Английская Википедия:Chinese polearm

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The three most common types of Chinese polearms are the ge (戈), qiang (槍), and ji (戟). They are translated into English as dagger-axe, spear, and halberd.Шаблон:Sfn Dagger-axes were originally a short slashing weapon with a Шаблон:Convert long shaft, but around the 4th century BC a spearhead was added to the blade, and it became a halberd. The spear is also sometimes called a mao (矛), which is sometimes used to designate polearms with a wavy snake-like spearhead.[1] There was another polearm weapon known as the pi (鈹), translated into English as either sword-staff or long lance, that was used from ancient times until the Han dynasty. It was essentially a short sword attached to a stick. From the Warring States period onward, the length of Chinese polearms varied from around Шаблон:Convert, however there is no specific designation for a pike in the traditional Chinese lexicon. A very long spear is just called a long spear.[2]

Shang dynasty (c. 1600 BC – c. 1046 BC)

Файл:Weapons (1496427957).jpg
Spring and Autumn period polearms
Файл:Bronze Halberds in Xuzhou Museum 2013-01.JPG
"Male halberds" (xiong ji, 雄戟), so called because they have an erect blade

Early handheld weapons included the dagger-axe, a bronze blade mounted at right angles to a Шаблон:Convert long shaft, and bronze spears roughly Шаблон:Convert in length.Шаблон:Sfn The dagger-axe was the first Chinese weapon designed to kill other people. Battles were fought in open formation to allow for the swinging of dagger-axes.Шаблон:Sfn

Spring and Autumn period (771–476 BC)

Файл:Late Warring States dagger-axe SM.JPG
Scythed dagger-axe

By the late Spring and Autumn period, jians lengthened to about Шаблон:Convert. At this point at least some soldiers used the jian rather than the dagger-axe due to its greater flexibility and portability.Шаблон:Sfn

China started producing steel in the 6th century BC, but it was not until later on that iron and steel implements were produced in useful amounts.Шаблон:Sfn By around 500 BC however the sword and shield combination began to be regarded as superior to the spear and dagger-axe.Шаблон:Sfn

Warring States period (475–221 BC)

By the end of the 4th century BC, dagger-axes with spearheads began to appear, essentially becoming a halberd. Spears and halberds came in two general sizes. One about Шаблон:Convert long and the other around Шаблон:Convert in length, or what would be considered a pike in western terminology.Шаблон:Sfn According to Wu Qi, tall men were given bows and arrows while short men spears and halberds.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Quotation

Han dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD)

Файл:Weapons (1505157164).jpg
Ji halberd, Han dynasty
Файл:漢朝鉞戟 (51581179762).jpg
Han axe halberds (yueji)
Файл:Han Iron Fish Fork & Hammer (9979127134).jpg
Trident and hammer, Han dynasty

The jian was mentioned as one of the "Five Weapons" during the Han dynasty, the other four being dao, spear, halberd, and staff. Another version of the Five Weapons lists the bow and crossbow as one weapon, the jian and dao as one weapon, in addition to halberd, shield, and armour.Шаблон:Sfn

Han dynasty inventory list (13 BC)
Item Inventory Imperial Heirloom
Bronze dagger-axe (ge) 632 563
Spear (qiang) 52,555 2,377
Long lance (pi) 451,222 1,421
Long lance (sha) 24,167
Halberd (ji) 6,634
Sword (jian) 99,905 4
Sabre (dao) 156,135
Sawing dao 30,098
Great dao 127 232
Iron axe 1,132 136
Dagger 24,804
Shield 102,551
Crossbow 537,707 11,181
Bow 77,52
Bolts 11,458,424 34,265
Arrows 1,199,316 511
Youfang (identity unknown) 78,393

During the Battle of Zhizhi in 36 BC, the Chinese deployed their troops in three sections, with men carrying 'great shields' in front, spearmen behind them, and crossbowmen in the rear.Шаблон:Sfn

An account of Duan Jiong's tactical formation in 167 AD specifies that he arranged "three ranks of halberds (長鏃 changzu), swordsmen (利刃 liren) and spearmen (長矛 changmao), supported by crossbows (強弩 qiangnu), with light cavalry (輕騎 jingji) on each wing."Шаблон:Sfn

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Three Kingdoms (184/220–280)

Файл:3K spearhead and caltrops.jpg
Three Kingdoms caltrops and spearhead

Halberds became less common during the Three Kingdoms period due to its weight in comparison to the spear. However idiosyncratic weapons such as double ended halberds, one handed halberds, or paired halberds are mentioned to have been used by noteworthy warriors in their biographies.Шаблон:Sfn

Spear throwing was uncommon among Chinese troops, but was practiced by tribesmen in northwestern China during the 3rd and 4th centuries.Шаблон:Sfn

Tang dynasty (618–907)

Файл:Li Shou Tomb, Tang, 630 AD (9913067685).jpg
ㄐ-shaped halberds (ji) from the Tomb of Li Shou, 7th century

According to Tang texts, spearmen were all supposed to carry a bow and crossbowmen to be armed with halberds for self-defense, but it's not clear how well this worked in practice.Шаблон:Sfn

Song dynasty (960–1279)

Файл:Weapons (1504313613).jpg
A Song dynasty or Yuan dynasty guandao, an anti-cavalry glaive weapon

Song texts recommend using both mixed and non-mixed units. The practice of deploying crossbowmen in combination with shields and spears was common, but the Wujing Zongyao recommends that crossbowmen make up their own units and defeat enemies through firepower alone.Шаблон:Sfn Spears were also combined with gunpowder tubes to create the fire lance.Шаблон:Sfn

Ming dynasty (1368–1644)

Файл:Spear MET 36.25.2061 003feb2015.jpg
A ji polearm, 18th c.

Qi Jiguang deployed his soldiers in a 12-man 'mandarin duck' formation, which consisted of four pikemen, two men carrying daos with a great and small shield, two 'wolf brush' wielders, a rearguard officer, and a porter. A rearguard of two men with three-pronged fire-lances [later replaced by musketeers], an officer, and a porter, completed the squad. This arrangement may seem rather inefficient, with only one man in three actually equipped for offensive action, but in the context of Qi's isolated command, with plenty of peasant manpower available but no capacity for manufacturing sophisticated weapons, it was no doubt a logical approach.Шаблон:Sfn

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Chinese weapons Шаблон:Ancient and Dynastic Chinese Military History

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  3. ↑ https://www.easyatm.com.tw/wiki/%E9%89%9E%E6%88%9F
  4. ↑ Note: Yueji is a term used in the present time to differentiate this weapon from the regular ji
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