Английская Википедия:Chicano Liberation Front

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy datesШаблон:Use American English Шаблон:Infobox war faction The Chicano Liberation Front (CLF) was an underground revolutionary group in California, United States, that committed dozens of bombings and arson attacks in the Los Angeles area in the early 1970s.[1][2] The radical militant group publicly claimed responsibility for 28 bombings between March 1970 and July 1971 in a taped message sent to the Los Angeles Free Press.[3] Their targets were typically banks, schools and supermarkets.[3] They also claimed responsibility for a bomb at Los Angeles City Hall.[4] The Chicano Liberation Front was also more than likely responsible for explosions at a downtown federal building[5][6] and at the Los Angeles Hall of Justice,[7] although those incidents remain officially unsolved.

No one has ever publicly identified themselves as being a member of the Chicano Liberation Front.[4] The closest law enforcement ever got to the CLF appears to have been a 19-year-old named Freddie De Larosa Plank, who was charged for an attempted arson at a high school,[8] and for firebombing a U.S. Army Reserve building.[9] The CLF claimed responsibility for the latter event in August 1971.[9] The 1970s leftist radical bombings were generally difficult crimes to solve,[10] and the CLF was apparently extremely cautious, close-knit, and ideologically sincere enough,[11] that they avoided the catastrophic collapses of other paramilitaries of the era.[12]

A 1975 Time magazine article reported that CLF was thought to have "at least 15 hardcore members."[13] One history of American terrorism said it was typical of "small groups of revolutionaries" like the Chicano Liberation Front to give themselves grandiose names in order to project strength, even when their actual membership count was likely closer to that of a squad than an army.[14] The CLF apparently had at least one female member, as a woman called in claims of responsibility for two bombings, and the voice on the 1971 recording sent to the Free Press was female.[9]

Part of the larger Chicano/Latino racial-progress action, the group apparently sought "removal of police and other 'outside exploiters' from East Los Angeles"[3] by use of revolutionary violence, in response to law-enforcement actions like the killing of the Sanchez cousins and the perceived suppression of Mexican-American political agitation (e.g., the August 29, 1970 LASD killing of reporter Ruben Salazar).[2][15] The "sectarian Marxist" orientation of CLF opposed the relatively more genteel activism of the Chicano Moratorium.[16] The Chicano Liberation Front shared some ideological similarities with the Black Power Movement and American Indian Movement organizations of the same era,[17] namely their vocal resistance to police brutality in the United States and their opposition to capitalist exploitation of the poor. Their use of "revolutionary" violence also placed them within a class of chaotic leftist entities that included the Weather Underground, the Symbionese Liberation Army, the New World Liberation Front, the Emiliano Zapata Unit, and the George Jackson Brigade. Some of the later actions claimed by or attributed to the Chicano Liberation Front may have been the acts of hardened criminals (as was apparently the case with the assassination of William Cann),[18] the Symbionese Liberation Army,[19] the New World Liberation Front,[12] or mildly rebellious teenagers.[20][21] The Chicano Movement, as a whole, was non-violent and modeled on the civil rights movement led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.[4] Chicano Liberation Front terrorism was said to be the "exception that proved the rule."[22]

History

Файл:TESSA Digital Collections of the Los Angeles Public Library 00079286 Herald Examiner HH b007 f2 i12 Bombing at City Hall 1971-04-02.jpg
The April 1971 bombing of Los Angeles City Hall was the first time the Chicano Liberation Front publicly claimed responsibility for a fire or explosion. (Herald Examiner, No. 00079286 via Haynes Foundation and TESSA Digital Collections, Los Angeles Public Library)

The CLF of primary historic interest is the group, active in the Los Angeles area, "formed in 1970 and vanished by 1971."[16] This was a period that was roughly bookended by the Chicano Moratorium anti-war protests of 1970 and the first anniversary of the death of Ruben Salazar. There were upward of 5,000 small-scale, mostly politically motivated, bombings in the United States beginning in 1968.[23] The actions of the Chicano Liberation Front initially blended in to the near-daily headlines that something had exploded somewhere.[12] The true beginnings of the Chicano Liberation Front remain obscure because of their secretive tendencies. The closest thing to a primary source on the origins of the CLF appears in a 2007 oral history produced by University of California, Los Angeles:[24]

Шаблон:Quote

The phrase Chicano liberation front first appears in print as one of several general ideas generated at a Chicano community conference in Denver in March 1970.[25]

On September 4, 1970, a bomb exploded at the Los Angeles Hall of Justice.[26] The CLF never claimed responsibility for this bombing, but the recording sent to the Los Angeles Free Press had two unintelligible or erased descriptions of events that, if the Front spokeswoman was keeping to a chronological order, would have occurred between March 1970 and September 29, 1970.[27] Furthermore, in Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice (2003), Ian F. Haney López argues that the fictionalized bombing of the Hall of Justice in Oscar Acosta's Revolt of the Cockroach People broadly derives from real-world activities of the CLF.[28] Acosta's narrative conflates the Hall of Justice bombing of 1970, which had no casualties, and the fatal consequences of the 1971 L.A. federal building bombing, and states that the intended target of the novel's Hall of Justice bomb was Superior Court Judge Arthur Alarcón.[28]

