Английская Википедия:Chiang Wei-kuo

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Chiang Wei-kuo (Шаблон:Zh; 6 October 1916 – 22 September 1997), also known as Wego Chiang, was the adopted son of Republic of China President Chiang Kai-shek, the adoptive brother of President Chiang Ching-kuo, a retired Army general, and an important figure in the Kuomintang. His courtesy names were Jian'gao (Шаблон:Lang) and Niantang (Шаблон:Lang). Chiang served in the Wehrmacht before fighting in the Second Sino-Japanese War and Chinese Civil War.

Early life

Файл:Chiang Wei-kuo age 8 with father.jpg
Chiang Wei-kuo (right), age 8, with father Chiang Kai-shek (left)

As one of two sons of Chiang Kai-shek, Chiang Wei-kuo's name has a particular meaning as intended by his father. Wei literally means "parallel (of latitude)" while kuo means "nation"; in his brother's name, Ching literally means "longitude". The names are inspired by the references in Chinese classics such as the Guoyu, in which "to draw the longitudes and latitudes of the world" is used as a metaphor for a person with great abilities, especially in managing a country.

Born in Tokyo when Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT were exiled to Japan by the Beiyang Government, Chiang Wei-kuo was the biological son of Tai Chi-tao and a Japanese woman, Шаблон:Nihongo.[1][2][3][4] Chiang Wei-kuo previously discredited any such claims and insisted he was a biological son of Chiang Kai-shek until his later years (1988), when he admitted that he was adopted.[5]

According to reliable rumors, Tai believed knowledge of his Japanese tryst would destroy his marriage and his career, so he entrusted Wei-kuo to Chiang Kai-shek, after Шаблон:Nihongo brought the infant to Shanghai.[1] Yao Yecheng, a concubine of Chiang Kai-shek at the time, raised Wei-kuo as his foster mother.[6] The boy called Tai his "Dear Uncle" (Шаблон:Lang).

Chiang moved to the Chiang ancestral home in Xikou Town of Fenghua in 1920.[7] Wei-kuo later studied physics at Soochow University.

In the Wehrmacht

Файл:Chiang Wei-kuo Nazi 1.jpg
Chiang as a Wehrmacht officer candidate (Fahnenjunker), c.1938

His sibling, Chiang Ching-kuo, a student-turned-political-prisoner in Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union, served as the impetus behind Chiang's sending Wei-kuo to Nazi Germany for a military education at the Kriegsschule in Munich.

At the Kriegsschule, he studied the German army's advanced methods, structure, and weaponry. He was specifically drawn by the then-theoretical machine gun company, which would use the Maschinengewehr (i.e., a medium machine gun) as the main weapon. The Maschinengewehr was the MG 34 then: a fast and reliable gun. The machine gun company would cooperate with air and armored units to assist the infantry's attack. This would be called the Bewegungskrieg ("War of Movement"), and it would be very effective in the future World War II. After completing this training, Wei-kuo completed specialized training in Alpine warfare, thus earning him the coveted Gebirgsjäger Edelweiss sleeve insignia. Wei-kuo was promoted to Fahnenjunker ("Officer Candidate"), and received a Schützenschnur lanyard.

Файл:Chiang Wei-kuo in Germany with Wehrmacht officials.jpg
Chiang Wei-kuo with other Wehrmacht officers

Wei-kuo commanded a Panzer unit during the 1938 Austrian Anschluss as a Fähnrich, or "sergeant officer-candidate",[8] leading a tank into that country. Subsequently, he was promoted to Lieutenant of a Panzer unit and awaited the Invasion of Poland. Before he was given the mobilization order, he was recalled to China to assist the war effort against the invading Japanese forces.[9]

Service during the Second Sino-Japanese War

Шаблон:Expand section Upon being recalled from Germany, Chiang Wei-kuo visited the United States as a distinguished guest of the US Army on behalf of his father and the Kuomintang. While in the United States, he gave lectures detailing on German army organizations and tactics. During the war, Chiang Wei-kuo became acquainted with generals in Northwestern China and organized an armour mechanized battalion to formally take part in the National Revolutionary Army. Chiang Wei-kuo was stationed at a garrison in Xi'an in 1941. In addition, he spent some time in Indiana studying tanks at the U.S. Armored School in 1943.Шаблон:Citation needed Wei-kuo would become a Major at 28, a Lieutenant Colonel at 29, a Colonel at 32 whilst in charge of a tank battalion, and later in Taiwan, a Major General.

