Английская Википедия:Chinese character strokes

Chinese character strokes (Шаблон:Zh) are the smallest structural units of Chinese characters. When writing a character, the trace of a line or a dot left on the writing surface (such as paper) by the movement from pen-down to pen-up is called a stroke. A stroke may also refer to the movement to write such a trace.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

The beginnings and ends of the lines in ancient Chinese characters are often unclear, and it is difficult to count the number of lines. The strokes we use nowadays did not come into being until the appearance of the Clerical script (Шаблон:Zhi), Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn as illustrated by the historical development of character 馬 (马, horse): Шаблон:Efn

Oracle	Bronze	Bigseal	Seal	Clerical	Regular	Simplified
Файл:馬-oracle.svg	Файл:馬-bronze.svg	Файл:馬-bigseal.svg	Файл:馬-seal.svg	Файл:馬-clerical.svg	Файл:馬-kaishu.svg	Файл:马-kaishu.svg

In the following sections, there is an introduction to the number, form, order, combination and distribution of strokes, as well as stroke-based sorting of Chinese characters and words. And an effort is made to make the contents more complementary than repetitive with the other wiki article on strokes, i.e., Stroke (CJK character).

Stroke number

Шаблон:Main

Stroke number, or stroke count, is the number of strokes of a Chinese character. It plays an important role in Chinese character sorting, teaching and computer information processing. Шаблон:Sfn Stroke numbers vary dramatically from characters to characters, for example, characters "一" and "乙" have only one stroke, while character "齉" has 36 strokes, and "龘" (three 龍s, dragons) 48. The Chinese character with the most strokes in the entire Unicode character set is "𪚥" (four 龍s) of 64 strokes.^[1] Шаблон:Sfn

Stroke counting

There are effective methods to count the strokes of a Chinese character correctly. First of all, stroke counting is to be carried out on the standard regular script (Шаблон:Zhi) of the character, and according to its stroke order. And if needed, a standard list of strokes or list of stroke orders issued by the authoritative institution should be consulted.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

If two strokes are connected at the endpoints, whether they are separated into two strokes or linked into one stroke can be judged by the following rules: Шаблон:Sfn

If the two strokes are connected in the upper left corner of a character or component, then separate them into two strokes, such as: 厂 (stroke order: ㇐㇓), 口 (㇑㇕㇐) and 日 (㇑㇕㇐㇐).
If they are connected in the upper right corner, then one stroke, such as: 口 (㇑㇕㇐), 月 (㇓㇆㇐㇐), 句 (㇓㇆㇑㇕㇐).
If they are connected in the lower left corner, then if it is a fully enclosed structure, then count as two separated strokes, such as: 口 (㇑㇕㇐), 回 (㇑㇕㇑㇕㇐㇐), 田 (㇑㇕㇐㇑㇐) ;Шаблон:Efn if it is not fully enclosed, then count as one stroke, such as: 山 (㇑㇗㇑), 区 (㇐㇓㇔㇗), 葛 (㇐㇑㇑㇑㇕㇐㇐㇓㇆㇓㇔㇗) .Шаблон:Efn
If they are connected in the lower right corner, then two strokes, such as: 口 (㇑㇕㇐), 回 (㇑㇕㇑㇕㇐㇐), 田 (㇑㇕㇐㇑㇐).

An important prerequisite for connecting two strokes into one stroke is: the tail of the first stroke is connected with the head of the second stroke.

Distribution of characters

In article Stroke number, there are several tables of statistical data illustrating the distributions of Chinese characters among all stroke numbers of some representative character sets. Here is a brief introduction:

Chart of Standard Forms of Common National Characters (Шаблон:Zhi) is a standard character set of 4,808 characters issued by the Ministry of Education of Taiwan (ROC). The stroke numbers of characters range from 1 to 32 strokes. The 11-strokes group has the most characters, taking 9.297% of the character set. On the average, there are 12.186 strokes per character.Шаблон:Sfn^[2]

The List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese (Шаблон:Zhi) is a standard character set of 3,500 characters issued by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China.^[3] The stroke numbers of characters range from 1 to 24 strokes. The 9-strokes characters are the most, taking 11.857% of the character set. On the average, there are 9.7409 strokes per character.Шаблон:Sfn

