Английская Википедия:China Railway CRH3

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox EMU

The CRH3 Hexie (Шаблон:Zh) is a version of the Siemens Velaro high-speed train used in China on the Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway line, Wuhan-Guangzhou Passenger Dedicated Line, Zhengzhou-Xi'an Passenger Dedicated Line and the Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway. It is capable of service speed of Шаблон:Convert as the very similar Velaro E used in Spain, but, similarly to the Sapsan, it is Шаблон:Convert wider to take advantage of a more generous structure gauge and thus be able to fit in more seats in a 2+3 layout.

Variants

In November 2005, the Ministry of Railways ordered 60 Velaro trains for use on the Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway line. On 27 July 2006, the joint project office was opened at Tangshan.[1]

CRH3C Prototypes

The first three trains were built in Germany by Siemens, and these imported trains were labelled CRH3A (CRH3-002A, CRH3-003A and CRH3-004A), different than the CRH3A-5218 developed independently and manufactured by CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles in 2017, designed to operate at a cruise speed of Шаблон:Convert. These trains are based on the German Deutsche Bahn's ICE 3 high-speed trains and were given initial designations of CRH3A. Of these German trains, the first one was shipped from Bremerhaven on 19 December 2007.[2]

On 30 November 2012, the CNR announced new design of CRH3A, with three styles that can operate at top speed of Шаблон:Convert, Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert. The first train was rolled out on 3 June 2013.[3]

CRH3C

After December 2008, the three imported CRH3A were repainted and renamed to CRH3C (CRH3-002C, CRH3-003C and CRH3-004C). The last letter C means that each rolling stock of this model consists of 8 cars and runs with a maximum speed of Шаблон:Convert. The rest of the trains are now being built by Tangshan Railway Vehicle with some components from Germany.[4]

The first Chinese-built CRH3 (CRH3-001C) was unveiled on 11 April 2008.[4]

The 8-car CRH3C trains are similar to the Velaro E design in Spain, but Шаблон:Convert wider to fit more seats in a 2+3 layout; a Шаблон:Convert CRH3 train will seat 572 passengers: 16 deluxe-class (8 sold publicly), 56 in first-class, 528 in second-class.[5]

Each train sets consists of four motor cars and four trailer cars, equipped with two driving units, and each of them is in charge of the driving of two motor cars and two trailer cars.

The bogies are improved versions of the SF500 bogie. Innovations include the body bolster, vibration damper, spring parameters, transmission ratio, widening the carbody and increasing the speed of the trainsets.[6]

The trains are designed for running at Шаблон:Convert. On 24 June 2008, CRH3-001C reached a top speed of Шаблон:Convert during a test on the Beijing to Tianjin high speed line.[7]

On 9 December 2009, a pair of CRH3 EMUs (CRH3-013C + CRH3-017C) reached a top speed of Шаблон:Convert during a test on the Zhengzhou to Xi'an high speed line,[8] setting a world record for double-link EMUs.Шаблон:Citation needed

On 28 September 2009, an additional 20 CRH3C sets was ordered by the Chinese MOR.[9]

CRH380B/BL

Файл:CRH380B-6401L.jpg
CRH380BL at Shanghai Hongqiao railway station

In March 2009, a new contract was signed with China Northern Railways (CNR) to supply 100 16-car trainsets for 39.2B RMB with delivery from October 2010 onwards. This order for a total of 1600 railway cars is greater than the total production of all Velaro and ICE trains that have ever been manufactured in the past. It is planned that the trains will be produced by CNR subsidiaries, Tangshan Railway Vehicle and Changchun Railway Vehicles, using technology from the previous technology transfer agreement. In this contract, Siemens acts as a component supplier, with 85% of the content actually made by the company.[10][11] An additional order for 40 16-car sets and 40 8-car sets was made on 28 September 2009 for 25.32B RMB.[12]

Top travel speed for this variant is Шаблон:Convert, though it is capable of attaining even higher speeds.[13] These trains have been designated as CRH380B (8-car set) and CRH380BL (16-car set) in September 2010.[14] The first CRH380BL set with series number CRH380B-6401L rolled off the production line and was unveiled to the public in September 2010. it was manufactured by Tangshan Railway Vehicle.[15] In October 2010, the 16-car train was sent to Beijing loop line for test. In November 2010, the train was sent to Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway for trial run. The trainset reached the maximum speed of Шаблон:Convert on 5 December 2010.[16] More recently, during a subsequent test on 10 January 2011, a CRH380BL set reached a new record speed of Шаблон:Convert, breaking the previous record held by the CRH380A.[17]

Since 13 January 2011, the CRH380BL enter regular service at the Shanghai–Hangzhou High-Speed Railway and Shanghai–Nanjing High-Speed Railway.[18]

All 54 CRH380BL trainsets were recalled in mid-August 2011 due to operational problems on the new Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway. The new trains were reported as being "too sensitive" and the subject of frequent breakdowns in stormy weather. They were temporarily replaced by the CRH380A and CRH380AL. The recalled trainsets returned to service in December 2011, .

