Английская Википедия:Chinese particles

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Шаблон:Short description Grammatical particles, or simply particles, are words that convey certain grammatical meanings. The term is often applied to words that are difficult to classify according to traditional grammar. Both Classical Chinese and Modern Standard Chinese make use of particles. In Chinese, particles are known as Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh) or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh).Шаблон:Ref They belong to function words (Шаблон:Zh). In other words, they have no lexical meaning, but are used to indicate certain grammatical information. This contrasts with content words (Шаблон:Zh). Particles in Chinese usually take the neutral tone.^{: p. 238}

Studies by earlier authors

The first book devoted to the study of Chinese particles, Шаблон:Lang, was written by Lu Yi-Wei (Шаблон:Lang) in the period of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). Later important works include Шаблон:Lang (Some Notes on the Helping Words) by Liu Qi (Шаблон:Lang) and Шаблон:Lang (Explanations of the Articles Found in the Classics) by Wang Yin-Zhi (Шаблон:Lang), both published during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). These works focus on particles in the Confucius classics. Particles used in the vernacular literature did not draw much attention. The first work covering the particles found in the vernacular literature, Шаблон:Lang (Compilation and Explanations of the Colloquial Terms Found in Classical Poetry and Operas) by Zhang Xiang (Шаблон:Lang), appeared posthumously in 1953.

Linguistic sketch

Linguists often categorise Chinese particles into the following types:

• Structural particle (Шаблон:Zh): This class of particles concern syntactic relations. The particles can be distinguished only in written form because they are usually pronounced the same.
  • Шаблон:Ruby is used to mark adverbials (Шаблон:Lang). E.g.: Шаблон:Lang (ānjìng dì/de shuì zháo le) 'fell asleep quietly'
  • Шаблон:Ruby is used to mark verb complements (Шаблон:Lang). E.g.: Шаблон:Lang (xuéxí dé/de hěn rènzhēn) 'study very hard'
  • Шаблон:Ruby, according to traditional analysis, is used to mark attributive (Шаблон:Lang). It is often analysed as a nominaliser. E.g.: Шаблон:Lang (shū dè/de fēngmiàn hěn piàoliang) '(the) cover of the book (is) very beautiful'

• Aspectual particle (Шаблон:Zh): Commonly dubbed aspect markers (Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang), the particles signal grammatical aspect. The most renowned ones are the perfective Шаблон:Ruby, durative Шаблон:Ruby, durative Шаблон:Ruby, and experiential Шаблон:Ruby.^{: p. 185}

• Modal particle (Шаблон:Zh): Often called sentence-final particles (Шаблон:Lang), the particles signal linguistic modality. Common ones include Шаблон:Ruby, Шаблон:Ruby, Шаблон:Ruby, and Шаблон:Ruby.^{: p. 238}

Particles like Шаблон:Ruby and Шаблон:Ruby remain disputable since no satisfactory analysis is present.

Illustrations

In Classical Chinese

The function of a Chinese particle depends on its position in the sentence and on context. In many cases, the character used for a particle is a phonetic loan; therefore, the same particle could be written with different characters that share the same sound. For example, qí/jī (Шаблон:Lang, which originally represented the word jī "winnowing basket", now represented by the character Шаблон:Lang), a common particle in classical Chinese, has, among others, various meaning as listed below.

The following list provides examples of the functions of particles in Classical Chinese. Classical Chinese refers to the traditional style of written Chinese that is modelled on the Classics, such as Confucius's Analects. Thus, its usage of particles differs from that of modern varieties of Chinese.

In Modern Varieties of Chinese

Baihua

Written vernacular Chinese (Шаблон:Zh), refers to written Chinese that is based on the vernacular language used during the period between imperial China and the early 20th century. The use of particles in vernacular Chinese differs from that of Classical Chinese, as can be seen in the following examples. Usage of particles in modern Standard Chinese is similar to that illustrated here.

See also

• Chinese exclamative particles
• Chinese pronouns
• Chinese adjectives
• Chinese verbs
• Chinese grammar
• Classical Chinese grammar
• Okinawan particles
• Japanese particles
• Korean particles

References

Шаблон:Note Note that particles are different from zhùdòngcí (助動詞; modal verbs or modal auxiliaries) in Chinese.

Further reading

• Dobson, W. A. C. H. (1974). A Dictionary of the Chinese Particles. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
• He Jiuying 何九盈 (1995). Zhongguo gudai yuyanxue shi (中囯古代语言学史 "A history of ancient Chinese linguistics"). Guangzhou: Guangdong jiaoyu chubanshe.
• Wang Li 王力 (ed.) (2000). Wang Li guhanyu zidian (王力古漢語字典 "A character dictionary of classical Chinese, chiefly edited by Wang Li"). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company.
• Yip, Po-Ching & Don, Rimmington. (2004). Chinese: A Comprehensive Grammar. London; New York: Routledge.