The first public notice that the CLF even existed came with the April 1971 explosion of a bomb in the second-floor men's room at Los Angeles' landmark City Hall building. Future Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley, then a city councilman, was seated Шаблон:Cvt away from the late-afternoon explosion.[29] A woman made a call to the City News Service and repeated a phrase three times: "The bomb at City Hall is in memory of the Sanchez brothers...Chicano Liberation Front."[29] Following the city hall bombing, a "police undercover agent" reportedly claimed that the group was "similar" to the Weather Underground, that it had been formed in Northern California in 1970, and that the group's membership in the Southern California area was "relatively small" but "hardcore."[30]

Файл:Los Angeles Free Press 1971-05-28 Mad Bombers of L.A. cover story.jpg
"Mad Bombers of L.A." cover story, Los Angeles Free Press, issue 358, dated May 28–June 3, 1971 (Archives and Special Collections at the Thomas J. Dodd Research Center, University of Connecticut via JSTOR's Reveal Digital)

In May 1971, Los Angeles County's primary alternative newspaper of the era, the Los Angeles Free Press, published a cover story called "The Mad Bombers of L.A." which featured a detailed list of notable bombings in the greater Los Angeles area since April 1970.[31] The Free Press (Freep for short) was well-known for calling out extrajudicial killings of civilians by law enforcement.[32] Apparently this reputation, in combination with the bombing index compiled by reporter Michael Blake and persistent interview requests made by LAFP city editor Judie Lewellen,[27] compelled the CLF to say their piece in the form of a recording.

Шаблон:Quote

The August 1971 tape, which listed a couple dozen bombings the group wanted credit for, pointedly does not mention the January 1971 explosion that killed 18-year-old part-time mail orderly Tomas Ortiz.[9] Ortiz's death, if it was CLF, was the only death—and seemingly the only casualty of any kind—that could or would be attributed to the Chicano Liberation Front bombing spree.[15] A 2000 analysis of patterns of domestic terrorism in the United States classified the death of Ortiz under "accidental and unintended," stating that some murders by terrorist groups were "clearly not intended" and included the killing of "a Chicano employee by the Chicano Liberation Front" as an example.[33] The CLF statement also insisted that the overall lack of injuries or deaths resulting from their attacks was because the group's bombs were "carefully researched and accomplished. We would never jeopardize the life of any person, whoever he may be."[27]

The spokeswoman also lectured the editors of the Los Angeles Free Press that if they were really the radical outlet they purported to be, they should educate themselves on the following people/cases:

Per the Los Angeles Times citing law-enforcement sources, the first three were charged with various flavors of homicide, the last was a 19-year-old charged with firebombing an Eastside high school and, separately, a U.S. Army Reserve building.[9] Freddie De Larosa Plank was arrested in April 1970 after he and three unidentified companions attempted to light the Lincoln High School admin building on fire by shooting at a pile of gunpowder set on a gasoline-soaked office carpet.[8] Otherwise in April 1970 Plank and another student, Jorge Rodriguez, were named as student leaders of a school reform movement at Roosevelt High, both of whom had been expelled for failure to disperse during a demonstration.[34] Plank and Rodriguez then set up Euclid High, a continuation school program for 50-odd students who had also been expelled.[34]

In June 1971, the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner, the city's afternoon paper, received a phone call during which the Chicano Liberation Front claimed responsibility for a bomb placed at Roosevelt High in East Los Angeles. A police spokesman told the Associated Press at that time that the CLF claimed, in leaflets, to be "devoted to harassing police."[35] A 2017 history of the school (produced in anticipation of a remodel) stated that the school's "R-Building" was the site of "small bombing events" and arson actions by the Chicano Liberation Front in the 1970s.[36] The school was hit at least three times and while "no one was injured, damage to two main buildings required repairs."[37]

Файл:TESSA Digital Collections of the Los Angeles Public Library 00095526 Herald Examiner HE box 41 Bomb rips Roosevelt High School 1970-09-29.jpg
Police officer Peters inspects bomb damage at Roosevelt High on September 29, 1970; Roosevelt was one of CLF's most frequent targets. (Photographed by Russell Pursley for the Herald Examiner, No. 00095526 via TESSA Digital Collections, Los Angeles Public Library)

August 1971 was the occasion of the first anniversary of the death of journalist Ruben Salazar, who had been struck in the temple by a tear-gas canister fired into a restaurant by a L.A. County sheriff's deputy at the National Chicano Moratorium March. Unrest was expected, and when interviewed by the Los Angeles Times (where Salazar had once worked), "More than one activist cited the bombings as the most extreme reflection of the bitterness felt by at least one small segment of East Los Angeles' Mexican-American community."[38] The CLF distributed flyers advocating vigilante/guerrilla action, but as it happened, the anniversary of Salazar's death passed without incident.[39]

