Английская Википедия:Chinamita

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:DMY Шаблон:UBE Шаблон:Infobox former country Шаблон:Maya civilization The Chinamitas or Tulumkis (Nahuatl chinamitl, Mopan tulumki) were likely a Mopan Maya people who constituted the former Chinamita Territory, an early Columbian polity of the Maya Lowlands, likely in present-day Belize and Guatemala. In the early 17th century, the Territory probably lay along the Mopan River in the eastern Petén Basin and neighbouring portions of western Belize, being thereby situated east of the Itza of Nojpetén, south of the Yaxhá and Sacnab lakes, and west of Tipuj.

Etymology

The term Chinamita is derived from the Nahuatl Шаблон:Lang, meaning "cane hedge". This was equivalent to the Mopan term Шаблон:Lang, meaning "wall of agave", which was the name of the Chinamita capital.Шаблон:Sfn Spanish chronicler Juan de Villagutierre Soto-Mayor described the Chinamitas and Tulunquies as two distinct peoples; however, Шаблон:Lang is merely the Nahuatl translation of the Mayan Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

Territory

The Territory is most commonly thought to have been situated along the Mopan River in northeastern Guatemala and southwestern Belize, wedged between Nojpeten and Tipu, and to have thereby been subordinate to or formed part of the Mopan Territory.Шаблон:SfnmШаблон:Refn However, some scholars have proposed that the Territory rather lay in northШаблон:Em Guatemala.Шаблон:SfnmШаблон:Refn

The Chinamitas' principal settlement was a town called Tulumki,Шаблон:Sfn and the Chinamita people were also referred to as Tulumkis or Tulunquies.Шаблон:Sfn Tulumki was said to have a population of 8,000 in the early 17th century;Шаблон:Refn the population was said to include both male and female Spaniards who had been captured by the Chinamitas. The town was described as being defended by a moat and a maguey hedge, and was accessed via a narrow entranceway.Шаблон:Sfn

Relations with the Itza

Itza–Chinamita relations were quite strained, as the former "waged incessant wars against" the latter,Шаблон:Sfnm while the Chinamitas were reciprocally hostile towards their Itza neighbours and their allies.Шаблон:Sfn In 1618, Itza warriors informed the Franciscan missionaries Bartolomé de Fuensalida and Juan de Orbita that they always travelled armed when visiting their allies in Tipuj, for fear of encountering their fierce Chinamita enemies.Шаблон:Sfn According to Fuensalida, the Chinamitas had a reputation for being cannibals.Шаблон:Sfn When Franciscan friar Andrés de Avendaño y Loyola visited the Itza in 1696,Шаблон:Sfnm he understood the Tuluncies formed a part of the Itza kingdom.Шаблон:Sfn

Legacy

As of 2009, the Territory and its residents remained "virtually unknown materially and geopolitically except for documentary references or linguistic reconstructions."Шаблон:Sfnm Along with residents of the former Mopan Territory, the Chinamitas are presumed ancestors of the modern Mopan Maya people of Belize and Guatemala.

Notes and references

Full citations

• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite journal
• Шаблон:Cite book
• Шаблон:Cite book