Английская Википедия:Chilean Spanish

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language Шаблон:Spanish language

Файл:Variedades principales del español.png
Primary dialects of Spanish

Chilean Spanish (Шаблон:Lang-es[1] or español chileno) is any of several varieties of the Spanish language spoken in most of Chile. Chilean Spanish dialects have distinctive pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary, and slang usages that differ from those of Standard Spanish.[2] Formal Spanish in Chile has recently incorporated an increasing number of colloquial elements.[3]

The Royal Spanish Academy recognizes 2,214 words and idioms exclusively or mainly produced in Chilean Spanish, in addition to many still unrecognized slang expressions.[4]

Alongside Honduran Spanish, Chilean Spanish has been identified by various linguists as one of the two most divergent varieties.[3]

Variation and accents

Шаблон:See also

In Chile, there are not many differences between the Spanish spoken in the northern, central and southern areas of the country,[5] although there are notable differences in zones of the far south—such as Aysén, Magallanes (mainly along the border with Argentina), and Chiloé—and in Arica in the extreme north. There is, however, much variation in the Spanish spoken by different social classes; this is a prevalent reality in Chile given the presence of stark wealth inequality.[6] In rural areas from Santiago to Valdivia, Chilean Spanish shows the historical influence of the Castúo dialects of Extremadura (Spain),[7][8] but some authors point to the Spanish province of Andalusia and more specifically to the city of Seville as an even greater influence on the historical development of Chilean Spanish. In general, the intonation of Chilean Spanish is recognized in the Spanish-speaking world for being one of the fastest-spoken accents among Spanish dialects and with tones that rise and fall in its speech, especially in Santiago and its surroundings; such intonation may be less strong in certain areas of the north of the country and more pronounced in southern areas. It is also not uncommon that other Spanish speakers, native and otherwise, have more difficulty understanding Chilean Spanish speakers than other accents.

As result of past German immigration, there are a few German influences in the vocabulary, accent, and pronunciation of southern Chile.[9] Speakers of Chilean Spanish who also speak German or Mapudungun tend to use more impersonal pronouns (see also: Alemañol).[10] Dialects of southern Chile (Valdivia/Temuco to Chiloé) are considered to have a melodic intonation (cantadito) relative to the speech in Santiago.[11] A survey among inhabitants of Santiago also shows that people in the capital consider southern Chilean Spanish to be variously affected by Mapudungun, have poor pronunciation, be of rural character and, in the case of Chiloé, to be rich in archaisms.[11] The same study does also show a perception that the speech of northern Chile is influenced by the Spanish spoken in Peru and Bolivia.[11]

Chile is part of a region of South America known as the Southern Cone (Spanish: Cono Sur; Portuguese: Cone Sul). The region consists of Chile, Argentina, and Uruguay; sometimes it also includes Paraguay and some regions of Brazil (Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, and São Paulo). The vocabulary across the region is similar for Spanish speakers, and in some cases it's also shared by the Portuguese speakers in the Southern Cone parts of Brazil.

The Chilean Spanish dialect of Easter Island, most especially the accent, is influenced by Rapa Nui language.

Phonology

There are a number of phonetic features common to most Chilean accents, but none of them is individually unique to Chilean Spanish.[12] Rather, it is the particular combination of features that sets Chilean Spanish apart from other regional Spanish dialects.[13] The features include the following:[14][15]

Syntax and grammar

  • Doubling the object clitics me, te, se, lo(s), la(s) and le(s) before and after the verb is common in lower-class speech. For example, 'I'm going to go' becomes me voy a irme (Standard Spanish: me voy a ir and voy a irme). 'I'm going to give them to you' becomes te las voy a dártelas.
  • Queísmo (using que instead of de que) is socially accepted and used in the media, and dequeísmo (using de que instead of que) is somewhat stigmatized.
  • In ordinary speech, conjugations of the imperative mood of a few of verbs tend to be replaced with the indicative third-person singular. For example, the second-person singular imperative of poner 'to put', which is pon, becomes pone; that of hacer 'to do', which is haz, becomes hace; and that of salir 'to exit', sal, becomes sale: hace lo que te pedí 'do what I asked'. However, that is not done in formal speech. Chileans also replace the etymological second-person singular imperative of the verb ir 'to go', ve, with the second-person singular imperative of andar 'to walk', anda, and ve is reserved for the verb ver 'to see': ve la hora 'look at the time'.
  • Another feature to note is the lack of use of the possessive nuestro 'our', which is usually replaced by de nosotros 'of us': ándate a la casa de nosotros, literally 'go to the house of us', instead of ándate a nuestra casa 'go to our house'.
  • It is very common in Chile, as in many other Latin American countries, to use the diminutive suffixes -ito and -ita. They can mean 'little', as in perrito 'little dog' or casita 'little house', but can also express affection, as with mamita 'mummy, mommy'. They can also diminish the urgency, directness, or importance of something to make something annoying seem more pleasant.[21] So, if someone says espérese un momentito literally 'wait a little moment', it does not mean that the moment will be short, but that the speaker wants to make waiting more palatable and hint that the moment may turn out to be quite long.

