Английская Википедия:Chigi (architecture)
Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Short description
Шаблон:Nihongo, Шаблон:Nihongo or Шаблон:Nihongo are forked roof finials found in Japanese and Shinto architecture. Шаблон:Transliteration predate Buddhist influence and are an architectural element endemic to Japan.[1] They are an important aesthetic aspect of Shinto shrines, where they are often paired with Шаблон:Transliteration, another type of roof ornamentation. Today, Шаблон:Transliteration and Шаблон:Transliteration are used exclusively on Shinto buildings and distinguish them from other religious structures, such as Buddhist temples in Japan.
Origin
Шаблон:Transliteration are thought to have been employed on Japanese buildings starting from the 1st century AD.[2] Their existence during the Kofun period (250–538 AD) is well documented by numerous artifacts.[3] Measurements for Шаблон:Transliteration were mentioned in an early document, the Шаблон:Nihongo, written in 804 AD.
The evolutionary origins of the Шаблон:Transliteration are not known. One theory is that they were simply interlocking bargeboard planks that were left uncut. Another is that they were part of a support system anchored on the ground to stabilize the roof.[4] Yet another theory proposes that they were used to "pinch" and hold thatch roofing together.[5] Evidence of this can be seen in Шаблон:Transliteration, or common traditional homes, where two interlocking timbers are often found at the roof gables. However, the only certain fact is that Шаблон:Transliteration were originally a working part of the structure, but as building techniques improved, their function was lost and they were left as decorations.
Шаблон:Transliteration were likely only to have decorated the homes and warehouses of powerful families, and more decorations signified higher rank. This tradition continued until relatively recent times. In the 17th to 19th centuries, the legal code dictated how many Шаблон:Transliteration were allowed on building roofs in accordance with the owner's social rank. Today, Шаблон:Transliteration are found only on Shinto shrines.
Design
Шаблон:Transliteration may be built directly into the roof as part of the structure, or simply attached and crossed over the gable as an ornament. The former method is believed to closer resemble its original design, and is still used in older building methods such as Шаблон:Transliteration, Шаблон:Transliteration, and Шаблон:Transliteration. Шаблон:Transliteration that are not built into the building are crossed, and sometimes cut with a slight curve. While Шаблон:Transliteration are predominantly placed only at the ends of the roof, this method allows them to sometimes be placed in the middle as well.
More ornate Шаблон:Transliteration, such as at Ise Shrine, are cut with one or two Шаблон:Transliteration, or "wind-slots", and a third open cut at the tip, giving it a forked appearance. Gold metal coverings serve both protective and ornamental purposes. Usually, if the tops are cut vertically, the enshrined Шаблон:Transliteration is a male, otherwise a female.[6]
The Шаблон:Transliteration, a short decorative log, is often found behind the Шаблон:Transliteration. Depending on the building, there may be only one Шаблон:Transliteration accompanying the Шаблон:Transliteration, or an entire row along the ridge of the roof.
The angle at which the Шаблон:Transliteration faces and the number of Шаблон:Transliteration the building contains are used to identify the gender of the Шаблон:Transliteration enshrined within. Upward-facing, with an even number of Шаблон:Transliteration indicate a female Шаблон:Transliteration. Outward-facing Шаблон:Transliteration, with an odd number of Шаблон:Transliteration indicate a male Шаблон:Transliteration.[7] This is not a hard and fast rule, as there are exceptions (such as the shrines in Ise Grand Shrine.)
Names
Names for Шаблон:Transliteration can vary from region. In Kyoto, Nara Prefecture, and Hiroshima, they are called Шаблон:Nihongo. In parts of Toyama, Osaka, Kōchi, Tokushima and Miyazaki prefectures, they are called Шаблон:Nihongo; in some areas of Yamagata, Miyagi, Yamanishi, Hiroshima and Kōchi prefectures, they are called Шаблон:Nihongo.
Gallery
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Prominent Шаблон:Transliteration at Udamikumari Shrine
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The Honden of Kibitsu Shrine
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Шаблон:Transliteration built in the Шаблон:Transliteration style
See also
- Glossary of Shinto for terms concerning Shinto and Shinto architecture.
Notes
References
- Fletcher, Banister, Sir. (1996). A History of Architecture. Architectural Press. Шаблон:ISBN.
- Lucas, B. (2002, May 7). Шаблон:UrlШаблон:Dead link. Harvey Mudd College Web. Retrieved June 1, 2009
Шаблон:Refend Шаблон:Japanese architectural elements Шаблон:Shinto shrine
- ↑ Fletcher (1996), page 724
- ↑ "chigi 千木." JAANUS. Retrieved May 09, 2009.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Lucas (2002), page 5
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
