Английская Википедия:Chhetri

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Chhetri (Kshetri, Kshettri, Kshetry or Chhettri), (Шаблон:Lang-ne Шаблон:IPA-ne; IAST: Kṣetrī) historically called Kshettriya or Kshetriya or Khas are Nepali speaking Rajputs of Khas community, some of whom trace their origin to migration from medieval India.Шаблон:Sfn[1] Chhetri was a caste of administrators, governor and military elites in the medieval Khas Kingdom and Gorkha Kingdom (later unified Kingdom of Nepal).Шаблон:Sfn The nobility of the Gorkha Kingdom mainly originated from Chhetri families. They also had a strong presence in civil administration affairs.Шаблон:Sfn The bulk of prime ministers of Nepal before the democratization of Nepal belonged to this caste as a result of the old Gorkhali aristocracy. Gorkha-based aristocratic Chhetri families included the Pande dynasty, the Basnyat dynasty, the Kunwar family, and the Thapa dynasty, (Rana dynasty and other Kunwars).

Khas Chhetris were traditionally considered a division of the Khas people with Khas Brahmin (commonly called Khas Bahun).Шаблон:Sfn They make up 16.45% of Nepal's population according to the 2021 Nepal census, making them the most populous caste or ethnic community in Nepal.[2] Chhetris speak an Indo-Aryan Nepali language (Khas-Kura) as mother tongue.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Etymology and background

Chhetri is considered a direct derivative of the Sanskrit word Kshatriya.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn According to the 1854 Legal Code (Muluki Ain) of Nepal, Chhetris are the social group among the sacred thread bearers (Tagadhari) and twice-born people of the Hindu tradition.Шаблон:Sfn[3] Almost all Chhetris are Hindu.Шаблон:Sfn

History

Файл:Bamshidhar Kalu Pande.jpg
Kalu Pande wearing Khukuri, a Pande Chhetri aristocrat; Kaji (Prime Minister and Army Chief) of Gorkha Kingdom.

They are thought to be connected to the Khasas mentioned in the ancient Indian literature and the medieval Khasa kingdom.[4]

In the early modern history of Nepal, Chhetris played a key role in the Unification of Nepal, providing the core of the Gorkhali army of the mid-18th century.Шаблон:Sfn Bir Bhadra Thapa was a Thapa of Chhetri groupШаблон:Sfn and leading Bharadar during Unification of Nepal.Шаблон:Sfn His grandson Bhimsen Thapa became Mukhtiyar (Prime Minister) of Nepal.Шаблон:Sfn Swarup Singh Karki, a leading politician and military officer, belonged to Chhetri family.Шаблон:Sfn Abhiman Singh Basnyat of Basnyat dynasty and Damodar Pande of Pande dynasty were both members of Chhetri caste.Шаблон:Sfn Jung Bahadur Rana, founder of Rana dynasty also belonged to the Chhetri community.Шаблон:Sfn

Файл:Bhimsen Thapa of Nepal (cropped).jpg
Bhimsen Thapa, a leading Chhetri Mukhtiyar (Prime Minister).

During the monarchy, Chhetris continued to dominate the ranks of the Nepalese government, Nepalese Army, Nepalese Police and administration.Шаблон:Sfn

Chhetri noble families

Файл:Abhiman Singh Basnyat.jpg
Abhiman Singh Basnyat, a Basnyat Kshetri Mulkaji (Prime Minister)

The most prominent feature of Nepalese Chhetri society has been the ruling Shah dynasty (1768–2008)Шаблон:Refn, the Rana Prime Ministers (1846–1953), Pande family, Thapa family, Basnyat family,.Шаблон:Sfn that marginalized the monarchy, and the Chhetri presence in the armed forces, police, and Government of Nepal. In traditional and administrative professions, Chhetris were given favorable treatment by the royal government.[5][6]

Chhetri and premiership

The nobility of Gorkha were mainly from Chhetri families and they had a strong presence in civil administration affairs.Шаблон:Sfn All of the Prime Minister of Nepal between 1768 and 1950 were Chhetris with the exception of Ranga Nath Poudyal, being a Brahmin.Шаблон:Sfn These number varied after the democratization of Nepal. Between 1951 and 1997, out of the 16 Prime Ministers of Nepal, 5 of them were Chhetris.Шаблон:Sfn