CRH380CL

Файл:CRH380CL and CRH380BL in Beijingnan Railway Station.JPG
A CRH380CL (left) beside a CRH380BL (right)

CRH380CL is a modified CRH380BL with a redesigned nose and electrical equipment from Hitachi. 25 16-car trainsets have been ordered by the MOR, replacing 25 previously ordered CRH380BL units.[19] The first trainset was delivered and underwent testing in 2011.[20] The trains entered regular service in the Spring of 2013.[21]

CRH3A

Файл:China Railways CRH3A-5253 20180427.jpg
CRH3A

The CRH3A is based on CJ1 (which in itself is derived from the CRH380B/BL/CL) and CRH5. It was designed for operation on passenger dedicated lines and intercity railways at speeds between Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert.[22][23] The first sets where unveiled for public service on 6 December 2017 on the Xi'an–Chengdu HSR which opened a few days later.[24]

CRH3X

A prototype highspeed train being developed at CRRC Tangshan capable of cars in a trainset to be swapped out according to demand. Two platforms are being developed for Шаблон:Convert and Шаблон:Convert operation. Trains can be adjusted to be between 2 and 16 cars long with capability to swap in double deck passenger cars, restaurant and freight cars according to demand.[25][26][27]

Formation

Power Destination

  • M – Motor car
  • T – Trailer car
  • C – Driver cabin
  • P – Pantograph

Coach Type

  • SW – Business Class Coach
  • ZY – First Class Coach
  • ZE – Second Class Coach
  • CA – Dining Car
  • ZEC – Second Class Coach／Dining Car
  • ZES – Second Class／Business Coach
  • ZYS – First Class／Business Coach
  • ZYG – First Class Coach／Sightseeing Car
  • ZET – Second Class Coach／Premier Coach
  • ZYT – First Class Coach／Premier Coach

CRH3C

Coach No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type ZE ZEC ZY ZE
Power Configuration MC TP M T M TP MC
Power Units Unit 1 Unit 2
Capacity 60+8 80 50 80 60+8
  • Train No. 3001～3080

CRH380B

Coach No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type ZYS ZE ZEC ZE ZES
Power Configuration MC TP M T M TP MC
Power Units Unit 1 Unit 2
Capacity 28+5 85 75 63 85 40+5
  • Train No. 3571～3731, 3738～3754, 5637～5681, 5730～5761, 5787～5802, 5829～5888

CRH380BG

Coach No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Type ZYT ZE ZEC ZE ZET
Power Configuration MC TP M T M TP MC
Power Units Unit 1 Unit 2
Capacity Шаблон:Ref 44+8 80 71 40 80 60+8
Capacity Шаблон:Ref 28+5 85 75 63 85 40+5

CRH380BL

Coach No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Type Шаблон:Ref ZYG ZY SW ZY ZE CA ZE ZYG
Type Шаблон:Ref SW ZY ZE CA ZE SW
Power Configuration MC TP M T M TP M TP M T M TP MC
Power Units Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4
CapacityШаблон:Ref 2+37 56 24 56 71 80 80 2+37
CapacityШаблон:Ref 3+13 56 80 71 80 80 3+13

CRH380CL

Coach No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Type Шаблон:Ref ZYG ZY SW ZY ZE CA ZE ZYG
Type Шаблон:Ref ZYS ZY ZE CA ZE ZYS
Power Configuration MC TP M T M TP M TP M T M TP MC
Power Units Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4
CapacityШаблон:Ref 2+37 56 24 56 71 80 80 2+37
CapacityШаблон:Ref 3+13 56 56 80 71 80 80 3+13

Distribution

As of August 2017, there are 80 CRH3C series EMU, 661 CRH380B series EMU and 25 CRH380C series EMU in service.

