Английская Википедия:Chibcha language
Шаблон:Other uses Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
Шаблон:Cleanup lang Chibcha, Mosca, Muisca,Шаблон:Sfn Muysca (*/ˈmɨska/ *[ˈmʷɨska]Шаблон:Sfn), or Muysca de BogotáШаблон:Sfn is a language spoken by the Muisca people of the Muisca Confederation, one of the many indigenous cultures of the Americas. The Muisca inhabit the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of what today is the country of Colombia.
The name of the language Muysc cubun in its own language means "language of the people", from muysca ("people") and cubun ("language" or "word"). Despite the disappearance of the language in the 17th century (approximately), several language revitalization processes are underway within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by the Colombian state.[1]
Important scholars who have contributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language include Juan de Castellanos, Bernardo de Lugo, José Domingo Duquesne and Ezequiel Uricoechea.
History
In prehistorical times, in the Andean civilizations called preceramic, the population of northwestern South America migrated through the Darién Gap between the isthmus of Panama and Colombia. Other Chibchan languages are spoken in southern Central America and the Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the Muisca Confederation, a cultural grouping.
Spanish colonization
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:See also As early as 1580 the authorities in Charcas, Quito, and Santa Fe de Bogotá mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy was ordered to provide religious instruction in Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century.[2]
In 1770, King Charles III of Spain officially banned use of the language in the region [2] as part of a de-indigenization project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its constitution of 1991.
Modern history
Modern Muisca scholars as Diego GómezШаблон:Sfn have claimed that the variety of languages was much larger than previously thought and that in fact there was a Chibcha dialect continuum that extended throughout the Cordillera Oriental from the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy to the Sumapaz Páramo.Шаблон:Sfn The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time.[3]
Since 2008 a Spanish–Muysc cubun dictionary containing more than 3000 words has been published online. The project was partly financed by the University of Bergen, Norway.Шаблон:Sfn
Greetings in Muysc cubun
The following greetings have been taken directly from written sources from the 16th century when the language was alive.
- Шаблон:Transl - Hello, Шаблон:Transl – how are you?
- Шаблон:Transl - To greet several people
- Шаблон:Transl – Fine!
- Шаблон:Transl – What about you? (And you are well?)
- Шаблон:Transl – Greetings!
Alphabet and rough pronunciation
| Phoneme | Letter |
|---|---|
| /i/ | i |
| /ɨ/ | y |
| /u/ | u |
| /e/ | e |
| /o/ | o |
| /a/ | a |
| /p/ | p |
| /t/ | t |
| /k/ | k |
| /b~β/ | b |
| /g~ɣ/ | g |
| /ɸ/ | f |
| /s/ | s |
| /ʂ/ | ch |
| /h/ | h |
| /tʂ/ | zh |
| /m/ | m |
| /n/ | n |
| /w/ | w |
| /j/ | ï |
The muysccubun alphabet consists of around 20 letters. The Muisca didn't have an "L" in their language. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows:[4][5][6]
a – as in Spanish "casa"; ka – "enclosure" or "fence"
e – as in "action"; izhe – "street"
i – open "i" as in "'inca" – sié – "water" or "river"
o – short "o" as in "box" – to – "dog"
u – "ou" as in "you" – uba – "face"
y – between "i" and "e"; "a" in action – ty – "singing"
b – as in "bed", or as in Spanish "haba"; – bohozhá – "with"
- between the vowels "y" it is pronounced [βw] – kyby – "to sleep"
ch – "sh" as in "shine", but with the tongue pushed backwards – chuta – "son" or "daughter"
f – between a "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle – foï – "mantle"
- before a "y" it's pronounced [ɸw] – fyzha – "everything"
g – "gh" as in "good", or as in Spanish "abogado"; – gata – "fire"
h – as in "hello" – huïá – "inwards"
ï – "i-e" as in Beelzebub – ïe – "road" or "prayer"
k – "c" as in "cold" – kony – "wheel"
m – "m" as in "man" – mika – "three"
- before "y" it's pronounced [mw], as in "Muisca" – myska – "person" or "people"
- in first position before a consonant it's pronounced [im] – mpkwaká – "thanks to"
n – "n" as in "nice" – nyky – "brother" or "sister"
- in first position followed by a consonant it's pronounced [in] – ngá – "and"
p – "p" as in "people" – paba – "father"
- before "y" it's pronounced [pw] as in Spanish "puente" – Шаблон:Transl – "heart"
s – "s" as in "sorry" – sahawá – "husband"
- before "i" changes a little to "sh"; [ʃ] – sié – "water" or "river"
t – "t" as in "text" – yta – "hand"
w – "w" as in "wow!" – we – "house"
zh – as in "chorizo", but with the tongue to the back – zhysky – "head"
The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown: Bacata is Ba-CA-ta and Bacatá is Ba-ca-TA.