In September 1971 a professor of human behavior told an Associated Press reporter that radical bombings in California were mostly perpetrated by bourgeois whites or "Mexican-Americans living up to a revolutionary tradition."[10] A 1972 statement of the "national policies" of the Brown Berets specifically repudiated the Chicano Liberation Front: "Any Brown Beret who identifies as being part of the small scattered incidents of the Chicano Liberation Front is terminated."[40]

Chicano Liberation Front bombing in Los Angeles seemed to cease with the close of 1971, but to this day, researchers "do not know why [the CLF bombings] ended."[15] In an idiosyncratic obituary of Chicano activist attorney Oscar Zeta Acosta written for Rolling Stone in 1977, Hunter S. Thompson (author of the article about the Chicano Movement called "Strange Rumblings In Aztlan") articulated a strong impression that Acosta could have been directly involved in the Chicano Liberation Front bombings.[41] He described the lawyer as someone who stayed up all night "eating acid and throwing Molotov cocktails" and then arrived for morning court on a waft of gasoline fumes, with "a green crust of charred soap-flakes" visible on his status-symbol snakeskin cowboy boots.[42][41] Furthermore, Acosta had apparently written to Thompson in 1972 to the effect that: "I think I can make a pretty good argument that it was you, or God through you, that called a halt to the bombings...Which means that you'll be remembered as the Benedict Arnold of the cockroach revolt."[28]

After 1971, CLF claims of responsibility were mostly for incidents that occurred outside of Los Angeles. These were likely distinct entities borrowing the name and some of the ideological messaging of the original.[14] The New World Liberation Front in particular was an extremely prolific and chaotic terrorist "brand" that adapted a variety of personas original to other underground radicals of the era.[12] Nonetheless, the name CLF appeared sporadically in crime reports until the middle of the decade. Some of the mid-1970s incidents for which the "Chicano Liberation Front" claimed responsibility included three Safeway bombs planted in Northern California in 1974,[43] bombs planted around the Bay Area in 1975 (these explosions were "dedicated" to the United Farm Workers, which in turn denounced the bombers),[44] a police substation bombing and incidents at two other locations in El Paso, Texas in 1975,[45] and a clutch of Bank of America and Safeway bombings in the San Francisco area in early 1975.[46] Following several explosions in Sacramento in 1975, a newspaper reported that "An inquiry is also expected into the series of bombings around this area for the last 18 months, most of them claimed by the so‐called New World Liberation Front, but some by a group calling itself the Chicano Liberation Front."[47] By the end of 1975, people stopped tossing dynamite on the roofs of banks in the name of the Chicano Liberation Front; a report on domestic terrorism happenings in February 1976 said the Chicano Liberation Front had "been silent for at least a year."[48]

Файл:Center for Southwest Research University of New Mexico - Underground Newspaper Collection MSS 514 BC Box 48 Los Angeles Free Press 1971-08-13 Issue 369 Chicano Liberation Front 01.png
Cover line: "Barrio Bombers Speak Out" (Center for Southwest Research, University of New Mexico - Underground Newspaper Collection)

In one long-time Chicano activist's memoir, published in 2019, he recalled the CLF from a distance of almost 50 years: "The bombings were more symbolic than anything else; I do not remember that anyone was ever hurt. Buildings were damaged, including several banks, but not human life."[49] One history says "it is impossible to rule out" FBI or LAPD false-flag action.[22] The FBI case-file number for the Chicano Liberation Front was 105-209116.[50]

Timeline

Шаблон:GeoGroup

The following is not a list of Chicano Liberation Front bombings. There is little scholarship that examines the CLF outside of the general context of Chicano Movement, and there is no known publicly available list of confirmed CLF-attributed bombings; this is the case for several of the amorphous domestic terrorist groups of the era.[12]

This is an incomplete timeline of bombings, fire bombings, burglaries and arson fires that appeared in news reports that referenced the CLF or CLF-associated people, events for which the CLF claimed responsibility, and events that were part of a series of otherwise unexplained events that correlate to known CLF or CLF-splinter-group actions. For example, the CLF claimed responsibility for one bombing in Fresno in 1972 but there were four previous, unattributed, unsolved bombings in Fresno that generally match the pattern of CLF action and that occurred during the general era when CLF flourished. The list also includes a small number of bombings that were suspected CLF actions for which the CLF specifically denied responsibility.

Coordinates used are for the front entrance of an event site unless additional specifics were included in news reports. Firebomb is used here as a shorthand for what is properly an incendiary device. Bomb is used to describe what is now called an improvised explosive device.