The Unicode Basic CJK Unified Ideographs is an international standard character set issued by ISO and Unicode, the same character set of the China national standard 13000.1. There are 20,902 Chinese characters, including simplified and traditional characters from China, Japan and Korea (CJK).^[4] The stroke numbers of characters range from 1 to 48 strokes. The 12-strokes group has the most characters, taking 9.358% of the character set. On the average, there are 12.845 strokes per character.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Sfn

Stroke form

Stroke forms (Шаблон:Zhi) are the shapes of strokes. How many types or categories of stroke forms are there in Chinese characters? There are different answers from different classifications. Шаблон:Sfn

Two categories

The strokes of modern Chinese characters can be divided into plane strokes (平笔) and turning (or bent) strokes (折笔) .Шаблон:Sfn A plane stroke moves in one direction or only curve gently (normally less than 90 degrees). Bent strokes are composed of plane strokes and turning points with sharper bends. They include

Plane strokes: Шаблон:Zhi.
Bent strokes: ㇕㇅㇎㇡㇋㇊㇍㇈㇆㇇㇌ Файл:Cjk m str hpj.svg ㇗㇞㇉ㄣ㇙㇄㇟㇚㇜㇛㇢㇂.

Plane strokes are also called basic strokes, and bent strokes also called derived strokes (派生笔形) or compound strokes (复合笔形). Шаблон:Sfn

Five categories

When the six plane strokes of Шаблон:Zhi are classified into four categories by putting "ti" into category "heng", and "na" into "dian", then, together with the bent stroke category, a five-category system is formed: Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Zhi.
Шаблон:Zhi.
Шаблон:Zhi.
Шаблон:Zhi.
Bent strokes: ㇕㇅㇎㇡㇋㇊㇍㇈㇆㇇㇌ Файл:Cjk m str hpj.svg ㇗㇞㇉ㄣ㇙㇄㇟㇚㇜㇛㇢㇂.

Current national standards of PRC such as "Stroke Orders of Commonly-used Standard Chinese Characters" and many reference books published in China mainland adopt the five categories of strokes, and stipulate the heng-shu-pie-dian-zhe (Шаблон:Zhi) stroke group order. This order is consistent with the stroke order of character 札 (zhá, ㇐㇑㇓㇔㇟), and is also called the "札 order".Шаблон:Sfn In Hong Kong, Taiwan and some other places, people also use the group order of dian-heng-shu-pie-zhe (Шаблон:Zhi) Шаблон:Sfn

The five basic strokes of heng (一), shu (丨), pie (丿), dian (丶), and zhe (𠃍) at the beginning of each group are called main stroke shapes; and the following strokes are called subordinate stroke shapes, or secondary strokes. The name of a category is the name of the main stroke. For example, category "heng" include main stroke "heng" and secondary stroke "ti".

There are disputes over the classification of the vertical hook stroke (亅) among the five types of strokes. In the currently effective national standards, 亅 belongs to category "shu", Шаблон:Sfn but some language scholars argue that it should be put in the "zhe" (bend) category.Шаблон:Sfn

Eight categories

In this classification, a new category "gou" (钩, hook), which include all the strokes with hooks, is divided out from the original bend category; then, together with the six types of plane strokes, an eight-category system is formed: Шаблон:Sfn

Because the character "永 (yǒng, forever)" happens to contain strokes similar to these eight types of stroke forms, this classification is also called the "Eight Principles of Yong".

CJK strokes

The stroke forms of a standard Chinese character set can be classified into a more detailed stroke table (or stroke list), for instance, the Unicode CJK strokes list has 36 types of strokes: Шаблон:Unicode chart CJK Strokes

A stroke table is also called a stroke alphabet, whoes functions in the Chinese writing system is something like the Latin Alphabet in the English writing system.

YES strokes

Another stroke table is the YES Stroke Alphabet, which is used in YES stroke alphabetical order.Шаблон:Sfn

Stroke alphabet

This is a list of 30 strokes:

㇐ ㇕ ㇅ ㇎ ㇡ ㇋ ㇊ ㇍ ㇈ ㇆ ㇇ ㇌ Шаблон:Zhi ㇀ ㇑ ㇗ ㇞ ㇉ ㄣ ㇙ ㇄ ㇟ ㇚ ㇓ ㇜ ㇛ ㇢ ㇔ ㇏ ㇂.