Pronouns and verbs

Chileans use the voseo and tuteo forms for the intimate second-person singular. Voseo is common in Chile, with both pronominal and verbal voseo being widely used in the spoken language.

In Chile there are at least four grades of formality:

  • Pronominal and verbal voseo, the use of the pronoun vos (with the corresponding voseo verbs):
    vos sabí(s), vos vení(s), vos hablái(s), etc.
    This occurs only in very informal situations.
  • Verbal voseo, the use of the pronoun tú:
    tú sabí(s), tú vení(s), tú hablái(s), etc.
    This is the predominant form used in the spoken language.[22] It is not used in formal situations or with people one does not know well.
  • Standard tuteo:
    tú sabes, tú vienes, tú hablas, etc.
    This is the only acceptable way to write the intimate second-person singular. Its use in spoken language is reserved for slightly more formal situations such as (some) child-to-parent, teacher-to-student, or peer-to-peer relations among people who do not know each other well.
  • The use of the pronoun usted:
    usted sabe, usted viene, usted habla, etc.
    This is used for all business and other formal interactions, such as student-to-teacher but not always teacher-to-student as well as "upwards" if one person is considered to be well respected, older or of an obviously higher social standing. Stricter parents will demand this kind of speech from their children as well.

The Chilean voseo conjugation has only three irregular verbs in the present indicative: ser 'to be', ir 'to go', and haber 'to have' (auxiliary).

Conjugation

A comparison of the conjugation of the Chilean voseo, the voseo used in Latin American countries other than Chile, and tuteo follows:

Form Indicative Subjunctive
Present Imperfect Conditional Present Imperfect
Voseo (Chile)[23] caminái
traí(s)
viví(s)		 caminabai
traíai
vivíai		 caminaríai
traeríai
viviríai		 caminís
traigái
vivái		 caminarai
trajerai
vivierai
Vosotras
Vosotros		 camináis
traéis
vivís		 caminabais
traíais
vivíais		 caminaríais
traeríais
viviríais		 caminéis
traigáis
viváis		 caminarais
trajerais
vivierais
Voseo (general) caminás
traés
vivís		 caminabas
traías
vivías		 caminarías
traerías
vivirías		 caminés*
traigás*
vivás*		 caminaras
trajeras
vivieras
Tuteo caminas
traes
vives		 camines
traigas
vivas

* Rioplatense Spanish prefers the tuteo verb forms.[24]

Chilean voseo has two different future tense conjugations: one in Шаблон:Lang, as in Шаблон:Lang, and one in Шаблон:Lang, as in Шаблон:Lang 'you will dance'. These come from two different underlying representations, one ending in Шаблон:Lang, and the other ending in Шаблон:Lang. The Шаблон:Lang representation corresponds to a historical future tense form ending in Шаблон:Lang, as in Шаблон:Lang. Such a historical conjugation existed in Spain in the 15th and 16th centuries, alongside the Шаблон:Lang endings, and was recorded in Chile in the 17th century. All this said, the simple future tense is not actually used that often in Chile. Instead, the periphrastic future construction (i.e. Шаблон:Lang) is more common.[23]

Ser

In Chile, there are various ways to say 'you are' to one person.[23]

  • Vo(s) soi
  • Vo(s) erí(s)
  • Tú soi
  • Tú erí(s)
  • Tú eres
  • Usted es

Only the last two are considered Standard Spanish. Usage depends on politeness, social relationships, formality, and education. The ending (s) in those forms is aspirated or omitted.

The form Шаблон:Lang is also occasionally found. It apparently derives from the underlying form Шаблон:Lang, with the final Шаблон:IPA becoming a semivowel Шаблон:IPA, as happens in other voseo conjugations. The more common forms Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang are likewise derived from the underlying representations Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.[23]

Haber

The auxiliary verb Шаблон:Lang, most often used to form existential statements and compound tenses, has two different present indicative forms with Шаблон:Lang in Chile: Шаблон:Lang and Шаблон:Lang.[23]

Ir

Шаблон:Lang, 'to go', can be conjugated as Шаблон:Lang with Шаблон:Lang in the present tense in Chile.[23]

Vocabulary

Chilean Spanish has a great deal of distinctive slang and vocabulary. Some examples of distinctive Chilean slang include al tiro (right away), gallo/a (guy/gal), fome (boring), pololear (to go out as girlfriend/boyfriend), pololo/polola (boyfriend/girlfriend),[25] pelambre (gossip), pito (marijuana cigarette i.e. joint) poto (buttocks),[26] quiltro (mutt) and chomba (knitted sweater)[25] wea [ we.'a] (thing; can be used for an object or situation). Another popular Chilean Spanish slang expression is poh, also spelled po', which is a term of emphasis of an idea, this is a monophthongized and aspirated form of pues. In addition, several words in Chilean Spanish are borrowed from neighboring Amerindian languages.