Event YYYY-MM-DD HHMM Day of week Location Street address Coordinates CLF claim of responsibility? Casualties Property damage Notes
Attempted burglary[51] 1970-01-13 (est.) Tuesday (est.) Roosevelt High School 456 S Mathews St, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Шаблон:Coord 0 Attempt to break in to Roosevelt Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) weapons storage area
Burglary[51] 1970-02-06 Friday Lincoln High School 3501 N Broadway, Los Angeles, CA 90031 Шаблон:Coord Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0 52 World War II-era M-1 rifles, and 10 "firing pins and extractors" stolen from ROTC armory area at school
Burglary[51] 1970-02-12 (est.) Thursday (est.) Wilson High School 4500 Multnomah St, Los Angeles, CA 90032 Шаблон:Coord 0 Break-in and ransacking of Wilson ROTC weapons storage area; no weapons theft because ROTC instructor had shipped the guns to ROTC headquarters after hearing about the Roosevelt and Lincoln break-ins
Fire[52] 1970-04-08 Wednesday Roosevelt High admin building 456 S Mathews St, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Шаблон:Coord 0 $100,000
Fire[9][52] 1970-04-15 Wednesday Roosevelt High one-story storage building 456 S Mathews St, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Шаблон:Coord Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0
Fire[9][52] 1970-04-20 Monday Board of Education admin building 1549 Norfolk St, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0
Firebomb[31] 1970-04-22 0230 ("2:30 a.m.") Wednesday Bank of America branch Wabash Avenue and Sentinel Avenue, Boyle Heights Шаблон:Coord 0 "Extensive" damage; estimated repair costs of $30,000 Three Molotov cocktails, one failed to ignite; "Three persons fleeing in an automobile moments after..."[52]
Attempted arson[53][54] 1970-04-27 Monday Lincoln High School attendance office 3501 N Broadway, Los Angeles, CA 90031 Шаблон:Coord 0 Janitor found four youths trying to light a fire; Freddie Plank was the only one apprehended, he was carrying a .22 which the suspects had been using to try to light a fire by shooting at gasoline and gunpowder poured on a rug[8]
Suspected arson[54] 1971-04-27 Monday Audubon Junior High storage building 4120 11th Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90008 Шаблон:Coord 0 $20,000
Suspected arson[54] 1971-04-27 Monday Hooper Avenue Elementary School 1225 E 52nd St, Los Angeles, CA 90011 Шаблон:Coord 0 more than $20,000 damage
Firebomb[31] 1970-04-27 Monday Bank of America branch 3475 Whittier Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90023 Шаблон:Coord 0 $2,500 to a teller's cage and bank records[54] Molotov cocktail through rear door
Bomb[31] 1970-05-10 Sunday Selective Service office 5828 Hollywood Blvd (?) 0 $5,000 Bomb was "small, homemade"
Bomb[31] 1970-05-28 Thursday Selective Service office Downtown Los Angeles 0 $1,000 Bomb was "homemade"
Bomb[31] 1970-06-08 Monday Sheriff's station parking lot 7901 S Compton Ave, Compton, CA 90222 Шаблон:Coord 0 $5,000 damage to vehicles "Military-type grenade"
Attempted bombing[31] 1970-07-26 Saturday Los Angeles Times building 202 W 1st St, Los Angeles, CA 90012 Шаблон:Coord 0 None Black-powder bomb; no explosion at set time; placed in building foyer
Fake bomb[55] 1970-09-04 Friday City of Commerce City Hall 2535 Commerce Way, Commerce, CA 90040 Шаблон:Coord 0 None "A fake bomb, a wrapping of La Raza newspapers and wire was found on the front steps of the City of Commerce City Hall this evening"
Bomb[31][26] 1970-09-06 0052[56] (another account states "shortly after midnight...12:55 a.m.")[26] Sunday Los Angeles Hall of Justice, sixth floor 211 W Temple St, Los Angeles, CA 90012 Шаблон:Coord A call came in two minutes after the explosion saying there would be an explosion in three minutes; law enforcement wasn't sure if it was mistiming by bombers, a prank, or a coincidence[26] 0 $10,000 damage, destroyed a staircase, destroyed a restroom, damaged a second restroom;[56] "blew out" a Шаблон:Cvt by Шаблон:Cvt wall, "peeled back the ceiling like a tin can," and broke a Шаблон:Cvt water main[26] Seemingly placed in a "metal pipe chest" in the stairway.[56] The sixth floor was the district attorney's office;[7][56] district attorney Evelle Younger appears in news photos inspecting bomb damage.[26]