Service during the Chinese Civil War

Шаблон:Expand section During the Chinese Civil War, Chiang Wei-kuo employed tactics he had learned whilst studying in the German Wehrmacht. He was in charge of a tank battalion of the 1st Tank Regiment (equipped with Soviet T-26 light tanks and Italian CV-33/35 tankettes)[10] during the Huaihai Campaign against Mao Zedong's troops, scoring some early victories.[11] While it was not enough to win the campaign, he was able to pull back without significant problems. Like many troops and refugees of the Kuomintang, he retreated from Shanghai to Taiwan and moved his tank regiment to Taiwan, becoming a divisional strength regiment commander of the armoured corps stationed outside of Taipei.

Taiwan

Файл:Chiang Wei-kuo 1950.jpg
Chiang Wei-kuo in Taiwan, 1950

Chiang Wei-kuo continued to hold senior positions in the Republic of China Armed Forces following the ROC retreat to Taiwan. In 1964, following the Hukou Incident and his subordinate Chao Chih-hwa's attempted coup d'état, Chiang Wei-kuo was in the penalty box and never held any authority in the military.[12][13][14]

Файл:Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery.jpg
Chiang Wei-kuo is buried in Wuzhi Mountain Military Cemetery in New Taipei City

From 1964 onwards, Chiang Wei-kuo made preparations in establishing a school dedicated to teaching warfare strategy; such a school was established in 1969. In 1975, Chiang Wei-kuo was further promoted to the position of general, and served as president of the Armed Forces University. In 1980, Chiang served as joint logistics commander in chief; then in 1986, he retired from the army and became National Security Council Secretary-General.

After Chiang Ching-kuo's death, Chiang Wei-kuo was a political rival of native Taiwanese Lee Teng-hui, and he strongly opposed Lee's Taiwan localization movement. Chiang ran as vice-president with Taiwan Governor Lin Yang-kang in the 1990 ROC indirect presidential election. Lee ran as the KMT presidential candidate and defeated the Lin-Chiang ticket.[15][16][17][18]

Personal life

In 1944, he married Shih Chin-i (Шаблон:Lang), the daughter of Shih Feng-hsiang (Шаблон:Lang), a textile tycoon from North West China. Shih died in 1953 during childbirth. Wei-kuo later established the Chingshin Elementary School (Шаблон:Lang) in Taipei to commemorate his late wife.

In 1957, Chiang remarried, to Ellen Chiu Ju-hsüeh (Шаблон:Lang), also known as Chiu Ai-lun (Шаблон:Lang), a daughter of Chinese and German parents. Chiu gave birth to Chiang's only son, Chiang Hsiao-kang, (Шаблон:Lang) in 1962. Chiang Hsiao-kang is the youngest of the Hsiao generation of the Chiang family.

Chiang Wei-kuo was also quite active in civil society, where he was the founder of the Chinese Institute of Strategy and Sino-German Cultural and Economic Association, as well as the Chairman of the Republic of China Football Association. He was the first chairman of Chingshin Primary School (Шаблон:Lang) and served as the president of the United States Students Association of China.

Chiang was a Freemason, and was the Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of China from 1968 to 1969.[19]

Final years

In the early 1990s, Chiang Wei-kuo established an unofficial Spirit Relocation Committee (奉安移靈小組) to petition the Communist government to allow his adopted father Chiang Kai-shek and brother Chiang Ching-kuo to be interred in mainland China.[20] His request was largely ignored by both the Nationalist and Communist governments, and he was persuaded to abandon the petition by his father's widow Soong Mei-ling in November 1996.

In 1991, Chiang's housemaid, Li Hung-mei (Шаблон:Lang, or Шаблон:Lang) was found dead in Chiang's estate in Taipei City. The following police investigation discovered a stockpile of sixty guns on Chiang's estate. Chiang himself admitted the possibility of a link between the guns and his maid's death, which was later ruled a suicide by the police.[20] The incident permanently tarnished Chiang Wei-kuo's name, at a time when the Chiang family was increasingly unpopular on Taiwan and even within the Nationalist Party.

In 1993, Chiang Wei-kuo was employed as a senior advisor to President Lee Teng-hui despite their previous political rivalry.

In 1994, a hospital was supposed to be named after him (Шаблон:Lang) in Sanchih, Taipei County (now New Taipei City), after an unnamed politician donated to Ruentex Financial Group (潤泰企業集團), whose founder was from Sanchih. Politicians questioned the motivation.[20]

In 1996, the Chiang home on military land was finally demolished by the order of the Taipei municipal government under Chen Shui-bian. The estate had been constructed in 1971. After Chiang moved elsewhere in 1981, he deeded it to his son. The justification was that his son was not in military service and thus was not entitled to live there.[21]

Chiang Wei-kuo died at the age of 80, on 22 September 1997, from kidney failure. He had been experiencing falling blood pressure complicated by diabetes after a 10-month stay at Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei. He had wished to be buried in Suzhou on the mainland but was instead buried at Wuchih Mountain Military Cemetery.