Operator Quantity Serial number Depot Lines serving Notes
CRH3C
Beijing Railway Bureau 20 3001～3016, 3018～3021 Beijing Beijing–Tianjin Intercity Railway Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Railway Beijing-Harbin High-speed Railway
Guangzhou Railway Group 22 3022, 3023, 3025, 3029, 3032, 3038, 3043, 3045, 3046, 3048, 3053, 3055～3057, 3059, 3071～3076, 3080 Shenzhen North Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link, Guiyang–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Hengyang–Liuzhou intercity railway, Loudi–Shaoyang high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway, Xi'an–Baoji high-speed railway
38 3017, 3024, 3026～3028, 3030, 3031, 3033～3037, 3039～3042, 3044, 3047, 3049, 3050, 3052, 3054, 3058, 3060～3070, 3078, 3079 Changsha Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link, Hengyang–Liuzhou intercity railway, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway
CRH380B
Shanghai Railway Bureau 63 3571～3576, 3579, 3583, 3585～3592, 3598, 3600～3609, 3611, 3616, 3618, 3663～3666, 3671～3673, 3676, 3677, 3704, 3705, 3712～3714, 3716, 3717, 3722～3724, 3727～3730, 3738～3741, 3743, 3745, 3751～3754 Shanghai Hongqiao Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway, Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Jinhua–Wenzhou high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xuzhou high-speed railway
60 3594, 3595, 3613～3615, 3620, 3629, 3633, 3642, 3644, 3645, 3649, 3719, 3720, 5637～5639, 5641, 5647, 5648, 5680, 5681, 5730, 5732, 5733, 5735～5737, 5743, 5744, 5754～5757, 5787～5798, 5801, 5802, 5829, 5834～5836, 5838, 5839, 5841, 5844～5846, 5848, 5849 Nanjing South Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway, Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway, Nanjing–Hangzhou passenger railway, Jinhua–Wenzhou high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xuzhou high-speed railway
24 3580, 3581, 3593, 3612, 3619, 3623, 3624, 3626, 3634, 3645, 3639～3641, 3643, 3652～3655, 3674, 3678, 3682, 3715, 3718, 3721 Hefei South Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway, Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway, Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Jinhua–Wenzhou high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway
Guangzhou Railway Group 21 3596, 3599, 3621, 3625, 3648, 3651, 3656, 3657, 3659, 3686, 3688, 3689, 3700, 3701, 3707, 3708, 3725, 3746～3749 Guangzhou South Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway
31 3577, 3578, 3582, 3584, 3597, 3610, 3617, 3622, 3627, 3628, 3630～3632, 3636～3638, 3646, 3647, 3650, 3658, 3660, 3661, 3675, 3680, 3681, 3683～3685, 3687, 3698, 3699 Changsha Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Nanjing–Hangzhou passenger railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Loudi–Shaoyang high-speed railway, Hengyang–Liuzhou intercity railway
Beijing Railway Bureau 12 3667～3670, 3690, 3691, 3694, 3696, 3697, 5657, 5658, 5662 Beijing Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway, Tianjin–Baoding intercity railway, Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway, Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway
24 3662, 3679, 3692, 3693, 3695, 3702, 3703, 5659～5661, 5663～5671, 5738～5742 Changsha Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Tianjin–Baoding intercity railway, Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway, Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Shijiazhuang–Taiyuan high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway
Jinan Railway Bureau 1 5679 Qingdao Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xuzhou high-speed railway, Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Qingdao–Rongcheng intercity railway
31 5643, 5646, 5649～5656, 5672, 5673, 5675, 5682, 5683, 5747, 5847, 5852, 5855, 5857, 5860, 5867～5872, 5881～5884 Qingdao North
27 5644, 5674, 5676～5678, 5745, 5746, 5748, 5749, 5751～5753, 5758～5761, 5799, 5800, 5830～5833, 5843, 5853, 5854, 5858, 5859 Jinan Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xuzhou high-speed railway, Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway, Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway
Zhengzhou Railway Bureau 24 5837, 5840, 5842, 5850, 5851, 5856, 5861～5866, 5873～5880, 5885～5888 Zhengzhou East Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xuzhou high-speed railway, Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Tianjin–Baoding intercity railway, Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway, Beijing–Harbin railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Nanjing–Hangzhou passenger railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway, Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway
Xi'an Railway Bureau 29 3706, 3709～3711, 3726, 3731, 3742, 3744, 3750, 3755～3774 Xi'an North Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xuzhou high-speed railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Qingdao–Jinan high-speed railway, Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway, Beijing–Guangzhou high-speed railway, Jinhua–Wenzhou high-speed railway, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway
Lanzhou Railway Bureau 6 5640, 5642, 5645, 5731, 5734, 5750 Lanzhou West
CRH380BG
Shenyang Railway Bureau 24 5547～5551, 5559, 5562, 5563, 5572～5574, 5583, 5587, 5596, 5597, 5688, 5702, 5709, 5713, 5715, 5723, 5725, 5763, 5765 Changchun Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway, Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway, Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway, Changchun–Jilin intercity railway