The stroke alphabet is built on the basis of Unicode CJK Strokes^[5] and the Standard of Chinese Character Bending Strokes of the GB13000.1 Character Set.Шаблон:Sfn There are totally 30 strokes, sorted by the standard plane strokes order of “heng (橫, 横, 一), tiao/ti (挑, 提, ㇀), shu (豎, 竖, 丨), pie (撇, 丿), dian (點, 点, 丶), na (捺, ㇏)” and the bending points order of “zhe (折), wan (彎, 弯) and gou (鉤, 钩)”.Шаблон:Sfn

Stroke names

The English name is formed by the initial Pinyin letters of each character in the Chinese name, similar to the naming of CJK strokes in Unicode,^[5] (i.e., H: heng, T: ti/tiao, S: shu, P: pie, D: dian, N: na; z: zhe, w: wan and g: gou).

**YES stroke names**
Stroke	English name	Chinese name	Example Шаблон:Efn
㇐	H	横	• 1st stroke of 十 • 1st stroke of 七
㇕	HzS	横折竖	• 2nd stroke of 口 • 1st stroke of Шаблон:Zhi
㇅	HzSzH	横折竖折横	• 2nd stroke of 凹
㇎	HzSzHzS	横折竖折横折竖	• 4th stroke of 凸
㇡	HzSzHzSg	横折竖折横折竖钩	• 1st stroke of 乃 • 5th stroke of Шаблон:Zhi
㇋	HzSzHzP	横折竖折横折撇	• 2th stroke of Шаблон:Zhi • 5th stroke of 延
㇊	HzSzT	横折竖折提	• 2nd stroke of Шаблон:Zhi • 2nd stroke of Шаблон:Zhi
㇍	HzSwH	横折竖弯横	• 2nd stroke of 朵 • 5th stroke of 投
㇈(乙)	HzSwHg	横折竖弯横钩	• 2nd stroke of 几 • last stroke of 亿
㇆	HzSg	横折竖钩	• 2nd stroke of 同 • 1st stroke of Шаблон:Zhi
㇇(乛)	HzP	横折撇	• 1st stroke of 又 • 3rd stroke of 寳
㇌	HzPzPg	横折撇折撇钩	• 1st stroke of 陽 • 9th stroke of 部
Файл:Cjk m str hpj.svg	HzNg	横折捺钩	• 1st stroke of 飞 • 2nd stroke of 风
㇀	T	提	• 3rd stroke of 提 • 3th stroke of 堆 • 3th stroke of 江
㇑	S	竖	• 2nd stroke of 十 • 2nd stroke of 五
㇗(㇜)	SzH	竖折横	• 2nd stroke of 山 • 2nd stroke of 车
㇞	SzHzS	竖折横折竖	• 6th stroke of 鼎 • 4th stroke of 吳
㇉	SzHzSg	竖折横折竖钩	• 2nd stroke of 马 • 3rd stroke of 弓
ㄣ	SzHzP	竖折横折撇	• 3rd stroke of 专 • 7th stroke of 奊
㇙	SzT	竖折提	• 3rd stroke of 长 • 1st stroke of 以
㇄	SwH	竖弯横	• 4th stroke of 四 • 5th stroke of 西
㇟	SwHg	竖弯横钩	• 3rd stroke of 己 • 5th stroke of 电
㇚	Sg	竖钩	• 1st stroke of 小 • 2nd stroke of 了
㇓	P	撇	• 1st stroke of 千 • 1st stroke of 人 • 1st stroke of 儿
㇜	PzT	撇折提	• 6th stroke of 私 • 1st and 2nd strokes of 红
㇛	PzD	撇折点	• 1st stroke of 女 • 1st, 2nd and 3rd strokes of 巡
㇢	Pg	撇钩	• 2nd stroke of 犹 • 1st stroke of 乄
㇔	D	点	• 1st and 2nd strokes of 河 • 1st and 2nd strokes of 家
㇏(〇)	N	捺	• 2nd stroke of 人 • last stroke of 边 • 〇, 6th stroke of 㔔
㇂	Ng	捺钩	• 2nd stroke of 戈 • 4th stroke of 成

For more details on stroke forms, stroke naming and stroke tables, please visit sister article Stroke (CJK character).

Stroke order

Шаблон:Main The concept of stroke order (Шаблон:Zhi) has two meanings:

The direction in which a stroke is written, for example, stroke heng (㇐, horizontal) is written horizontally from left to right, stroke shu (㇑, vertical) is written vertically from top to bottom.
The order in which strokes are written one by one to form a Chinese character.

Because the direction of strokes is relatively simple, people generally refer to the latter meaning when talking about stroke order.