In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened: fuhuchá ~ fuchá – "woman".[5]
In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel, the vowel changes as follows:[7]
a-uba becomes oba – "his (or her, its) face"
a-ita becomes eta – "his base"
a-yta becomes ata – "his hand" (note: ata also means "one")
Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel: a-ita would become eta but can be written as aeta, a-uba as aoba and a-yta as ayta
Numbers
Шаблон:Main Counting 1 to 10 in Chibcha is Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang, Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn The Muisca only had numbers one to ten and the 'perfect' number 20; gueta, used extensively in their complex lunisolar Muisca calendar. For numbers higher than 10 they used additions; Шаблон:Lang ("ten plus one") for eleven. Higher numbers were multiplications of twenty; Шаблон:Lang would be "five times twenty"; 100.
Structure and grammar
Subject
The subjects in Chibcha do not have genders or plurals. to thus can mean "male dog", "male dogs", "female dog" or "female dogs". To solve this, the Muisca used the numbers and the word for "man", cha, and "woman", fuhuchá, to specify gender and plural:[8]
- to cha ata – "one male dog" (literally: "dog" "male" "one")
- to cha mika – "three male dogs" ("dog male three")
- to fuhuchá myhyká – "four female dogs"
Personal pronoun
| Muysccubun[9] | Phonetic | English |
|---|---|---|
| hycha | /hɨʂa/ | I |
| mue | /mue/ | thou / you (singular) – informal and formal use |
| as(y) | /asɨ/ or /as/ | he / she / it / they |
| chie | /ʂie/ | we |
| mie | /mie/ | you (plural) |
Possessive pronoun
The possessive pronoun is placed before the word it refers to.
| Muysccubun[8][10] | English |
|---|---|
| zh(y)- / i- | my |
| (u)m- | your |
| a- | his / her / its / their |
| chi- | our |
| mi- | your (plural) |
- i- is only used in combination with ch, n, s, t or zh; i-to = ito ("my dog")
- zh- becomes zhy- when followed by a consonant (except ï); zh-paba = zhypaba ("my father")
- in case of a ï, the letter is lost: zh-ïohozhá = zhohozhá ("my buttocks")
- m- becomes um- when followed by a consonant; m-ïoky = umïoky ("your book")
- zhy- and um- are shortened when the word starts with w; zhy-waïá & um-waïá = zhwaïá & mwaïá ("mi mother" & "your mother")
- when the word starts with h, zhy- and um- are shortened and the vowel following h repeated; zhy-hué & um-hué = zhuhué & muhué ("my sir" & "your sir")
Verbs
The Muisca used two types of verbs, ending on -skua and -suka; Шаблон:Transl ("to do") and guitysuka ("to whip") which have different forms in their grammatical conjugations.[9] Шаблон:Transl is shown below, for verbs ending on -suka, see here.