Bomb[9][31] 1970-09-29 Tuesday Roosevelt High School 456 S Mathews St, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Шаблон:Coord Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0 "Little damage...due to poor placement"[31]
Bomb[57] 1970-10-31 Saturday U.S. Army induction center 1030 H St, Fresno, CA 93721 Шаблон:Coord Unclaimed 0 "Considerable damage to the building's front" Dynamite used
Bomb[57] 1970-10-31 Saturday Fresno Guide office 1963 H St, Fresno, CA 93721 Шаблон:Coord Unclaimed 0 Newspaper printing plant; dynamite at front exploded simultaneously with induction center blast Шаблон:Cvt away, also on H St
Bomb[31] 1970-11-05 Thursday Bank of America branch 7073 Santa Monica Blvd, West Hollywood, CA 90038 Шаблон:Coord 0 $50 Explosion "failed to penetrate roof"
Bomb[31] 1971-01-01 Friday El Monte Municipal Courts Building 11301 Valley Blvd, El Monte, CA 91731 Шаблон:Coord 0 Broken windows, door damaged Small bomb placed at rear door
Attempted bombing[31] 1971-01-22 Friday L.A. County welfare office 4900 Triggs St, Commerce, CA 90022 Шаблон:Coord 0 Dynamite bomb, placed at front door, discovered and disarmed
Bomb[31] 1971-01-29 1630[58] Friday 1971 L.A. federal building bombing 300 N Los Angeles St, Los Angeles, CA 90012 Шаблон:Coord Unclaimed 1 Washbasins shattered, Шаблон:Cvt hole in wall, bathrooms on floors above and below damaged;[59] "Thousands of dollars"[31] Explosion killed Thomas Ortiz of City Terrace, a teenage orderly. Both of Ortiz's legs were blown off and he suffered "severe head injuries," dying en route to the hospital.[60]
Bomb[61] 1971-04-01 1455[62] ("shortly before 5pm")[29] Thursday Los Angeles City Hall, second floor men's bathroom (the first three floors of the building were open to the public) 200 N Spring St, Los Angeles, CA 90012 Шаблон:Coord Phone call to City News Service; female caller repeated her statement three times: "The bomb at City Hall is in memory of the Sanchez brothers...Chicano Liberation Front."[29] Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0 Broken mirrors, broken water pipe, damaged sinks, damaged walls;[61] $5,000 of damage,[63] several thousand dollars"[29] "Short, plump, young woman" seen leaving men's room;[61] described as "about 20," wearing brown pants and a brown suede hat;[29] Herald-Examiner photo of damage at LAPL
Bomb[9][64] 1971-04-03 Saturday Bank of America branch 5057 W Pico Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90019 Шаблон:Coord Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0 $5,000[64] Same branch bombed again four days later[64]
Bomb[31] 1971-04-07 Tuesday Bank of America branch 5057 W Pico Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90019 Шаблон:Coord 0 "little damage" "low-charge explosive device"
Bomb[65] 1971-04-08[65] 0930 (930am) Thursday Fresno County Courthouse, seventh floor men's bathroom 1100 Van Ness Ave, Fresno, CA 93724 Шаблон:Coord "Police said a man telephoned a few minutes later using the words bomb and Chicano Liberation Front. The operator said the man spoke very rapidly and she was unable to understand exactly what was said."[66] 0 Stall doors destroyed bathroom entry door damaged, hole in wall, ceiling damage;[65] debris entered steno pool room[57] Bomb apparently "set in or near one of three toilet bowls"; "stocky, swarthy man wearing a dark sweater" seen in restroom before blast[57]
Bomb[31] 1971-04-16 Friday Selective Service office 7412 S Broadway, Los Angeles, CA 90003 Шаблон:Coord 0 Gas and water lines ruptured, otherwise minor damage
Bomb[57] 1971-04-20 Tuesday U.S. Army induction center 1030 H St, Fresno, CA 93721 Шаблон:Coord Unclaimed 0 "Considerable damage to the building's front" Ammonium nitrate and petroleum used
Bomb[67] 1971-04-23 0030 ("shortly after midnight") Friday California state parole board office Fresno - Possibly 5060 E Clinton Way, Fresno, CA 93727 0 Шаблон:Cvt hole in roof Bomb thought to have been tossed onto roof
Bomb[9][68] 1971-04-28 Wednesday Bank of America branch 2430 N Broadway, Lincoln Heights, CA 90031 Шаблон:Coord 0
Bomb[31] 1971-04-29 Thursday Bank of America branch 2430 N Broadway, Los Angeles, CA 90031 Шаблон:Coord Hole in roof measures Шаблон:Cvt in diameter Black-powder bomb thrown on roof
Bomb[9] 1971-04-30 2122 ("just 38 minutes before" BofA bombing in Montebello)[68] Friday Safeway store 3600 E Brooklyn Ave; since 1994,[69] 3600 E Cesar E Chavez Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90063 Шаблон:Coord Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0 Шаблон:Cvt hole in roof; damage estimated at less than $1,000[68]