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Argentine and Rioplatense influence

In Chilean Spanish there is lexical influence from Argentine dialects, which suggests a covert prestige.[27] Lexical influences cut across the different social strata of Chile. Argentine summer tourism in Chile and Chilean tourism in Argentina provide a channel for influence on the speech of the middle and upper classes.[27] The majority of the population receive Argentine influence by watching Argentine programs on broadcast television, especially football on cable television[27] and music such as cumbia villera on the radio as well.[27] Chilean newspaper La Cuarta regularly employs slang words and expressions that originated in the lunfardo slang of the Buenos Aires region. Usually Chileans do not recognize the Argentine borrowings as such, claiming they are Chilean terms and expressions due to the long time since they were incorporated.[27] The relation between Argentine dialects and Chilean Spanish is one of asymmetric permeability, with Chilean Spanish adopting sayings from Argentine variants but usually not the reverse.[27] Lunfardo is an argot of the Spanish language that originated in the late 19th century among the lower classes of Buenos Aires and Montevideo that influenced "Coa", an argot common among criminals in Chile, and later colloquial Chilean Spanish.

Argentine slang loanwords[28][29]

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Mapudungun loanwords

The Mapudungun language has left a relatively small number of words in Chilean Spanish, given its large geographic expanse. Many Mapudungun loans are names for plants, animals, and places. For example:[30][31][32]

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Quechua loanwords

The Quechua language is probably the Amerindian language that has given Chilean Spanish the largest number of loanwords. For example, the names of many American vegetables in Chilean Spanish are derived from Quechua names, rather than from Nahuatl or Taíno as in Standard Spanish. Some of the words of Quechua origin include:[30]

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French, German and English loanwords

There are some expressions of non-Hispanic European origin such as British, German or French. They came with the arrival of the European immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries. There is also a certain influence from the mass media.

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Sample

Here is sample of a normal text in carefully spoken Latin American Spanish and the same text with a very relaxed pronunciation in informal lower-class Chilean Spanish:[33]

Text ¡Cómo corrieron los chilenos Salas y Zamorano! Pelearon como leones. Chocaron una y otra vez contra la defensa azul. ¡Qué gentío llenaba el estadio! En verdad fue una jornada inolvidable. Ajustado cabezazo de Salas y ¡gol! Al celebrar [Salas] resbaló y se rasgó la camiseta.
Pronunciation
("Standard" Latin American Spanish) 		Шаблон:IPA
Pronunciation
(Chilean Spanish) 		Шаблон:IPA
Translation "How those Chileans Salas and Zamorano ran! They fought like lions. They beat again and again against the blues' defense. What a crowd filled the stadium! In truth it was an unforgettable day. A tight header from Salas and... goal! Celebrating, Salas slid and ripped his shirt."

See also

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References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

External links

Шаблон:Romance languages Шаблон:Spanish variants by continent Шаблон:Languages of Chile

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  1. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок castellano не указан текст
  2. ↑ Miguel Ángel Bastenier, "Neologismos y barbarismos en el español de dos océanos", El País, 19 July 2014, retrieved 20 July 2014. "...el chileno es un producto genuino e inimitable por el resto del universo lingüístico del español."
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Шаблон:Cite news
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  6. ↑ CLASES SOCIALES, LENGUAJE Y SOCIALIZACION Basil Bernstein, http://www.infoamerica.org/ retrieved June 25, 2013
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 Шаблон:Cite journal
  12. ↑ EL ESPAÑOL EN AMÉRICA cvc.cervantes.e - JESÚS SÁNCHEZ LOBATO - page 553-570
  13. ↑ Language of Chile: Chileanismos, Castellano and indigenous roots Шаблон:Webarchive www.thisischile.cl - February 22, 2011, retrieved August 8, 2013
  14. ↑ Lipski (1994: 199-201)
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Harvcoltxt
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок correa не указан текст
  21. ↑ Chilean Spanish & Chileanisms Шаблон:Webarchive http://www.contactchile.cl/ retrieved June 27, 2013
  22. ↑ Lipski (1994: 201-2)
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 23,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Lipski (1994: 203)
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 27,3 27,4 27,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  30. ↑ 30,0 30,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Pages 82-83.
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