Шаблон:Chiang family tree

Political and military career

His positions in the Republic of China government included:

Full list of military, and civil government positions held: Шаблон:Hidden begin

  • National Revolutionary Army officer Lieutenant attendant (1936)
  • German Seventh Army trainee (In November 1936 -1937)
  • German Army Mountain Division soldiers, 98th Regiment, 2nd Battalion, 5th Company (November 1937 – 1938)
  • German Army Mountain Division soldiers eighth lieutenant (1938–1939)
  • NRA First Division Army 3rd Regiment, 2nd Battalion, 5th Company platoon leader (1941)
  • NRA First Division Army 3rd Regiment, 2nd Battalion, 5th Company Commander (1941)
  • NRA First Division Army 3rd Regiment, 2nd Battalion deputy battalion commander (1942–1944)
  • NRA First Division Army 3rd Regiment, 2nd Battalion battalion commander (1944–1945)
  • Youth Expedition 206 Division, 616 Battalion, 2nd Regiment (1945)
  • Third Department of the Army armored corps training Director (1945)
  • Army Corps armored fighting vehicles training, fourth regiment group leader (1945–1946)
  • Army Corps armored fighting vehicles training, first regiment group leader (1946–1947)
  • Army Corps armored fighting vehicles training, first regiment commander (1947-?)
  • Nanjing Private Secondary School in Yining founder (1948)
  • Armored Force Command Chief of Staff (1948–1949)
  • Armored Force Command deputy commander (1949 – 1 March 1950)
  • Armored brigade (1st term) Brigadier (1 March 1950 – 1 June 1953)
  • Yi Ning, chairman of private secondary school, Taichung City (November 1951 – June 1953)
  • Jingxin Primary School chairman (1956–1968)
  • Fifth Department of Defense Director of the Office (1958–unknown)
  • Armored Force Command (4th term) Commander (1 August 1958 – 1 August 1963)
  • Department of Defense senior staff
  • Defense Planning Committee, deputy director of joint operations
  • Dean of the Army Command and Staff College (1 September 1963 – 1 September 1968)
  • Sino-German Cultural and Economic Association (1963–1986)
  • Armed Forces University Vice-Chancellor (1968 – 16 August 1975)
  • Armed Forces War College University of Institutionalized Persons (1 December 1969)
  • Armed Forces University, Dean of war (1 December 1969 – 7 April 1980)
  • Armed Forces University President (16 August 1975 – 7 April 1980)
  • Central Consultative Committee of the Kuomintang (1976–unknown)
  • Founder of the Chinese Institute of Strategy (1979)
  • Taipei Football Association (29 April 1980 – 25 March 1982)
  • Chief of the General Command of the Joint Duty (7 April 1980 – July 1984)
  • Meihua Sports Promotion Campaign Committee vice chairman (1980 – 22 September 1997)
  • Joint Operations Training Officer (1 July 1984 – 18 June 1986)
  • National Security Council Secretary-General (18 June 1986 – 28 February 1993)
  • Bureau of the Kuomintang Chairman of the Central Consultative Committee (1988–unknown)
  • Chairman of the Chinese Institute of Strategy (1990–unknown)
  • National Unity Committee
  • Presidential advisor (28 February 1993 – 22 September 1997)
  • Rotary Club of Taipei

Шаблон:Hidden end

Education history

Written works

Gallery

See also

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Sister project links

Шаблон:Authority control

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 2009-08-02, 人民網, 蔣介石、宋美齡的感情危機與蔣緯國的身世之謎 Шаблон:Webarchive, 新華網(港澳臺)
  2. ↑ 蔣緯國的親媽——重松金子 Шаблон:Webarchive, 鳳凰網
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Sep 23, 1997, Last son of Chiang Kai-shek dies, China Informed
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  10. ↑ Weaponry in the Chinese Civil War https://thehistoryfiles.com/weaponry-in-the-chinese-civil-war/
  11. ↑ Dr. Gary J. Bjorge, (2004). Moving the Enemy: Operational Art in the Chinese PLA’s Huai Hai Campaign Шаблон:Webarchive. Leavenworth Paper, No.22. Combat Studies Institute Press, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ 張昆山, 1990/03/10, 林洋港：婉辭國代連署提名 Шаблон:Webarchive, 台北報導
  16. ↑ 2010-08-25, 李登輝如何搞垮了國民黨, 新華網(港澳臺)
  17. ↑ 07/22/2003, 四、利用“三月政爭”打破聯合掌權 Шаблон:Webarchive, 華夏經緯網
  18. ↑ "總統"的弟弟 Шаблон:Webarchive, 鳳凰網
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite AV mediaШаблон:Cbignore
  20. ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  21. ↑ 2005-04-20, 蔣緯國批評“台獨”的親筆信在重慶露面(組圖), 重慶晨報
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