Английская Википедия:Chester County, Pennsylvania

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Distinguish Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox U.S. county Chester County (Pennsylvania Dutch: Tscheschter Kaundi), colloquially referred to as Chesco, is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is located in the Delaware Valley region, located in the southeastern part of the state. As of the 2020 census, the population was 534,413,[1] increasing by 7.1% from 498,886 in 2010.[2] The county seat is the Borough of West Chester.[3] The most populous of its 73 municipalities (cities, boroughs, and townships as defined at the state level) is Tredyffrin Township. The most populous boroughs are West Chester and Phoenixville. Coatesville is the only municipality in the County organized under the City form of government, a technical rather than demographic distinction. Chester County was one of the three original Pennsylvania counties created by William Penn in 1682. It was named for Chester, England.

Chester County is part of the Philadelphia-Camden-Wilmington, PA-NJ-DE-MD Metropolitan Statistical Area. Along with southwest Delaware County, eastern Chester County is home to many communities that comprise part of the Philadelphia Main Line western suburbs of Philadelphia.

As of 2020, the county had the highest median household income level in Pennsylvania, and the 35th-highest in the nation.

History

Шаблон:Maplink

Файл:Chester County sign.JPG
A Chester County sign

Philadelphia, Bucks, and Chester were the three counties initially created by William Penn on August 24, 1682 in the colonial-era Province of Pennsylvania.[4][5]

At the time, Chester County's borders were Philadelphia County to the north, the ill-defined western edge of the colony, located approximately at the Susquehanna River to the west, the Delaware River to the east, and Delaware and Maryland to the south. Chester County replaced the Pennsylvania portion of New Netherland's upland in New York, which was officially eliminated when Pennsylvania was chartered on March 4, 1681, and ceased existing in June of that year.[6][7] Much of the Welsh Tract was in eastern Chester County, and Welsh place names, given by early settlers, continue to predominate there.

The fourth county in the state, Lancaster County, was formed from Chester County on May 10, 1729. On March 11, 1752, Berks County was formed from the northern section of Chester County and parts of Lancaster and Philadelphia counties.

The original Chester County seat was the City of Chester, a center of naval shipbuilding, at the eastern edge of the county. In an effort to accommodate the increased population of the western part of the county, the county seat was moved to a more central location in 1788; in order to mollify the eastern portion of the county, the village, known as Turk's Head, was renamed West Chester. In response to the new location of the county seat, the eastern portion of the county separated and formed the new Delaware County in 1789 with the City of Chester as its county seat.[8]

Much of the history of Chester County arises from its location between Philadelphia and the Susquehanna River. The first "road to the West," a reference to Lancaster County, passed through the central part of Chester County, following the Great Valley westward; with some realignments, it became the Lincoln Highway and later U.S. Route 30. This road is still named Lancaster Avenue in most of the Chester County towns it runs through. The first railroad (which became the Pennsylvania Railroad) followed much the same route, and the Reading Railroad progressed up the Schuylkill River to Reading. Industry tended to concentrate along the rail lines. Easy transportation allowed workers to commute to urban jobs, and the rise of the suburbs followed. To this day, the developed areas form "fingers" extending along major lines of transportation.

During the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Brandywine was fought in the southeastern part of the county. The Battle of the Clouds and the Battle of Paoli both took place in the northeastern part of the county, along with George Washington's encampment at Valley Forge.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of Шаблон:Convert, of which Шаблон:Convert is land and Шаблон:Convert (1.1%) is water.[9] The topography consists of rolling hills and valleys and it is part of the region known as the Piedmont.

Watersheds that serve Chester County include the Octoraro, Brandywine, and Chester creeks, and the Schuylkill River. Many of the soils are fertile, rich loam as much as twenty-four inches thick; together with the temperate climate, this was long a major agricultural area.[10] Because of its proximity to Philadelphia, Chester County has seen large waves of development over the past half-century due to suburbanization. Although development in Chester County has increased, agriculture is still a major part of the county's economy, and the number of horse farms is increasing in the county.Шаблон:Citation needed Mushroom growing is a specialty in the southern portion of the county.

Chester County is the only county to border both Delaware and Maryland.

Elevations (in feet): High point—1020 Welsh Mt., Honeybrook Twp. Other high points—960 Thomas Hill, Warwick Twp; 960 Barren Hill, West Caln Twp. Low point—66 Schuylkill River, Chester-Montgomery county line. Cities and boroughs: Coatesville 314; Downingtown 255; Kennett Square 300; Oxford 535; Parkesburg 542; Phoenixville 127; Spring City 114; West Chester 459.[11]

Adjacent counties

National protected area

State protected areas

Major roads and highways

Файл:2022-08-31 12 38 19 View west along Interstate 76 (Pennsylvania Turnpike Philadelphia Extension) from the overpass for Pennsylvania State Route 82 (North Manor Road) in West Nantmeal Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania.jpg
I-76/Pennsylvania Turnpike westbound in Chester County

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Economy and environment

Lanchester Landfill, located on the border of Chester and Lancaster Counties, captures methane which is sold for renewable natural gas credits, and piped to seven local businesses. This reduces the county's methane emissions, and provides an alternative to fracking for shale gas.[12] In addition, several companies have their headquarters or a major presence in the county including Bentley Systems, EBS Healthcare, Main Line Health, Lavazza North America (formerly Mars Drinks), Depuy Synthes (part of Johnson & Johnson), Metabo, QVC, Hankin Group, Axalta Coating Systems, CTDI, Pactiv, Ricoh Americas, Blinding Edge Pictures, J.G. Wentworth, The Vanguard Group, and Victory Brewing Company among others.

Demographics

Шаблон:US Census population

As of the 2010 census, the county was 82.1% White Non-Hispanic, 6.1% Black or African American, 0.2% Native American or Alaskan Native, 3.9% Asian, 0.0% Native Hawaiian, 1.8% were two or more races, and 2.4% were some other race. 6.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino.

As of the census[13] of 2000, there were 433,501 people, 157,905 households, and 113,375 families residing in the county. The population density was Шаблон:Convert. There were 163,773 housing units at an average density of Шаблон:Convert. The racial makeup of the county was 89.21% White, 6.24% Black or African American, 0.15% Native American, 1.95% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 1.35% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races. 3.72% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 18.0% were of Irish, 17.3% German, 13.1% Italian, 10.1% English and 5.6% American ancestry. 91.4% spoke English and 3.7% Spanish as their first language.

There were 157,905 households, out of which 35.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.50% were married couples living together, 8.10% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.20% were non-families. 22.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.15.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.20% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 30.40% from 25 to 44, 23.80% from 45 to 64, and 11.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 96.40 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $65,295, and the median income for a family was $76,916 (these figures had risen to $80,818 and $97,894 respectively as of a 2007 estimate). Males had a median income of $51,223 versus $34,854 for females. The per capita income for the county was $31,627. About 3.10% of families and 5.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.10% of those under age 18 and 5.50% of those age 65 or over.

The region was originally occupied by the Lenni Lenape people, who greeted European settlers in the seventeenth century with amity and kindness. British settlers were mostly English, Scotch-Irish and Welsh in ethnicity. From the late 19th to early 20th century, the industrial areas of the region, such as Coatesville, attracted immigrants and job seekers from Germany and Ireland, Eastern Europe, Italy, and the American rural South, with both black and white migrants coming north. Later Hispanic immigrants have included Puerto Ricans and, most recently, Mexicans.

Long a primarily rural area, Chester County is now Шаблон:When the fastest-growing county in the Delaware Valley; it is one of the fastest growing in the entire Northeastern section of the United States.

Religion

Файл:Uwchlan Meeting.JPG
Uwchlan Meetinghouse in Uwchlan Township

In keeping with its colonial history, Chester County is home to a number of historic Quaker buildings, including Birmingham, Birmingham Orthodox, Bradford, Caln, Old Kennett, Parkersville, Westtown, and Uwchlan meeting houses.

Other historic religious buildings include St. Malachi Church, southeastern Pennsylvania's oldest active Catholic mission church, and the Episcopal St. Mary's, St. Paul's, and St. Peter's churches, and Washington Memorial Chapel. The First Presbyterian Church of West Chester, Coventryville United Methodist Church, which is part of the Coventryville Historic District, and Beth Israel Congregation of Chester County, a Conservative synagogue in Coatesville, a site of Eastern European immigration in the 20th century, are located in the county.

2020 census

Chester County Racial Composition[14]
Race Num. Perc.
White (NH) 405,476 75.87%
Black or African American (NH) 28,391 5.31%
Native American (NH) 532 0.1%
Asian (NH) 35,143 6.62%
Pacific Islander (NH) 119 0.02%
Other/Mixed (NH) 21,210 4%
Hispanic or Latino 43,542 8.15%

Politics

Voter registration

Шаблон:Pie chart As of February 7, 2024, there were 379,484 registered voters in Chester County.[15]

Voter Registration and Party Enrollment
Party Number of Voters Percentage
Шаблон:Party color cell Democratic 158,675 41.81%
Шаблон:Party color cell Republican 151,219 39.85%
Шаблон:Party color cell Independent 48,841 12.87%
Шаблон:Party color cell Third Parties 20,749 5.47%
Total 379,484 100%

Election results

Файл:2020 United States presidential election in Chester County, Pennsylvania.svg
2020 US presidential election in Chester County Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend Шаблон:Legend

Chester County has historically been reliably Republican at the county level. From 1856 through 2012, it voted Democratic in 1856 for Pennsylvania native James Buchanan, and in three subsequent elections, 1912, 1964, and 2008. In recent elections, however, the county has been trending Democratic, although not as overwhelmingly as its fellow Main Line counties of Montgomery and Delaware. It remains the most conservative of these three.

In 2000, George W. Bush defeated Al Gore in the county by almost 10%, but in 2004, John Kerry cut Bush's margin of victory by over half, to just 4.5%. In 2008, Chester County voted for Barack Obama by 9%. In 2009, with a smaller turnout, Republican candidates swept all county-row offices, winning with an average margin of 20%. In 2012, the county voted for the Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney, by a very small margin of 0.2%, or about 500 votes.[16]

In 2016, despite Pennsylvania voting for a Republican presidential candidate for the first time since 1988, Chester County voted more Democratic than in 2012, with Hillary Clinton leading Donald Trump by over 25,000 votes or 9.4 percentage points; a 9.2 percentage point swing from 2012. The only two statewide winners in 2016 to carry Chester County were U.S. Senator Pat Toomey (R) and Pennsylvania State Treasurer Joe Torsella (D). Republican candidates John Brown and John Rafferty carried Chester County, though both lost their races for Auditor General and Attorney General, respectively (Rafferty, a State Senator whose district includes northern Chester County, carried the county by a slim margin of 50 votes[17]) Emphasizing its Democratic shift even further, Joe Biden defeated Donald Trump by 17.1 points in Chester County in the 2020 election; Trump's percentage of votes was the lowest for any Republican since 1912. Such a major shift in the county was a major factor in Biden's success in flipping Pennsylvania back to the Democratic column.

Democrats have made gains in Chester County state legislative seats in recent elections. Democrat Andy Dinniman picked up the 19th Senate District in May 2006 in the special election to replace the late Robert Thompson. Democrat Barbara McIlvaine Smith picked up the open 156th House district in November 2006, winning by 28 votes and tipping the State House majority to the Democrats. This was the first time that a Democrat had served part of Chester County as State Representative since Jim Gerlach (who represented much of Chester County for 12 years in Congress) unseated Sam Morris in 1990. In 2008, two more open House seats in the county went Democratic—to Tom Houghton in the 13th and Paul Drucker in the 157th. In 2010, however, Chester County swung back to the GOP, with Republicans Dan Truitt (who defeated McIlvaine Smith), Warren Kampf (who defeated Drucker), and John Lawrence (who defeated Houghton) all elected to the State House.

On November 8, 2017, Democrats made historic inroads in Chester County by winning their first county row office seats in history, picking up four row office seats.[18] On November 5, 2019, Democrats swept the county row office seat elections and took a majority on the Board of Commissioners, both firsts in the county's history.[19] In both the 2021 and 2023 elections, Democrats followed up with another sweep of the county row offices, along with retaining their majority on the Board of Commissioners.[20] Шаблон:PresHead Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow Шаблон:PresRow |}

Government

Commissioners

Chester County is administered by a three-person Board of Commissioners who serve four-year terms. Elections take place in the odd-numbered years that precede U.S. presidential elections, with the next election falling in 2027. The commissioners have selective policy-making authority to provide certain local services and facilities on a county-wide basis. Accordingly, the commissioners are responsible for the management of the fiscal and administrative functions of the county. Currently, the Democrats hold a majority on the board, with Commissioners Josh Maxwell and Marian Moskowitz holding two of the three seats. However, county law requires for the minority party to be represented with one seat, which is held by Eric Roe of the Republican Party.[21]

Шаблон:As of:[22]

Official Party Position
Шаблон:Sortname Democratic Chair
Шаблон:Sortname Democratic Vice Chair
Eric Roe Republican

County row officers

Шаблон:As of:[22]

Office Official Party Term ends
Clerk of Courts Шаблон:Sortname Democratic 2025
Controller Шаблон:Sortname Democratic 2025
Coroner Sophia Garcia-Jackson Democratic 2025
District Attorney Шаблон:Sortname Democratic 2027
Prothonotary Шаблон:Sortname Democratic 2027
Recorder of Deeds Шаблон:Sortname Democratic 2027
Register of Wills Шаблон:Sortname Democratic 2027
Sheriff Шаблон:Sortname Democratic 2027
Treasurer Шаблон:Sortname Democratic 2025

United States House of Representatives

As of January 3, 2023:

District Representative Party
5 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic
6 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic

United States Senate

As of January 3, 2023:

Senator Party
Шаблон:Sortname Democratic
Шаблон:Sortname Democratic

State House of Representatives

Файл:PA House Districts in Chester County.pdf
State House districts in Chester County

As of January 3, 2023:

District Representative Party
13 Шаблон:Sortname Republican
26 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic
74 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic
155 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic
156 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic
157 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic
158 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic
160 Шаблон:Sortname Republican
167 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic

State Senate

Файл:PA State Senate districts within Chester County.pdf
State Senate districts in Chester County

As of January 3, 2023:

District Senator Party
9 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic
19 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic
44 Шаблон:Sortname Democratic

Education

Colleges and universities

Файл:PhilipsBlgWCU.JPG
Philips Memorial Building at West Chester University

Public school districts

Файл:Map of Chester County Pennsylvania School Districts.png
Map of Chester County's public school districts

School districts include:[23]

Charter schools

Шаблон:See also

  • Achievement House Charter School grades 9–12, Exton
  • Avon Grove Charter School grades K-12, West Grove
  • Chester County Family Academy Charter School grades K-2, West Chester
  • Collegium Charter School grades K-12, Exton
  • Pennsylvania Leadership Charter School K-12, West Chester
  • Renaissance Academy Charter School grades K-12, Phoenixville
  • Sankofa Academy Charter School grades 5–8, West Chester
  • 21st Century Cyber Charter School grades 6–12. Downingtown.

Independent schools

Libraries

The Chester County Library System in southeastern Pennsylvania was organized in 1965. It is a federated system composed of a District Center Library in Exton and sixteen member libraries. The system provides materials and information for life, work and pleasure.

Communities

Файл:Map of Chester County Pennsylvania With Municipal and Township Labels.svg
Map of Chester County with labels showing cities (in yellow), boroughs (in red), townships (in white), and census-designated places (in blue)

Under Pennsylvania law, there are four types of incorporated municipalities: cities, boroughs, townships, and, in at most two cases, towns. The post office uses community names and boundaries that usually do not correspond to the townships, and usually only have the same names as the municipalities for the cities and boroughs. The names used by the post office are generally used by residents to describe where they live. The following cities, boroughs and townships are located in Chester County:

City

Boroughs

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Townships

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Census-designated places

Census-designated places are unincorporated communities designated by the U.S. Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law.

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Other unincorporated communities

Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

Historic community

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2020 census of Chester County.[36]

† county seat

Rank City/Town/etc. Municipal type Population (2020 Census)
1 Tredyffrin Township 31,927
2 West Goshen Township 23,040
3 West Whiteland Township 19,632
4 Uwchlan Township 19,161
5 West Chester † Borough 18,671
6 Phoenixville Borough 18,602
7 East Goshen Township 18,410
8 Caln Township 14,432
9 West Bradford Township 14,316
10 East Whiteland Township 13,917
11 Coatesville City 13,350
12 Upper Uwchlan Township 12,275
13 New Garden Township 11,363
14 Willistown Township 11,273
15 Westtown Township 11,154
16 Easttown Township 10,984
17 East Bradford Township 10,339
18 East Brandywine Township 9,738
19 East Nottingham Township 8,982
20 West Caln Township 8,910
21 London Grove Township 8,797
22 Schuylkill Township 8,780
23 North Coventry Township 8,441
24 Kennett Township 8,289
25 Honey Brook Township 8,274
26 East Pikeland Township 8,260
27 Valley Township 7,985
28 Downingtown Borough 7,892
29 East Fallowfield Township 7,626
30 East Vincent Township 7,433
31 West Brandywine Township 7,331
32 East Marlborough Township 7,306
33 East Coventry Township 7,068
34 West Vincent Township 6,668
35 Lionville CDP 6,582
36 Paoli CDP 6,002
37 Charlestown Township 6,001
38 Kennett Square Borough 5,936
39 New London Township 5,810
40 Oxford Borough 5,736
41 Penn Township 5,644
42 Exton CDP 5,622
43 Chesterbrook CDP 5,610
44 Lower Oxford Township 5,420
45 East Caln Township 5,384
46 Pocopson Township 4,455
47 Franklin Township 4,433
48 Sadsbury Township 4,125
49 Birmingham Township 4,085
50 West Pikeland Township 4,024
51 Pennsbury Township 3,876
52 Parkesburg Borough 3,862
53 Berwyn CDP 3,775
54 Wallace Township 3,711
55 Thorndale CDP 3,669
56 Frazer CDP 3,635
57 Spring City Borough 3,494
58 Malvern Borough 3,419
59 London Britain Township 3,179
60 Thornbury Township 3,177
61 Hayti CDP 2,890
62 South Coventry Township 2,796
63 West Grove Borough 2,770
64 West Nottingham Township 2,764
65 Warwick Township 2,590
66 Upper Oxford Township 2,560
67 Londonderry Township 2,476
68 West Fallowfield Township 2,459
69 West Sadsbury Township 2,436
70 West Nantmeal Township 2,251
71 Eagleview CDP 2,193
72 South Pottstown CDP 2,150
73 Kenilworth CDP 2,148
74 Honey Brook Borough 1,892
75 East Nantmeal Township 1,832
76 Lincoln University CDP 1,739
77 Elk Township 1,698
78 South Coatesville Borough 1,601
79 Devon CDP 1,580
80 Caln CDP 1,494
81 Chadds Ford (partially in Delaware County) CDP 1,476
82 Newlin Township 1,358
83 Elverson Borough 1,330
84 Atglen Borough 1,313
85 Toughkenamon CDP 1,297
86 Avondale Borough 1,274
87 Nottingham CDP 1,260
88 Highland Township 1,259
89 Dilworthtown (partially in Delaware County) CDP 1,150
90 Pomeroy CDP 1,085
91 Westwood CDP 1,003
92 Sadsburyville CDP 1,001
93 Glenmoore CDP 872
94 Pughtown CDP 849
95 West Marlborough Township 819
96 Cochranville CDP 631
97 Unionville CDP 577
98 Kimberton CDP 568
99 Cheyney University (partially in Delaware County) CDP 565
100 Modena Borough 541
101 Marshallton CDP 500
102 Eagle CDP 498
103 Hamorton CDP 179

Climate

Chester County has four distinct seasons and has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) except for some far southern lowlands and areas along the Schuylkill River which have a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). The hardiness zone 7a except for 7b near the Brandywine Creek in Birmingham Township. [1]

Шаблон:Weather box

Шаблон:Weather box

Шаблон:Weather box

Public health

Opioid crisis

Шаблон:Main In both 2018 and 2019, deaths from drug overdoses in Chester County declined. Of the 104 drug overdoses recorded by the coroner, an estimated 77 percent involved the presence of fentanyl. One of the reasons for the decline in overdose deaths was "the saturation across the county of Narcan, the anti-opioid nasal spray that can revive someone suffering an overdose." In 2019, any resident of Chester County could obtain a free Narcan dose at community training events across the county.[37]

Notable people

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category Шаблон:Wikivoyage

Шаблон:Geographic Location

Шаблон:Chester County, Pennsylvania Шаблон:Pennsylvania Шаблон:Delaware Valley Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Elevations in Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Dept. of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Information Circular 4, Fourth Series
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web - Text list
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Chester_County,_Pennsylvania&oldid=13897553