The most basic rules of stroke order are:

First heng (㇐, horizontal) and then shu (㇑, vertical), such as 十, 卄.
First pie (丿) then na (㇏), such as 乂, 文.
First up then down, such as 三, 旦.
First left then right, such as 川, 好.
First outside and then inside, such as 同, 廣，司.

More examples, the stroke orders of "筆順笔顺" are

筆: ㇓㇐㇔㇓㇐㇔㇕㇐㇐㇐㇐㇑
順: ㇓㇑㇑㇐㇓㇑㇕㇐㇐㇐㇓㇔
笔: ㇓㇐㇔㇓㇐㇔㇓㇐㇐㇟
顺: ㇓㇑㇑㇐㇓㇑㇕㇓㇔

The order of strokes is a summary of people's experience in writing Chinese characters correctly and conveniently. It plays an important role in the teaching, sorting and computer information processing of Chinese characters. The stroke order of cursive script (Шаблон:Zhi) is quite flexible and changeable, so the standard of stroke order generally refers to the stroke order of regular script (Шаблон:Zhi).

The currently effective standards for stroke orders in China mainland and Taiwan are "Stroke orders of the commonly used standard Chinese characters" (Шаблон:Zhi) Шаблон:Sfn and "Шаблон:Zhi (Handbook of the Stroke Orders of the Commonly-Used National Chinese Characters)" .Шаблон:Sfn

Stroke combination

There are three types of combinations between two strokes (Шаблон:Zhi):Шаблон:Sfn

Separation: the strokes are separated from each other. Such as: 八, 三, 小.
Connection: the strokes are connected, this type can be further divided into two categories:
1. The end point of one stroke is connected with the body of another stroke
  1. An end of the first stroke is connected to the following stroke's body, such as Шаблон:Zhi (stroke order: ㇓㇟),
  2. The body of the first stroke is connected to an end of the following stroke, such as: 人 (㇓㇏).
2. Two strokes are connected end to end, including
  1. head-to-head (首首), such as 厂 (stroke order: ㇐㇓),
  2. tail-to-tail (尾尾), such as the first two strokes of 弓 (㇕㇐㇉),
  3. tail-to-head (尾首), such as 了 (㇇㇚). Another example: in character 口 (㇑㇕㇐), the first two strokes are connected head-to-head, the second two tail-to-tail, and the last stroke is connected to the first stroke head-to-tail.
Intersection: the strokes are intersected. Such as: 十丈車.

In a Chinese character, multiple stroke combinations are usually used together. Such as: 港.

The same strokes and stroke order may form different Chinese characters or character components due to different combinations. For example, Шаблон:Sfn

刀力 (stroke order: ㇆㇓), 
由田 (㇑㇕㇐㇑㇐), 
工土士 (㇐㇑㇐), 
八人入乂 (㇓㇏), 
甲曱申叶 (㇑㇕㇐㇐㇑),
己已巳 (㇕㇐㇟).

In other words, stroke combinations have the function of distinguishing Chinese characters.

Stroke distribution

The following tables present some experimental results on the distribution of Chinese character strokes in several dictionaries and character sets. The strokes are summarized in the five categories of "heng (横, 一, horizontal), shu (竖, 丨, vertical), pie (撇, 丿, left-falling), dian (点, 丶, dot) and zhe (折, 𠃍, bent)".

Applicational frequencies

**Applicational frequencies of strokes in "Cihai"**
Stroke type	Characters	Appearances	Frequency (%)
heng	15,830	63,658	30.6638%
shu	14,997	39,811	19.1761%
zhe	15,222	36505	17.5845%
dian	13,832	36,346	17.5076%
pie	14,202	31,285	15.0695%

where field Characters includes the numbers of characters containing the strokes of each type, and field Appearances includes the number of appearances of the strokes in each type. The data is from an experiment on the 16,339 traditional and simplified Chinese characters in "Cihai (Шаблон:Zhi)" (1979 edition), sorted in descending order of frequencies of appearance. Шаблон:Sfn

**Applicational frequencies of strokes in "Unicode CJK Chinese character set"**^[4]
Stroke type	Characters	Appearances	Frequency (%)
heng	20,219	82,712	30.808%
shu	19,302	51,460	19.167%
dian	17,754	48,089	17.912%
zhe	19,310	45,279	16.865%
pie	18,295	40,940	15.249%

The data is from an experiment on the 20,902 traditional and simplified Chinese characters in "GB13000.1 character set" (equivalent to the Unicode BMP CJK Chinese character set), sorted in descending order of frequencies of appearance. Шаблон:Sfn ^[2]

The statistical results above made by different people on different character sets are basically consistent: The most commonly used stroke is "heng" (㇐), followed by "shu" (㇑). The least used is "pie" (㇓). The orders of "dian" (㇔) and "zhe" (㇕) are different (though their frequencies are quite close).