Bomb[9][31] 1971-04-30 2200 ("10 p.m.") Friday Bank of America branch 833 W Whittier Blvd, Montebello, CA 90640 Шаблон:Coord Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0 Damage to ground and second floor "Black powder device, was placed at the bank's rear entrance located in an alley"[68]
Bomb[9] 1971-05-06 Thursday Chevron Chemical Co. building East Los Angeles Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0 200 windows broken, Southern Pacific oil tank car damaged
Bomb[9] 1971-05-08 Saturday L.A. County Department of Public Social Services building 2707 S Grand Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90007 Шаблон:Coord Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0 No damage estimate given
Firebomb[9] 1971-05-08 Saturday Shopping Bag market Altadena, California Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0
Bomb[9] 1971-05-11 Tuesday Glendale Federal Savings & Loan E 1st St Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0
Bomb[9][31] 1971-05-12 Wednesday Bank of America branch Woodland Hills, Los Angeles Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971. 0
Firebomb[31] 1971-05-12 Wednesday Bank of America branch 20946 Devonshire St, Chatsworth, CA 91311 0 $1500 Flaming gallon jug of gasoline
Bomb[9] 1971-06-03 Thursday Atlantic Savings & Loan 5301 E Whittier Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90022 Шаблон:Coord Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0 Blew dirt out of a planter[70]
Bomb[9] Unknown United California Bank El Sereno, California Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0
Bomb[71] 1971-06-04 1730 ("5:30pm") Friday Roosevelt High 456 S Mathews St, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Шаблон:Coord Phone call to Los Angeles Herald-Examiner switchboard ("The Chicano Liberation Front has just blown up an East Los Angeles school.") 0 Damaged lockers, broken windows, damaged door Two hours after school ended; bomb was placed in a locker; bomb "may have been attached to a timing device."
Bomb[72] 1971-06 Joaquin Murieta Center, "federally funded college recruitment and placement center" East Los Angeles CLF: "We would like to dissociate ourselves" from the recent bombings of Spanish-language media outlets.[9] 0
Bomb[73] 1971-06-11 Friday KALI (Spanish-language radio station) Hollywood, Los Angeles CLF: "We would like to dissociate ourselves" from the recent bombings of Spanish-language media outlets.[9] 0 "Slightly damaged" Radio station bombings were about an hour apart
Bomb[73] 1971-06-11 Friday KWKW (Spanish-language radio station) Pasadena, CA CLF: "We would like to dissociate ourselves" from the recent bombings of Spanish-language media outlets.[9] 0 "Slightly damaged" Radio station bombings were about an hour apart
Bomb[73] 1971-06-13 Early Sunday KMEX (Spanish-language TV station) CLF: "We would like to dissociate ourselves" from the recent bombings of Spanish-language media outlets.[9] 0 Window broken "Homemade" bomb placed at gas station next door
Bomb[73] 1971-06-13 Late Sunday Mexican government tourism office Wilshire Blvd, Downtown Los Angeles CLF: "We would like to dissociate ourselves" from the recent bombings of Spanish-language media outlets.[9] 0 Blew out the windows, no interior damage Single stick of dynamite tossed at door
Bomb[74] 1971-06-17 "Late" Thursday La Opinión newspaper office CLF: "We would like to dissociate ourselves" from the recent bombings of Spanish-language media outlets.[9] 0 "Extensive damage to the front office...several thousand dollars" Device thrown through front window; employees were in the back of the building.
Bomb[57] 1971-06-20 Sunday Fresno City Hall 0 "Shattered most of the glass in the building's entryway" "Dynamite and plasticeШаблон:Sic explosive"; "two young men" reportedly fled in a "faded old car"
Bomb[75] 1971-06-22 Tuesday Cal State LA 5151 State University Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90032 Шаблон:Coord) Anonymous caller to newspaper 0 Campus police car wrecked
Bomb[75] 1971-06-22 "Two hours after" CSLA bomb exploded Tuesday evening Lincoln High School 3501 N Broadway, Los Angeles, CA 90031 Шаблон:Coord Anonymous caller to newspaper 0 "Heavy damage"; Шаблон:Cvt hole in floor[76] Counselor's office in admin building[76]