Conjugations
| Muysccubun | English |
|---|---|
| kyka | to do |
| Muysccubun | English |
|---|---|
| ze bkyskua | I do or did |
| um bkyskua | you (singular) do or did |
| a bkyskua | he / she / it does or did |
| chi bkyskua | we do/did |
| mi bkyskua | you do/did |
| a bkyskua | they do/did |
- Perfect and pluperfect
| Muysccubun | English |
|---|---|
| ze bky | I did or have done |
| um bky | you (singular) did or " " |
| a bky | he / she / it did or has done |
| chi bky | we did or have done |
| mi bky | you did or " " |
| a bky | they did or " " |
| Muysccubun | English |
|---|---|
| ze bkynga | I shall do |
| um bkynga | you will do |
| a bkynga | he / she / it " " |
| chi bkynga | we shall do |
| mi bkynga | you will do |
| a bkynga | they " " |
Imperatives
| Muysccubun | English |
|---|---|
| kyû | do (singular) |
| kyuua | do (plural) |
| Muysccubun | English |
|---|---|
| cha kyia | may I do |
| ma kyia | may you do |
| kyia | may he / she / it do |
| chi kyia | may we do |
| mi kyia | may you do |
| kyia | may they do |
Selection of words
This list is a selection from the online dictionary and is sortable. Note the different potatoes and types of maize and their meaning.Шаблон:Sfn
| Muysccubun | English |
|---|---|
| aba | "maize" |
| aso | "parrot" |
| ba | "finger" or "finger tip" |
| bhosioiomy | "potato [black inside]" (species unknown) |
| chihiza | "vein" (of blood) or "root" |
| cho | "good" |
| chyscamuy | "maize [dark]" (species unknown) |
| chysquyco | "green" or "blue" |
| coca | "finger nail" |
| fo | "fox" |
| foaba | Phytolacca bogotensis, plant used as soap |
| fun | "bread" |
| funzaiomy | "potato [black]" (species unknown) |
| fusuamuy | "maize [not very coloured]" (species unknown) |
| gaca | "feather" |
| gaxie | "small" |
| gazaiomy | "potato [wide]" (species unknown) |
| guahaia | "dead body" |
| guexica | "grandfather" and "grandmother" |
| guia | "bear" or "older brother/sister" |
| hichuamuy | "maize [of rice]" (species and meaning unknown) |
| hosca | "tobacco" |
| iome | "potato" (Solanum tuberosum) |
| iomgy | "flower of potato plant" |
| iomza | "potato" (species unknown) |
| iomzaga | "potato [small]" (species unknown) |
| muyhyza | "flea" (Tunga penetrans) |
| muyhyzyso | "lizard" |
| nygua | "salt" |
| nyia | "gold" or "money" |
| phochuba | "maize [soft and red]" (species and meaning unknown) |
| pquaca | "arm" |
| pquihiza | "lightning" |
| quye | "tree" or "leaf" |
| quyecho | "arrow" |
| quyhysaiomy | "potato [floury]" (species unknown) |
| quyiomy | "potato [long]" (species unknown) |
| saca | "nose" |
| sasamuy | "maize [reddish]" (species unknown) |
| simte | "owl [white]" |
| soche | "white-tailed deer" |
| suque | "soup" |
| tyba | "hi!" (to a friend) |
| tybaiomy | "potato [yellow]" (species unknown) |
| xiua | "rain" or "lake" |
| usua | "white river clay" |
| uamuyhyca | "fish"; Eremophilus mutisii |
| xieiomy | "potato [white]" (species unknown) |
| xui | "broth" |
| ysy | "that", "those" |
| zihita | "frog" |
| zoia | "pot" |
| zysquy | "head" or "skull" |
Comparison to other Chibchan languages
| Muysccubun | Duit Boyacá |
Uwa Boyacá N. de Santander Arauca |
Barí N. de Santander |
Chimila Cesar Magdalena |
Kogui S.N. de Santa Marta |
Kuna Darién Gap |
Guaymí Panama Costa Rica |
Boruca Costa Rica |
Maléku Costa Rica |
Rama Nicaragua |
English | Шаблон:Small |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| chie | tia | siʔ | chibai | má | saka | sö | sö | tebej | tlijii | tukan | Moon | Шаблон:Small |
| ata | atia | úbistia | intok | ti-tasu/nyé | kwati | éˇxi | dooka | one | [11][12] | |||
| muysca | dary | tsá | ngäbe | ochápaká | nkiikna | person man people |
[13][14] | |||||
| aba | eba | á | maize | [15][16] | ||||||||
| pquyquy | tò | heart | [17] | |||||||||
| bcasqua | yút | purkwe | to die | [18][19] | ||||||||
| uê | háta | ju | uu | house | [20][21] | |||||||
| cho | mex | morén | good | [22][23] | ||||||||
| zihita | yén | pek-pen | frog | [19][24] |
Surviving words and education
Words of Muysccubun origin are still used in the department of Cundinamarca, of which Bogotá is the capital, and the department of Boyacá, with capital Tunja. These include curuba (Colombian fruit banana passionfruit), toche (yellow oriole), guadua (a large bamboo used in construction) and tatacoa ("snake"). The Muisca descendants continue many traditional ways, such as the use of certain foods, use of coca for teas and healing rituals, and other aspects of natural ways, which are a respected part of culture in Colombia.
As the Muisca did not have words for imported technology or items in early colonial times, they borrowed them from Spanish, such as "shoe"; çapato,[25] "sword"; espada,[26] "knife"; cuchillo[27] and other words.
The only public school in Colombia currently teaching Chibcha (to about 150 children) is in the town of Cota, about Шаблон:Convert by road from Bogotá. The school is named Jizcamox (healing with the hands) in Chibcha.[28]
Toponyms
Шаблон:Main Most of the original Muisca names of the villages, rivers and national parks and some of the provinces in the central highlands of the Colombian Andes are kept or slightly altered. Usually the names refer to farmfields (ta), the Moon goddess Chía, her husband Sué, names of caciques, the topography of the region, built enclosures (ca) and animals of the region.[29]
See also
References
Bibliography
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite AV mediaШаблон:Cbignore
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite web
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Further reading
External links
- Шаблон:In lang Diccionario y gramática chibcha – World Digital Library
- Шаблон:In lang Muysc cubun Project – with Muysc cubun–Spanish dictionary
- Шаблон:In lang Archives and sources on the Chibcha language – Rosetta Project
- Шаблон:In lang Animated video about the last Muisca rulers – Muysccubun is spoken with Spanish subtitles
- Muisca (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
Шаблон:Chibchan languages Шаблон:Pre-Columbian Шаблон:Muisca navbox
- ↑ Las raíces muiscas que sobreviven en Suba. Radio Nacional de Colombia.
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Gamboa Mendoza, Jorge. (2016) El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial. instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia.
- ↑ Saravia, 2015, p. 10
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Saravia, 2015, p. 11
- ↑ González de Pérez, 2006, pp. 57–100.
- ↑ Saravia, 2015, p. 12
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Saravia, 2015, p. 14
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:In lang Muysca – Spanish Dictionary
- ↑ Saravia, 2015, p. 15
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: ata
- ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 38
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: muysca
- ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 25
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009-2017 Muysccubun: aba
- ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 37
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: pquyquy
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: bcasqua
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 36
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: uê
- ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 31
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: cho
- ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 18
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: zihita
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 "Shoe" in muysccubun
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang "Sword" in muysccubun
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 "Knife" in muysccubun
- ↑ https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/52000/Proceso%20de%20revitalización%20lingüística%20de%20la%20Lengua%20Muisca%20de%20la%20comunidad%20de%20Cota%20%281%29.pdf?sequence=1
- ↑ Шаблон:In lang Etymology Municipalities Boyacá – Excelsio.net
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