29 5576, 5577, 5581, 5585, 5684～5687, 5698～5700, 5704, 5710, 5724, 5728, 5729, 5764, 5767～5769, 5771～5773, 5808, 5809, 5811, 5812, 5815, 5817 Dalian Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway, Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway, Changchun–Jilin intercity railway, Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Tianjin–Baoding intercity railway, Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway, Zhengzhou–Xi'an high-speed railway
12 5766, 5774～5777, 5783, 5784, 5803, 5806, 5813, 5816, 5818 Shenyang North Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway, Qinhuangdao–Shenyang passenger railway, Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway
6 5697, 5804, 5805, 5807, 5810, 5814 Shenyang South
Shanghai Railway Bureau 31 5552～5555, 5558, 5564, 5567～5569, 5575, 5580, 5584, 5586, 5595, 5627, 5633, 5636, 5689, 5690, 5701, 5703, 5705～5708, 5712, 5716, 5719, 5720, 5762, 5770 Hefei South Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway, Qinhuangdao–Shenyang high-speed railway, Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway, Changchun–Jilin intercity railway, Shanghai–Hangzhou passenger railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Jinhua–Wenzhou high-speed railway
Harbin Railway Bureau 41 5546, 5556, 5557, 5565, 5566, 5571, 5578, 5582, 5590～5594, 5600, 5626, 5628, 5632, 5691～5696, 5711, 5714, 5717, 5718, 5721, 5722, 5726, 5727, 5778～5782, 5785, 5786, 5820～5822 Harbin North Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway, Qinhuangdao–Shenyang passenger railway, Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway
Beijing Railway Bureau 13 5560, 5561, 5570, 5579, 5588, 5589, 5598, 5599, 5629～5631, 5634, 5635 Beijing Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway, Qinhuangdao–Shenyang passenger railway, Harbin–Dalian high-speed railway, Changchun–Jilin intercity railway, Shenyang–Dandong intercity railway
CRH380BL
Shanghai Railway Bureau 50 3502, 3510, 3517～3520, 3522, 3523, 3525～3527, 3530, 3531, 3536, 3538～3547, 3549, 3552～3566, 3569, 3570, 3732～3737, 3775, 3776 Shanghai Hongqiao Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway, Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway, Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway
25 3501, 3503～3509, 3511～3516, 3521, 3524, 3528, 3529, 3532～3535, 3537, 3567, 3568 Hangzhou Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway
12 3548, 3550, 3551, 3777～3782, 3784～3786 Nanjing South Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway
Beijing Railway Bureau 18 5507, 5516, 5518, 5530, 5533, 5536, 5537, 5541～5545, 5823～5828 Beijing Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway, Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway, Hangzhou–Fuzhou–Shenzhen high-speed railway
7 5506, 5510, 5515, 5517, 5523, 5529, 5535 Caozhuang Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway
Jinan Railway Bureau 14 5501, 5503, 5504, 5508, 5509, 5511, 5512, 5524～5528, 5534, 5539 Jinan Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway, Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway, Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway, Guangzhou–Shenzhen–Hong Kong Express Rail Link
1 5532 Jinan West Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway, Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway, Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway
22 3783, 5502, 5505, 5513, 5514, 5519～5522, 5531, 5538, 5540, 5889～5898 Qingdao North Qingdao–Jinan passenger railway, Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway, Shanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu high-speed railway, Beijing-Guangzhou high-speed railway, Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway
CRH380BJ (formerly: CIT400B)
China Railway 2 0301, A-0504 Шаблон:N/A Comprehensive inspection trains in orange livery
CRH380CL
Beijing Railway Bureau 12 5601, 5603, 5605～5610, 5617～5618, 5620～5621 Beijing Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Qingdao–Jinan high-speed railway
Shanghai Railway Bureau 13 5602, 5604, 5611～5616, 5619, 5622～5625 Shanghai Hongqiao Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway, Shanghai–Hangzhou high-speed railway, Nanjing–Hangzhou high-speed railway, Hangzhou–Ningbo high-speed railway

Accidents and incidents

On 25 January 2018 the train number G284/281 from Qingdao railway station to Hangzhou East railway station, served by CRH380BL-5522 (staffed by Jinan Railway Bureau) was forced to make an emergency stop at Dingyuan railway station due to a fire on one of the main transformers installed in Coach 2 (ZY 552202).[28] Some 1400 passengers were evacuated, while the car affected by the fire has been completely burnt out. No injuries or casualties were reported.[29]

CRH3 on display in museums

Файл:CRH3 999C.jpg
CRH3 999C at the Steam Locomotive Gallery

There is a CRH3 on display at the Steam Locomotive Gallery of Shenyang. It is CRH3 999C according to the sign infront of the train

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:High-speed rail in the People's Republic of China Шаблон:German ICE class Шаблон:High-speed rail

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

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  21. ↑ Archived at GhostarchiveШаблон:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineШаблон:Cbignore: Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Cbignore
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