Английская Википедия:China–Korea Treaty of 1882
The China–Korea Treaty of 1882 (Шаблон:Zh; Шаблон:Lang-ko) was an unequal treaty between the Qing dynasty and the Joseon dynasty[1]Шаблон:Failed verification[2] in October 1882.[3] This agreement has been described as the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules;[2] and it has been called the Sino-Korean Regulations for Maritime and Overland Trade.[3] The treaty stipulated that Joseon is a tributary state of Qing China, thereby the subjugative influence over Joseon by the Qing dynasty was started.[4][5]Шаблон:Failed verificationШаблон:SfnШаблон:Failed verificationШаблон:SfnШаблон:Failed verificationШаблон:SfnШаблон:Failed verificationШаблон:SfnШаблон:Excessive citations inline After 1894, Qing lost its influence over Joseon because of the First Sino-Japanese War.Шаблон:Sfn
In October, the two countries signed a treaty stipulating that Korea was dependent on China and granted Chinese merchants the right to conduct overland and maritime business freely within its borders. It also gave the Chinese advantages over the Japanese and Westerners and granted them unilateral extraterritoriality privileges in civil and criminal cases.Шаблон:Sfn Under the treaty, the number of Chinese merchants and traders significantly increased, a severe blow to Korean merchants.Шаблон:Sfn Although it allowed Koreans reciprocally to trade in Beijing, the agreement was not a treaty but was in effect issued as a regulation for a tributary.Шаблон:Sfn Additionally, during the following year, the Chinese supervised the creation of a Korean Maritime Customs Service, headed by von Möllendorff.Шаблон:Sfn Korea became to a semi-colonial tributary state of China with King Gojong unable to appoint diplomats without Chinese approval,Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Failed verification and with troops stationed in the country to protect Chinese interests. Шаблон:Refn
Background
In 1876, Korea established a trade treaty with Japan after Japanese ships approached Ganghwado. Treaty negotiations with several Western countries were made possible by the completion of this initial Japanese overture.[6]
In 1882, the Americans concluded a treaty and established diplomatic relations,[7] which served as a template for subsequent negotiations with other Western powers.
Two weeks after the United States–Korea Treaty of 1882, a military revolt called Imo Incident occurred in Seoul. The soldiers occupied Changdeok Palace, and the Korean government asked for military help from China. The revolt was suppressed by Chinese troops. After the incident, Chinese political influence over Korea started.Шаблон:Sfn
Treaty provisions
Шаблон:Wikisourcelang The Chinese and Koreans negotiated and approved a multi-article treaty with provisions affecting Korean diplomatic relations with Western nations.[8]
The Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules sought to mitigate the effects of increased diplomatic intercourse and expanded commercial relations with Western powers. The negotiated agreement caused unintended consequences.[2]
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
- Chu, Samuel C. (1994). Li Hung-chang and China's Early Modernization. Armonk, New York: Sharpe. Шаблон:ISBN (hc); Шаблон:ISBN (pb); Шаблон:OCLC
- Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). The History of Korea. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. Шаблон:ISBN (hc); Шаблон:ISBN (pb); Шаблон:OCLC
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Citation
- Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Korea's Appeal to the Conference on Limitation of Armament. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. Шаблон:OCLC
- Yŏng-ho Ch'oe; William Theodore De Bary; Martina Deuchler and Peter Hacksoo Lee. (2000). Sources of Korean Tradition: Volume Two: From the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Centuries. New York: Columbia University Press. Шаблон:ISBN (hc); Шаблон:ISBN (pb); Шаблон:OCLC
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Moon, Myungki. "Korea-China Treaty System in the 1880s and the Opening of Seoul: Review of the Joseon-Qing Communication and Commerce Rules," Шаблон:Webarchive Journal of Northeast Asian History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Dec 2008), pp. 85–120.
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Chu, Samuel C. (1994). Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Kim, Chun-gil. (2005). Шаблон:Google books
- ↑ Yŏng-ho Ch'oe et al. (2000). Шаблон:Google books; excerpt, "Korea signed a similar accord with the United States (the Treaty of Chelump'o, 1882) that was followed by similar agreements with other Western nations;" Korean Mission to the Conference on the Limitation of Armament, Washington, D.C., 1921–1922. (1922). Шаблон:Google books; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. Treaty of Friendship, Commerce, and Navigation dated May 22, 1882."
- ↑ Korean Mission Шаблон:Google books; ; excerpt, "Treaty and Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Korea. China's Claims Of Suzerainty Over Korea"; excerpt, "The position assumed by [China] toward Korea since contracting the treaty with it in 1882 has in no wise been affected by recent events. Korea's treaty independence since then has been for us an established and accepted fact."