Bomb[75] 1971-06-22 Tuesday evening Police patrol car reporting to Lincoln High bomb 3501 N Broadway, Los Angeles, CA 90031 Шаблон:Coord Anonymous call to newspaper 0 Minor damage Placed underneath police car
Bomb[75] 1971-06-23 2330 (11:30pm) Wednesday Belvedere Junior High 312 N Record Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90063 Шаблон:Coord 0 One room destroyed, three rooms seriously damaged Placed on windowsill in "administration section"
Bomb[77] 1971-07-02 "shortly after midnight" Friday 63rd Army Reserve Command (Armory) 1350 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA 90033 Шаблон:Coord Phone call to police before explosion female voice; call to Herald Examiner: "I want to tell you the Chicano Liberation Front bombed an armory in Lincoln Heights."[78] 0 Glass door and 24 windows broken;[77] door ripped off hinges, 20 windows broken "Crude pipe bomb"; Freddie Plank charged with "firebombing" the armory[9]
Bomb[79] 1971-07-04 Sunday IRS office, San Jose, California 0 $500,000 damage; large hole in ceiling of first-floor storeroom IRS investigator: "Probably made of amtho Шаблон:Sic and dynamite"
Firebomb[80] 1971-07-06 0019 ("12.19 a.m.") Tuesday Montebello High School 2100 W. Cleveland Ave., Montebello, CA 90640 Шаблон:Coord "Male Latin" called Los Angeles Times: "Take this down, we just bombed Montebello High." Also, "Based on calls received by various agencies in the Los Angeles area, police believed the bombing was the work of the Chicano Liberation Front." 0 Classroom destroyed by fire, several damaged; "entire wing of school suffered smoke and water damage"[79] "Shoved can full of flammable liquid through a window"[79]
Bomb[9][81] 1971-07-08 Thursday U.S. Post Office 3641 E 8th St, Los Angeles, CA 90023 Шаблон:Coord Claim of responsibility on recording sent to Freep in August 1971.[9] 0
Bomb[82] 1971-07-08 0147[83] Thursday Pan American National Bank 3626 E 1st St, Los Angeles, CA 90063[83] Шаблон:Coord No calls before or after[83] 0 Door, front window broken by flying chair; $2,500[84] to $5,000 damage estimate[83] Bomb left at rear door; pipe bomb with "unknown" explosive"[83]
Bomb[84] 1971-07-08 night Late Thursday U.S. Post Office 3641 E 8th St, Los Angeles, CA 90023 Шаблон:Coord Unidentified male caller to Los Angeles Herald-Examiner "Can you take a message?" Claimed CLF was responsible; also claimed an "Army recruiting car" was blown up but "the windows had been broken out with tire irons not explosives" [81] 0 Windows broken
Bomb threat[84] 1971-07-08 Thursday Los Angeles City Hall Bomb threat against city hall called into Herald Examiner but no bomb found[84]
Bomb[85] 1971-07-18 2222 (10:22pm) Sunday Bank of America branch Monterey Park Unidentified caller phoned news agencies eight minutes after the explosion 0 Broken door, broken windows "dynamite explosion," placed at rear door; one of "more than 50" Bank of America branch bombings in California YTD
Firebomb[86] 1971-10-30 Friday Oxnard High School 3400 W Gonzales Rd, Oxnard, CA 93036 Шаблон:Coord 0 $30,000 Graffiti of "CLF" initials, presumed to mean Chicano Liberation Front
Bomb[87] 1972-04-03 Sunday U.S. Border Patrol office Unknown street address, Fresno, CA Letter sent to newspaper 0 Screen door blown off, main door undamaged, three windows broken[88] Police surmised that the blast was the result of one stick of dynamite[88]
Firebomb[21][89] 1972-05-19 0215 ("2:15 a.m.") Friday Valencia High School administration building 500 N Bradford St, Placentia, CA 92870 Шаблон:Coords Unidentified caller stated that CLF had bombed the school 0 $1,000 "gasoline-filled soft drink bottles with cloth wicks"; the school principal said they had no beef with any "Chicano Liberation Front" and thought the attack was the work of "ordinary vandals"
Sniper attack[90] 1974-06-11 Tuesday Assassination of William Cann at Our Lady of the Rosary Catholic Church 703 C St, Union City, CA 94587 Шаблон:Coord A week after the shooting, the San Francisco Chronicle received a mimeographed letter claiming that the Chicano Liberation Front was responsible for the shooting; two weeks after the shooting police started that the letter "could not be authenticated" and had no info on the shooting that was not public information[91] 5 Chief Cann was hit twice and died two months later from his wounds; "four Chicanos were hurt during the attack"

