Английская Википедия:Chinese names for the God of Abrahamic religions

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:About Шаблон:Missing information In the Chinese common religion and philosophical schools the idea of the universal God has been expressed in a variety of names and representations, most notably as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration, "Heaven") and Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Transliteration, "Highest Deity" or "Highest Emperor").

These two and other concepts have been variously combined, in diverse contexts, to form titles such as:

The compounds Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Transliteration + Шаблон:Transliteration, meaning "heavenly god")[5] and Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Transliteration, meaning "heavenly immortal")[6] have been used for a deity, in a polytheistic sense. The word Шаблон:Transliteration by itself has likewise been used for God.[7]

When Abrahamic religions penetrated China, they appropriated some of the traditional titles, or created new compound titles, to express their theology.

General uses

Outside of direct translations in religious books, the following are often-encountered translations of the Abrahamic God in general usage.

Nestorian Christianity

Шаблон:Main The earliest introduction of documented Christian religion appears to be Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, literally, "bright teaching") around 635 AD, whose proponents were Nestorian Christians from Persia. Their term for God was Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, literally "Veritable Majesty," "True Lord," or "Lord of Truth.").[8] In a hymn supposed to be composed by Lü Dongbin, the Christian God is denominated by the term Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, literally, "Lord of Heaven"), 800 years before Matteo Ricci and his companions.[9]

Islam

Шаблон:Main Islam has enjoyed a long history in China. For Chinese Muslims, the principal term for God is also Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang) but transliterations of the Arabic Шаблон:Transliteration also exist as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang), and as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Transliteration, "Peace" + Шаблон:Transliteration, "Help").[10] The term Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang), from the Persian term for God, Шаблон:Transliteration, is seen more often in north-western China.

Catholicism

Шаблон:See also The earliest documented Chinese Roman Catholic church was founded in China in about 1289. The Roman Catholic Church historically favored Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, literally "Heavenly Lord" or "Lord of Heaven"), and so "Catholicism" is most commonly rendered Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Transliteration + Шаблон:Transliteration, "teach"),[11] although among Chinese Catholics the literal translation of "catholic",[12] Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang; Шаблон:Transliteration, "universal"[13] + Шаблон:Transliteration), is also used.[14] Korean and Vietnamese Catholics also use cognates of the term Шаблон:Transliteration for God. This appears to have been used by the Catholic Church to separate Confucian traditions, which were reported to worship spirits and therefore were incompatible with the exclusive biblical worship of God. Ironically, although versions of popular Confucianism became strongly associated with idol worship, traditionalists, notably the Kangxi Emperor, did not believe that such idolization accurately reflected Confucius's intent;Шаблон:Citation needed Matteo Ricci also considered Confucius to be a philosopher rather than the founder of a religion.[15]

Protestantism

Шаблон:Main The earliest Protestant missionary to China, Robert Morrison, arrived there in 1807. Before this time, Bibles were not printed for distribution.Шаблон:Citation needed Protestantism is colloquially referred to as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, meaning "religion of Christ") but this term can sometimes refer to all Christians, so Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, literally, "new religion") is also used to distinguish Protestants as a group separate from Roman Catholics. Their translators, coming to China later and separately, chose to use the older terminology Шаблон:Transliteration, apparently believing Шаблон:Transliteration was a valid or preferable representation of the "Most High God".

Translations

Шаблон:Main A number of terms for "God" exist in the Christian Bible. For example, the first occurrence of a term for God in the Bible is in Genesis 1:1 and is rendered in the English as "God". However, many other titles (such as Шаблон:LORD – usually capitalized, as a replacement for the tetragrammaton – Almighty, etc.) are also used.

God

The term used commonly in Protestant Chinese bibles for God is Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang). This term is much more generic, meaning god, God, spirit, or soul. This probably appeals to groupsШаблон:Which who are not committed to interpreting the term Шаблон:Transliteration as a historical or spiritual equivalent to the "God Most High" of the Bible.Шаблон:Cn The issue has remained controversial for over a century and Protestant organizations have published two versions of the Bible,Шаблон:Which using the two different words.

Tetragrammaton

In addition, the Tetragrammaton, a four letter pronunciation of the name of God from the original Hebrew, often rendered as "YHWH", is rendered in different ways. Catholics have translated this into Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, literally "Elegant Powerful," cf. English "Yahweh"). Protestants originally rendered it as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, literally "(old) Gentleman of Fiery Magnificence," cf. English "Jehovah"). A modern Protestant usage is Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, a phonetic translation). Some versions translate this term as Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, literally "Lord Above"), similar to the translation decision that uses a capitalized "Шаблон:LORD" by both Catholics and traditional Protestants. Catholics, Anglicans, and Lutherans particularly use Шаблон:Transliteration in prayers of the Eucharist.Шаблон:Citation needed

Lord

The term Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, literally "Lord") is used by both Catholics and traditional Protestants in less formal prayers, and usually by contemporary Protestants.

Other less formal terms are used, for example, Шаблон:Transliteration (Шаблон:Lang, literally "Heavenly Father").

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

  • Example - notice how Shen and Shangti (shangdi) alternatives are offered at the top of the page.

Шаблон:Christianity and China Шаблон:Names for God

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  1. ↑ "huáng" in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary, Second Edition (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
  2. ↑ "xuán" in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary, Second Edition (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
  3. ↑ "shàngtiān" under headword "shàng" in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary, Second Edition (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
  4. ↑ "tiāntáng" under headword "tiān", and "táng", in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary, Second Edition (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
  5. ↑ "god" in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary, Second Edition (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
  6. ↑ "tiānxiān" under headword "tiān", and "xiān", in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary, Second Edition (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
  7. ↑ "dì" in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary, Second Edition (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
  8. ↑ "Zhēnzhŭ", under headword "zhēn" in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary (2005), Glasgow: Collins.
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Cf. "ānjìng" "peaceful", under headword "ān", and "lā", in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary, Second Edition (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
  11. ↑ "jiào" in Collins Chinese Dictionary, Second Edition (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
  12. ↑ As in the Creed Caput Firmiter from Lateran IV, Una vero est fidelium universalis Ecclesia, in Henricius Denzinger and Ioannes Bapt. Umberg, SJ, edd., (1937), Enchiridion Symbolorum, Definitionum et Declarationum, de Rebus Fidei et Morum, Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, Canon 1, No. 430, p. 200.
  13. ↑ Cf. "gōnglĭ" "universal truth" under headword "gōng" in Collins Chinese Concise Dictionary, Second Edition (2006), New York: HarperCollins.
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Vincent Cronin (1955/2015), The Wise Man from the West, San Francisco: Ignatius, passim.
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