First and last strokes of Chinese characters

**"Chinese Character Information Dictionary" first and last strokes of characters** Шаблон:Sfn
Stroke type	Characters started	Frequency (%)	Characters ended	Frequency (%)
heng	2322	29.827%	2288	29.390%
pie	1767	22.697%	360	4.624%
dian	1729	22.209%	3115	40.012%
shu	1247	16.017%	1202	15.439%
zhe	719	9.248%	819	10.533%

where field "Characters started" include the number of characters started by each type of strokes, field "Characters ended" include the numbers of characters ended with the strokes. For example, there are 2,322 characters started with stroke "heng", taking 29.827% of the total number of characters in the dictionary; and there are 2,288 characters ended with "heng", or 29.390% of the total number.

The data of the table is from an experiment on the 7,784 Chinese characters in "Chinese Character Information Dictionary", sorted in descending order of numbers of characters started. Шаблон:Sfn

**"Unicode CJK Chinese character set" first and last strokes of characters** ^[4]
Stroke type	Characters started	Frequency (%)	Characters ended	Frequency (%)
heng	6194	29.632%	5819	27.837%
pie	4953	23.695%	890	4.258%
dian	4506	21.557%	8964	42.882%
shu	3305	15.811%	3089	14.777%
zhe	1945	9.305%	2142	10.247%

The data is from an experiment on the 20,902 traditional and simplified Chinese characters in "GB13000.1 character set" (equivalent to the Unicode BMP CJK Chinese character set), sorted in descending order of number of characters started. Шаблон:Sfn ^[2]

The above statistical results on the first and last strokes of Chinese characters made by different people on different character sets are consistent. The descending orders of strokes by number of characters started are all "heng, pie, dian, shu, zhe". and the descending orders of strokes by number of characters ended are all "dian, heng, shu, zhe, pie". Some rules can be drawn from here, such as: Stroke "pie" generally does not appear as the last stroke of a character (or component), but more often as the first stroke. Stroke "dian" (including "na" (捺)) appear more often at the end of characters (or components).

Stroke-based sorting

Шаблон:Main

Chinese characters can be sorted into different orders by their strokes. The important stroke-based sorting methods include:

Stroke-count sorting

This method arranges characters according to their numbers of strokes ascendingly. A character with less strokes is put before those of more strokes. For example, the different characters in "Шаблон:Zhi" (Chinese character strokes) are sorted into "汉(5)字(6)画(8)笔(10)[筆(12)畫(12)]漢(14)", where stroke counts are put in brackets. Please note that both 筆 and 畫 are of 12 strokes and their order is not determined by stroke-count sorting. Шаблон:Sfn

Stroke-order sorting

The characters are firstly arranged by their first strokes according to an order of stroke groups or stroke types (such as “heng (横), shu (竖), pie (撇), dian(点), zhe (折)”, or “dian(点), heng (横), shu (竖), pie (撇), zhe (折)”), then the characters with first strokes belonging to the same group, if any, are sorted by their second strokes in a similar way, and so on. This method is usually employed to support stroke-count sorting to deal with characters of the same stroke number. For instance, 筆(12) starts with stroke ㇓of the pie (撇) group, and 畫(12) starts with ㇕ of the zhe (折) group, and pie is before zhe in groups order, so 筆 goes before 畫. Шаблон:Sfn

Stroke-count-stroke-order sorting

This is a combination of the previous two methods. Characters are arranged by stroke-count, followed by stroke-order. For example, the different characters in "汉字笔画, 漢字筆劃" (Chinese character strokes) are sorted into "汉(5)字(6)画(8)笔(10)筆(12)畫(12)漢(14)", where each character is put at a unique position.