Шаблон:Incomplete-list

Legacy

Файл:Strange Rumblings in Aztlan by Hunter S. Thompson feat. Oscar Zeta Acosta.jpeg
"Strange Rumblings in Aztlan" appeared in issue 81 of Rolling Stone magazine; photos of the day (and of the kind of tear-gas canister) that killed Salazar came from La Raza and the L.A. Times; Annie Leibovitz made the portrait of Oscar Acosta and shot scenes of life in East L.A.

Per a 2014 U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) analysis of patterns of domestic terrorism in the United States, the Chicano Liberation Front was responsible for two percent of all terrorist attacks in the U.S. in 1970s.[92] DHS attributes two deaths to the CLF, presumably referring to Tomas Ortiz and William Cann.[92]

The Chicano Liberation Front is a lurking presence in "Strange Rumblings in Aztlan," Hunter S. Thompson's article about Los Angeles and the Chicano Movement after the death of Salazar, which was published in Rolling StoneШаблон:'s April 29, 1971 issue and is anthologized in The Great Shark Hunt.[7] Thompson's narrative ends at the time of the City Hall bombing, although Acosta appears as "Dr. Gonzo" in Thompson's Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas.[28] In any case, Thompson's perspective on law enforcement was not particularly in conflict with the CLF's antipathy to the local police:

Шаблон:Quote

The Chicano Liberation Front also plays a role in Acosta's roman à clef The Revolt of the Cockroach People. Acosta used a mix of invented and real names for the characters in Cockroach People—Hunter Thompson is "Stonewall," but L.A. city mayor Sam Yorty is Sam Yorty—without leaving behind a clear explanation of why or how he chose to name the players.[93] His name for the female member of the ring who called in claims of responsibility is "Elena".[28] Acosta's Cockroach People alter ego Buffalo Z. Brown describes members of the Chicano Liberation Front as vatos locos and states that they, in turn, think he is a "sheep" who is "being used," a capitalist pig, a traitor, and/or a Tío Taco.[94][95]

In "The Banshee Screams for Buffalo Meat", Thompson's 1977 obit for Acosta, he off-handedly describes people who may have been associated with the CLF. While reminiscing about his concerns of law-enforcement infiltration in the period while he was reporting out the story that became "Strange Rumblings," Thompson addresses the by-then-long-dead Acosta (who disappeared somewhere in or around Mexico in 1974): "How many of those bomb-throwing, trigger-happy freaks who slept on mattresses in your apartment were talking to the sheriff on a chili-hall pay phone every morning?"[41] In the foreword to The Gonzo Letters, Volume II, the historian David Halberstam argues that Thompson's work is instinctual, authentic and speaks to incontrovertible human truths, which does not necessarily mean that Thompson constructed his work solely out of literal facts.[42]

The Chicano Liberation Front is also mentioned in an anti-war movement poem by Patricio Paiz called "En Memoria de Arturo Tijerina." The poet writes for a U.S. soldier from the Rio Grande Valley who was killed by a sniper two weeks after he arrived in South Vietnam in 1968.[96] Over the course of the poem, Paiz aligns himself with both "generally rebellious individuals or causes,"[97] and the long history of Chicano resistance to oppression, following the line "I am the Chicano Liberation Front" with a despairing conclusion:[98]

Шаблон:Poem quote

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

External links

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite book
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  9. ↑ 9,00 9,01 9,02 9,03 9,04 9,05 9,06 9,07 9,08 9,09 9,10 9,11 9,12 9,13 9,14 9,15 9,16 9,17 9,18 9,19 9,20 9,21 9,22 9,23 9,24 9,25 9,26 9,27 9,28 9,29 9,30 9,31 9,32 9,33 9,34 9,35 9,36 9,37 9,38 9,39 9,40 9,41 Шаблон:Cite news
  10. ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite interview
  12. ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 12,3 12,4 Шаблон:Cite book
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ 15,0 15,1 15,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite interview
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 26,2 26,3 26,4 26,5 Шаблон:Cite news
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 28,3 28,4 Шаблон:Cite book
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 29,3 29,4 29,5 Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  31. ↑ 31,00 31,01 31,02 31,03 31,04 31,05 31,06 31,07 31,08 31,09 31,10 31,11 31,12 31,13 31,14 31,15 31,16 31,17 31,18 31,19 31,20 Шаблон:Cite news
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  34. ↑ 34,0 34,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 Шаблон:Cite magazine
  42. ↑ 42,0 42,1 Шаблон:Cite book
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  44. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  50. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  51. ↑ 51,0 51,1 51,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  52. ↑ 52,0 52,1 52,2 52,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  54. ↑ 54,0 54,1 54,2 54,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  56. ↑ 56,0 56,1 56,2 56,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  57. ↑ 57,0 57,1 57,2 57,3 57,4 57,5 Шаблон:Cite news
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  59. ↑ FRANK, del O. "Blast is Area's most Deadly in Decade of Tension, Violence." Los Angeles Times, Aug 06, 1974, pp. 3. ProQuest magic number 157566113
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  61. ↑ 61,0 61,1 61,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  63. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  64. ↑ 64,0 64,1 64,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  65. ↑ 65,0 65,1 65,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  68. ↑ 68,0 68,1 68,2 68,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  69. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  70. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  71. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  72. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  73. ↑ 73,0 73,1 73,2 73,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  74. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  75. ↑ 75,0 75,1 75,2 75,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  76. ↑ 76,0 76,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  77. ↑ 77,0 77,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  78. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  79. ↑ 79,0 79,1 79,2 Шаблон:Cite news
  80. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  81. ↑ 81,0 81,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  82. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  83. ↑ 83,0 83,1 83,2 83,3 83,4 Шаблон:Cite news
  84. ↑ 84,0 84,1 84,2 84,3 Шаблон:Cite news
  85. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  86. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  87. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  88. ↑ 88,0 88,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  89. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  90. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  91. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  92. ↑ 92,0 92,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  93. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  94. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  95. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  96. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  97. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  98. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Chicano_Liberation_Front&oldid=13902966