Military achievements

Файл:Bir Shamsher JBR.jpg
Bir Shamsher JBR, a Rana Kshetri Maharaja, and Prime Minister and C-in-C of Nepal

Chhetri had dominated high military positions and monopolized the military force at the times of Chhetri autocratic administrators like PM Bhimsen Thapa and PM Jung Bahadur Rana. There were 12 Basnyats, 16 Pandes, 6 Thapas and 3 Kunwar officers totalling to 51 Chhetri officers in the year 1841  A.D.Шаблон:Sfn The most prominent officers at Shah administration were the Kazis which had control over civil and military functions like a Minister and Military officer combined. Rana Jang Pande, the leader of Pande faction, was the Prime Minister of Nepal in 1841  A.D.Шаблон:Sfn which might have caused large Pande officers at 1841. After the rise Rana dynasty(Kunwars), the number changed to 10 Basnyats, 1 Pandes, 3 Thapas and 26 Kunwar officers totaling to 61 Chhetri officers in the year 1854  A.D.Шаблон:Sfn

Chhetris dominated the position of the senior officers of the Nepali Army comprising 74.4% of total senior officers in 1967. Similarly, Chhetris composed 38.1%, 54.3% and 55.3% of the senior officers in the year 2003, 2004 and 2007 respectively.Шаблон:Sfn

Clans & surnames

Clans of the Chhetri include:[7]

Demographics

The 2011 Nepal census recorded Chhetris as the largest Hindu adherents in the nation with 4,365,113 people which is 99.3% of total Chhetri population.[8] In Nepal's hill districts the Chhetri population rises to 41% compared to 31% Brahmin and 27% other castes. This greatly exceeds the Kshatriya portion in most regions with predominantly Hindu populations.[9][10]

Chhetris are largest caste group in 21 districts of Nepal as per 2001 Nepal census and 24 districts as per 2011 Nepal census. These twenty four districts are - Dhankuta district, Sankhuwasabha district, Okhaldhunga district, Udayapur district, Ramechhap district, Dolakha District, Salyan district, Surkhet district, Dailekh district, Jajarkot district, Dolpa district, Jumla district, Mugu district, Humla district, Bajura district, Bajhang district, Achham district, Doti district, Kailali district, Dadeldhura district, Baitadi district, Darchula district, Kalikot district and Kanchanpur district.[8] Among them, the district with largest Chhetri population is Kathmandu district with 347,754 (i.e. 19.9% of the total district population).[8] The literacy rate among Chhetris is 72.3% as per 2011 Nepal census.[8]

As per the Public Service Commission of Nepal, Brahmins (33.3%) and Chhetris (20.01%) were the two largest caste groups to obtain governmental jobs in the fiscal year 2017–18, even though 45% governmental seats are reserved for women, Madhesis, lower caste and tribes, and other marginalized groups.[11]

The Central Bureau of Statistics of Nepal classifies the Chhetri as a subgroup within the broader social group of Hill Chhetri (together with Thakuri and Sanyasi/Dasnami).[12] At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, 4,398,053 people (16.5% of the population of Nepal) were Chhetri. The frequency of Chhetri by province was as follows:

The frequency of Chhetri was higher than national average (16.5%) in the following districts:[13]

Present day

Файл:Small Thapa family.jpg
A 21st century Chhetri family

Chhetri together with Bahun and thakuri falls under Khas Arya, who are denied quota and reservations in civil services and other sectors due to their history of socio-political dominance in Nepal.[14] There are no quotas for the Khas community who fall under Bahun-Chhetri-thakuri hierarchy.[15] As per the explanation of legal provisions of Constitution of Nepal, Khas Arya comprises the Brahmin, Kshetri, Thakur and Sanyasi (Dashnami) communities.[16] But they are allowed reservation in federal parliament and provincial legislature.[17] The European Union has been accused of direct interference, creating ethnic strife and negative discrimination towards Khas Arya due to their recommendation to remove the reservation for Khas Aryas.[18][17]

Notable people

See also

References

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Further reading

Шаблон:Ethnic groups in Nepal Шаблон:Social class

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite report
  3. ↑ Gurung, H. (2005). Social exclusion and Maoist insurgency. Paper presented at National Dialogue Conference on ILO Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, Kathmandu, 19–20 January 2005.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II [1]
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 Шаблон:Citation
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