Английская Википедия:Chinese character forms
Chinese character forms (Шаблон:Zh) are the shapes and structures of Chinese characters. They are the physical carriers of written Chinese. Шаблон:Sfn
Modern Chinese characters appear in the form of square blocks. There are two methods to analyze the forms of Chinese characters, source tracing analysis (Шаблон:Zhi) and current status analysis (Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi). Source tracing analysis is also called the method of character creation (Шаблон:Zhi). It takes the form of a character when it was created as the object of analysis. Current status (or current situation) analysis takes the current regular script standard form (Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi) as the object. As an academic subject, modern Chinese characters pay more attention to current status analysis.Шаблон:Sfn
Current status analysis studies how the writing units are combined level by level into a complete Chinese character. There are three levels of structural units of Chinese characters: strokes (Шаблон:Zhi), components (Шаблон:Zhi), and whole characters (Шаблон:Zhi).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn For example, character Шаблон:Zhi is composed of two components, each of which is composed of three stokes:
Шаблон:Zhi = 宀(㇔㇔㇇) + 子(㇇㇚㇐).
Strokes
Strokes (bǐhuà; Шаблон:Zhi; Шаблон:Zhi) are the smallest writing units of Chinese characters. When writing a Chinese character, the trace of a dot or a line left on the writing material (such as paper) from pen-down to pen-up is called a stroke.Шаблон:Sfn
Stroke number is the number of strokes of a Chinese character. It varies, for example, characters "一" and "乙" have only one stroke, while character "齉" has 36 strokes, and "龘" (three 龍s, dragons) consists of 48 strokes.Шаблон:Sfn
Stroke forms refer to the shapes of strokes. The stroke forms of a standard Chinese character set can be classified into a stroke table (or stroke list), for instance, the Unicode CJK strokes list has 36 types of strokes: [1]
Stroke order has two meanings:
- The order of a stroke, or the direction in which a stroke is written, for example, stroke "㇐" (heng, horizontal) is written from left to right, stroke "㇑" (shu, vertical)" is written from top to bottom.
- The order of strokes in a character, i.e., the order in which strokes are written to form a Chinese character, for example, the stroke order of character Шаблон:Zhi is "㇓㇐㇑".
Because the direction of strokes is relatively simple, people generally refer to the latter meaning when talking about stroke order.Шаблон:Sfn
Strokes can also be used for Chinese character sorting. The important stroke-based sorting methods include stroke-count sorting, stroke-count-stroke-order sorting, GB stroke-based sorting and YES sorting.
Strokes combine with each other in a Chinese character in different ways. There are three types of stroke combinations between two strokes:Шаблон:Sfn
- Separation: the strokes are separated from each other. Such as: Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi.
- Connection: the strokes are connected, such as Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi.
- Intersection: the strokes are intersected. Such as: Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi.
Components
Chinese character components (Pinyin: hànzì bùjiàn; Traditional Chinese: Шаблон:Zhi; Simplified Chinese: Шаблон:Zhi) are Chinese character building blocks composed of strokes.Шаблон:Sfn In most cases, a component is larger than a stroke (i.e., consists of more than one stroke) and smaller than the whole character (combines with some other components to form a character). For example, in character "件", there are two components (Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi), each with more than one strokes, (亻: ㇓㇑) and (牛: ㇓㇐㇐㇑). In the special cases of one-stroke characters, such as Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi, a stroke is a component and is a character.