In China, stroke-based sorting normally refers to stroke-count-stroke-order sorting. The Chinese national standard GB stroke-based sorting is in fact an enhanced stroke-count-stroke-order method Шаблон:Sfn

YES sorting

Шаблон:Main YES is a simplified stroke-based sorting method free of stroke counting and grouping, without comprise in accuracy. And it has been successfully applied to the indexing of all the characters in Xinhua Zidian (新华字典) and Xiandai Hanyu Cidian (现代汉语词典). In this joint index you can look up the Pinyin and Unicode of a Chinese character, in addition to its page numbers in the two popular dictionaries.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Works cited

Шаблон:Refbegin

Шаблон:Refend

External links

↑ https://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=2A6A5&useutf8=true
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 (Lecture notes of the subject "Modern Chinese Characters and Information Technology", Dept of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnical University, by Dr. Zhang Xiaoheng, June 12, 2017.)
↑ 现代汉语常用字表 Шаблон:Webarchive [List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese], Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 26 Jan 1988.
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U4E00.pdf
↑ ^5,0 ^5,1 Шаблон:Cite web

[1] ttps://www.unicode.org/cgi-bin/GetUnihanData.pl?codepoint=2A6A5&useutf8=true

[:0-2] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 (Lecture notes of the subject "Modern Chinese Characters and Information Technology", Dept of Chinese and Bilingual Studies, Hong Kong Polytechnical University, by Dr. Zhang Xiaoheng, June 12, 2017.)

[3] 现代汉语常用字表 Шаблон:Webarchive [List of Frequently Used Characters in Modern Chinese], Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, 26 Jan 1988.

[unicode.org-4] 4,0 ^4,1 ^4,2 https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U4E00.pdf

[CJK_Strokes-5] 5,0 ^5,1 Шаблон:Cite web

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты	Обмен криптовалют - www.bestchange.ru Криптовалютная биржа CoinEx Криптовалютная биржа Binance HIVE OS - операционная система для майнинга e4pool - Мультивалютный пул для майнинга.
Магазины	AliExpress — глобальная виртуальная (в Интернете) торговая площадка, предоставляющая возможность покупать товары производителей из КНР; computeruniverse.net - Интернет-магазин компьютеров(Промо код 5 Евро на первую покупку:FWWC3ZKQ);
Хостинг	DigitalOcean - американский провайдер облачных инфраструктур, с главным офисом в Нью-Йорке и с центрами обработки данных по всему миру;
Разное	Викиум - Онлайн-тренажер для мозга Like Центр - Центр поддержки и развития предпринимательства. Gamersbay - лучший магазин по бустингу для World of Warcraft. Ноотропы OmniMind N°1 - Усиливает мозговую активность. Повышает мотивацию. Улучшает память. Санкт-Петербургская школа телевидения - это федеральная сеть образовательных центров, которая имеет филиалы в 37 городах России. Lingualeo.com — интерактивный онлайн-сервис для изучения и практики английского языка в увлекательной игровой форме. Junyschool (Джунискул) – международная школа программирования и дизайна для детей и подростков от 5 до 17 лет, где ученики осваивают компьютерную грамотность, развивают алгоритмическое и креативное мышление, изучают основы программирования и компьютерной графики, создают собственные проекты: игры, сайты, программы, приложения, анимации, 3D-модели, монтируют видео. Умназия - Интерактивные онлайн-курсы и тренажеры для развития мышления детей 6-13 лет SkillBox - это один из лидеров российского рынка онлайн-образования. Среди партнеров Skillbox ведущий разработчик сервисного дизайна AIC, медиа-компания Yoola, первое и самое крупное русскоязычное аналитическое агентство Tagline, онлайн-школа дизайна и иллюстрации Bang! Bang! Education, оператор PR-рынка PACO, студия рисования Draw&Go, агентство performance-маркетинга Ingate, scrum-студия Sibirix, имидж-лаборатория Персона. «Нетология» — это университет по подготовке и дополнительному обучению специалистов в области интернет-маркетинга, управления проектами и продуктами, дизайна, Data Science и разработки. В рамках Нетологии студенты получают ценные теоретические знания от лучших экспертов Рунета, выполняют практические задания на отработку полученных навыков, общаются с экспертами и единомышленниками. Познакомиться со всеми продуктами подробнее можно на сайте https://netology.ru, линейка курсов и профессий постоянно обновляется. StudyBay Brazil – это онлайн биржа для португалоговорящих студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт. Автор24 — самая большая в России площадка по написанию учебных работ: контрольные и курсовые работы, дипломы, рефераты, решение задач, отчеты по практике, а так же любой другой вид работы. Сервис сотрудничает с более 70 000 авторов. Более 1 000 000 работ уже выполнено. StudyBay – это онлайн биржа для англоязычных студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт.