was famous for its chess."[30] The Armenian government provides grandmasters with salaries and perks.[6][14]

The Chess Academy of Armenia (Հայաստանի շախմատի ակադեմիա) is a leading education institutions of chess in Armenia. It was founded in 2002 by the initiative of Grandmaster Smbat Lputian and supported by then-Prime Minister Andranik Margaryan. The academy has also organized international and national chess tournaments.[69]

National championship

Шаблон:Main The first Armenian championship occurred in 1934 when it was part of the Transcaucasian SFSR. Championships were held sporadically in the Armenian SSR until 1945, when they became an annual event; this practice has been continued in independent Armenia. Genrikh Kasparyan has won it the most times (10 times), followed by Ashot Anastasian (8 times), Levon Grigorian (6 times) and Artashes Minasian (6 times).[70]

The first woman's championship also took place in 1934, but was not held again till 1939. Some of the most notable women champions include Elina Danielian (6 times), Lilit Mkrtchian (4 times) and Siranush Andriasian (3 times).[29]

Media

Файл:"Chess in Armenia" magazine logo.png
The logo of Chess in Armenia magazine

In 1972, the magazine Chess in Armenia (Շախմատային Հայաստան Shakhmatayin Hayastan) was founded by Gaguik Oganessian. It was published monthly until 1997, when it became a weekly magazine.[71] In 1972, the TV show Chess-64 (originally named Chess School) started to be aired by the Public Television of Armenia. Hosted by Gaguik Oganessian, it is the "longest lived program series" in the channel's history.[72] Another more recently created show, Chess World, is aired after the First News.[73]

Individual statistics

FIDE, the World Chess Federation, lists 24 active Armenian grandmasters, 4 woman grandmasters, 17 international masters and 4 woman international masters.[74]

Men

The Top 10 Armenian grandmasters as of November 2023 are listed below.[75] Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Multiple image

# Player Birth year GM Title Rating World rankШаблон:Efn
1 Шаблон:Sortname 2000 2017 2708 34
2 Шаблон:Sortname 1983 2002 2686 48
3 Шаблон:Sortname 1989 2008 2650 94
4 Шаблон:Sortname 1995 2013 2646 97
5 Шаблон:Sortname 2002 2019 2625 133
6 Шаблон:Sortname 1993 2009 2618 150
7 Шаблон:Sortname 2001 2018 2616 153
8 Шаблон:Sortname 1991 2010 2611 169
9 Шаблон:Sortname 1978 1997 2605 188
10 Шаблон:Sortname 1998 2017 2604 189

Women

The Top 10 women Armenian chess players are listed below as of November 2023.[76] Шаблон:Multiple image

# Player Birth year Title Rating World rankШаблон:Efn
1 Шаблон:Sortname 1978 GM 2413 43
2 Шаблон:Sortname 1982 IM 2387 64
3 Шаблон:Sortname 2001 IM 2364 83
4 Шаблон:Sortname 2004 WIM 2347 100
5 Шаблон:Sortname 1994 WGM 2260 -
6 Шаблон:Sortname 1986 WIM 2192 -
7 Шаблон:Sortname 2001 WIM 2171 -
8 Шаблон:Sortname 1990 - 2155 -
9 Шаблон:Sortname 2005 2073 -
10 Шаблон:Sortname 1999 WIM 2069 -

Team records

Chess Olympiads

Шаблон:See also

Open (Men's)
Year Event Location Players Position Шаблон:Tooltip
1992 30th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Manila, Philippines Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Minasian, A. Petrosian, Anastasian Шаблон:Bronze03 [39]
1994 31st Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Moscow, Russia Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Anastasian, Minasian, Yegiazarian 13 [77]
1996 32nd Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Yerevan, Armenia Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, A. Petrosian 5 [78]
1998 33rd Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Elista, Russia Vaganian, Lputian, Akopian, Minasian, Asrian, Anastasian 16 [79]
2000 34th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Istanbul, Turkey Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Asrian, Sargissian 17 [80]
2002 35th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Bled, Slovenia Akopian, Lputian, Asrian, Sargissian, Minasian, Anastasian Шаблон:Bronze03 [40]
2004 36th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Calviá, Spain Akopian, Aronian, Vaganian, Lputian, Sargissian, Minasian Шаблон:Bronze03 [41]
2006 37th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Turin, Italy Aronian, Akopian, Asrian, Lputian, Sargissian, Minasian Шаблон:Gold01 [42]
2008 38th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Dresden, Germany Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, T. Petrosian, Minasian Шаблон:Gold01 [43]
2010 39th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Pashikian, Grigoryan 7 [81]
2012 40th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Istanbul, Turkey Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, T. Petrosian Шаблон:Gold01 [44]
2014 41st Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Tromsø, Norway Aronian, Sargissian, Movsesian, Akopian, Kotanjian 8 [82]
2016 42nd Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Baku, Azerbaijan did not participate — —
2018 43rd Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Batumi, Georgia Aronian, Sargissian, Melkumyan, Hovhannisyan, Martirosyan 8 [83]
2022 44th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Chennai, India Sargissian, Melkumyan, Ter-Sahakyan, Petrosyan, R. Hovhannisyan Шаблон:Silver02 [84]
Women's
Year Event Location Players Position Шаблон:Tooltip
1992 30th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Manila, Philippines Aslanian, Khalafian, Danielian, Karakashian 33 [85]
1994 31st Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Moscow, Russia Danielian, Aslanian, Grigorian, Airapetian 24 [86]
1996 32nd Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Yerevan, Armenia Danielian, Hlgatian, Mkrtchian, Khalafian 20 [87]
1998 33rd Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Elista, Russia Danielian, Hlgatian, Mkrtchian, Aginian 21 [88]
2000 34th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Istanbul, Turkey Danielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian, Aginian 10 [89]
2002 35th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Bled, Slovenia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian, Galojan 15 [90]
2004 36th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Calviá, Spain Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian 11 [41]
2006 37th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Turin, Italy Mkrtchian, Danielian, Aginian, Andriasian 8 [91]
2008 38th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Dresden, Germany Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Galojan, Andriasian 6 [92]
2010 39th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Aginian, Kharatian 11 [93]
2012 40th Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Istanbul, Turkey Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Hairapetian 6 [94]
2014 41st Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Tromsø, Norway Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Sargsyan 5 [95]
2016 42nd Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Baku, Azerbaijan did not participate
2018 43rd Chess Olympiad Шаблон:Flagicon Batumi, Georgia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Sargsyan, Kursova, Ghukasyan 6 [96]

World Team Championships

Шаблон:See also

Men's
Year Location Players Position Шаблон:Tooltip
1993 Шаблон:Flagicon Lucerne, Switzerland Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Petrosian 4 [97]
1997 Шаблон:Flagicon Lucerne, Switzerland Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Khachiyan Шаблон:Bronze03 [45]
2001 Шаблон:Flagicon Yerevan, Armenia Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Asrian, Anastasian, Minasian Шаблон:Bronze03 [46]
2005 Шаблон:Flagicon Beersheba, Israel Aronian, Akopian, Asrian, Vaganian, Lputian, Anastasian Шаблон:Bronze03 [47]
2010 Шаблон:Flagicon Bursa, Turkey Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Pashikian, Petrosian, Kotanjian 5 [98]
2011 Шаблон:Flagicon Ningbo, China Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Hovhannisyan Шаблон:Gold01 [48]
2013 Шаблон:Flagicon Antalya, Turkey Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Petrosian 5 [99]
2015 Шаблон:Flagicon Tsaghkadzor, Armenia Aronian, Sargissian, Movsesian, Akopian, Melkumyan Шаблон:Bronze03 [100]
2017 Шаблон:Flagicon Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia did not participate
2019 Шаблон:Flagicon Astana, Kazakhstan did not participate
Women's
Year Location Players Position Шаблон:Tooltip
2007 Шаблон:Flagicon Yekaterinburg, Russia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian, Aghabekian 8 [101]
2009 Шаблон:Flagicon Ningbo, China Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Aginian, Andriasian 5 [102]
2011 Шаблон:Flagicon Mardin, Turkey Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Aginian 6 [103]
2013 Шаблон:Flagicon Astana, Kazakhstan did not participate[104]
2015 Шаблон:Flagicon Chengdu, China Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Gaboyan 7
2017 Шаблон:Flagicon Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia did not participate
2019 Шаблон:Flagicon Astana, Kazakhstan 8 [105]