Chinese character component analysis is to divide or separate a character into components. There are two ways for Chinese character dividing, hierarchical dividing and plane dividing. Hierarchical dividing separate layer by layer from larger to smaller components, and finally get the primitive components. Plane dividing separate out the primitive components at one time. Hierarchical dividing can display the external structure of Chinese characters, while plane splitting can be regarded as omitting the higher splitting levels, and directly writing out the final separating result of primitive components.Шаблон:Sfn
A component that can independently form a character is a character component, or a component of independent character formation (Шаблон:Zhi). For example, component Шаблон:Zhi formed character Шаблон:Zhi independently, and is a component in characters Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi. A component that can not independently form a character is a non-character component, or a component of dependent character formation (Шаблон:Zhi). For example, Шаблон:Zhi is not a character in modern Chinese, but it is a component in characters Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.Шаблон:Sfn
A component that cannot be (further) divided into smaller components by the rules is a primitive component, or basic component (Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi). Primitive components are the final-level components of hierarchical dividing. For example, components Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi in character Шаблон:Zhi. A component composed of two or more primitive components is a compound component (Шаблон:Zhi). For example, component Шаблон:Zhi in character Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.Шаблон:Sfn
Radicals (Шаблон:Zhi) and pianpangs(Шаблон:Zhi) are components. In Chinese characters, radicals are mostly semantic pianpangs, such as the radicals of Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi.Шаблон:Sfn
The structure of a Chinese character is the pattern or rule in which the character is formed by its (first level) components.Шаблон:Sfn Chinese character structures include:
- Single-component structure: The character is formed by a single primitive component, such as Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Left-right structure: The character is formed by a component on the left and another one on the right, such as Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Up-down structure: The character is formed by a component above another component, such as Шаблон:Zhi,召 and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Surrounding structure: One component is completely or partially surrounded by another component, such as Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
Whole characters
A Chinese whole character (Pinyin: hànzì zhěngzì; Traditional Chinese: Шаблон:Zhi; Simplified Chinese: Шаблон:Zhi) is a complete Chinese character. It lies at the final level of the stroke-component-character Chinese character composition. According to their structures, Chinese characters can be divided into undecomposable characters and decomposable characters.Шаблон:Sfn
Undecomposable characters
An undecomposable character (Шаблон:Zhi) consists of one primitive component, which is directly formed by strokes and can not be decomposed into smaller components.Шаблон:Sfn In the "Specification of the Undecomposable Characters Commonly Used in the Modern Chinese" (Шаблон:Zhi), there is the "List of Modern Commonly Used Undecomposable Characters" (256 characters in stroke-based order):Шаблон:Sfn
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It is estimated that the number of undecomposable characters approximately account for 4% in modern Chinese characters.Шаблон:Sfn
Decomposable characters
A decomposable character (Шаблон:Zhi) consists of more than one components. There are two frequently-used modes of component combination in the study of Chinese character structures: first-level component combination and primitive component combination.Шаблон:Sfn
According to first-level component combination, the structures of decomposable characters can be divided into 13 categories:Шаблон:Sfn[2]
- Left to right (⿰, 2FF0 Шаблон:Efn), for example: Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Left to middle and right (⿲, 2FF2): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Above to below (⿱, 2FF1): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Above to middle and below (⿳, 2FF3): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Full surround (⿴ , 2FF4): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi
- Surround from above (⿵, 2FF5): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and 風
- Surround from below (⿶, 2FF6): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and 函
- Surround from left (⿷, 2FF7): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and 匣
- Surround from upper left (⿸, 2FF8): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Surround from upper right (⿹, 2FF9): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Surround from lower left (⿺, 2FFA): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Surround from lower right (N/A)：斗 and Шаблон:Zhi.
- Overlaid (⿻, 2FFB): Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi and Шаблон:Zhi.
According to primitive component combination, the structures of decomposable characters can be divided into:Шаблон:Sfn
- A. For characters composed of two primitive components, there are 9 different structures, as shown by the following example characters: Шаблон:Zhi.
- B. For characters composed of three components, there are 21 different structures, such as: Шаблон:Zhi.
- C. For characters composed of four components, there are 20 different structures, such as: Шаблон:Zhi.
- D. For characters composed of five components, there are 20 different structures, such as: Шаблон:Zhi.
- E. For characters composed of six components, there are 10 different structures, such as: Шаблон:Zhi.
- F. For characters composed of seven components, there are 3 different structures, such as: Шаблон:Zhi.
- G. For characters composed of eight components, there is 1 structure, such as: Шаблон:Zhi.
- H. For characters composed of nine components, there is 1 structure, such as: Шаблон:Zhi.
Fonts
The popular fonts of modern Chinese characters include Song or Ming (Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi; Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi), FangSong (Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi), Kai (regular, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi), Li (clerical, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi), Hei (black, sans-serif, Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi) and Wei (Шаблон:Zhi, Шаблон:Zhi).Шаблон:Sfn
In Chinese, in addition to the international "points" system, a unique "number" (Шаблон:Zhi) system is used for character sizes. For example, the Simplified Chinese version of MS Word allows setting font sizes by points or by numbers.Шаблон:Sfn The sizes of the number systems include (in ascending order of font sizes):
Size No. 8 (Шаблон:Zhi), No. 7 (Шаблон:Zhi), Small No. 6 (Шаблон:Zhi), No. 6 (Шаблон:Zhi), Small No. 5 (Шаблон:Zhi), No. 5 (Шаблон:Zhi), Small No. 4 (Шаблон:Zhi), No. 4 (Шаблон:Zhi), Small No. 3 (Шаблон:Zhi), No. 3 (Шаблон:Zhi), Small No. 2 (Шаблон:Zhi), No. 2 (Шаблон:Zhi), small No. 1 (Шаблон:Zhi), No. 1 (Шаблон:Zhi), Small initial number (Шаблон:Zhi), Initial number (Шаблон:Zhi).
See also
Notes
References
Works cited
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
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- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