European Team Championships

Men's

Шаблон:See also

Файл:Armenia vs Azerbaijan.jpg
Armenia vs Azerbaijan at the 2011 European Team Chess Championship. Levon Aronian (left) and Teimour Radjabov (right) pictured in the foreground.
Year Location Players Position Шаблон:Tooltip
1992 Шаблон:Flagicon Debrecen, Hungary Vaganian, Akopian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian 19 [106]
1997 Шаблон:Flagicon Pula, Croatia Akopian, Vaganian, Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian Шаблон:Bronze03 [49]
1999 Шаблон:Flagicon Batumi, Georgia Lputian, Minasian, Anastasian, Petrosian Шаблон:Gold1 [107]
2001 Шаблон:Flagicon León, Spain did not participate[108]
2003 Шаблон:Flagicon Plovdiv, Bulgaria did not participate[109]
2005 Шаблон:Flagicon Gothenburg, Sweden Akopian, Aronian, Vaganian, Lputian, Anastasian 12 [110]
2007 Шаблон:Flagicon Heraklion, Greece Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Asrian, Lputian Шаблон:Silver2 [50]
2009 Шаблон:Flagicon Novi Sad, Serbia Aronian, Akopian, Sargissian, Pashikian, Petrosian 4 [111]
2011 Шаблон:Flagicon Porto Carras, Greece Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Hovhannisyan 4 [112]
2013 Шаблон:Flagicon Warsaw, Poland Aronian, Movsesian, Akopian, Sargissian, Petrosian 4 [113]
2015 Шаблон:Flagicon Reykjavik, Iceland Aronian, Sargissian, Movsesian, Melkumyan, Grigoryan Шаблон:Silver2 [50]
2017 Шаблон:Flagicon Halkidiki, Greece
Women's
Year Location Players Position Шаблон:Tooltip
1992 Шаблон:Flagicon Debrecen, Hungary Aslanian, Hlgatian, Grigorian 19 [114]
1997 Шаблон:Flagicon Pula, Croatia Danielian, Hlgatian, Mkrtchian 5 [115]
1999 Шаблон:Flagicon Batumi, Georgia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Hlgatian 5 [116]
2001 Шаблон:Flagicon León, Spain did not participate[117]
2003 Шаблон:Flagicon Plovdiv, Bulgaria Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian Шаблон:Gold1 [118]
2005 Шаблон:Flagicon Gothenburg, Sweden Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian, Galojan 6 [119]
2007 Шаблон:Flagicon Heraklion, Greece Danielian, Mkrtchian, Aginian, Andriasian, Aghabekian Шаблон:Bronze3 [120]
2009 Шаблон:Flagicon Novi Sad, Serbia Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Aginian, Andriasian 5 [121]
2011 Шаблон:Flagicon Porto Carras, Greece Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Aginian 7 [122]
2013 Шаблон:Flagicon Warsaw, Poland Danielian, Mkrtchian, Galojan, Kursova, Hairapetian 5 [123]

Club championships

In 1995, the Yerevan city club won the European Chess Club Cup men's tournament.[124] In 2006, the Yerevan MIKA club won the European Club Cup women's tournament.[125]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Notes Шаблон:Notelist

Citations Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Sports in Armenia Шаблон:World topic

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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