Английская Википедия:Chiwen

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:Multiple image Chiwen (Шаблон:Zh) is an roof ornamental motif in traditional Chinese architecture and art. Chiwen is also the name of a Chinese dragon that mixes features of a fish, and in Chinese mythology is one of the nine sons of the dragon, which are also used as imperial roof decorations. As architectural ornaments or waterspouts, they are comparable with Western gargoyles, but are not related to the mythological character.

Etymology

The name for this dragon is Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh), which compounds Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh) and Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh). Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh) and Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh), both literally meaning "hornless-dragon head".

Chiwen is alternatively written Шаблон:Zh, using the homophonous character Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh). The Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh) and Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh) are additional birdlike roof decorations.

History

Шаблон:Multiple image The origin of the roof decoration of chiwen can be traced to the roof decoration alternatively named as chiwei (鸱尾), the earliest visual examples found in the Han dynasty on many ceramic architectural models, que-towers, and tomb murals and stone-reliefs. [a 1]

The chiwei were shaped like wings, associated with the Zhuque, also a commonly used as a roof ornamental motif during the Han dynasty. Chiwei was adopted as roof ornaments on palaces, temples and official buildings throughout the Three Kingdoms to Northern and Southern dynasties, later expanded to be used by private manors of nobility in the Tang dynasty. With the appearance and formal use of glazed roof tiles in the Tang dynasty, chiwei were also often glazed in green and blue colors, as seen often in the murals of Mogao Grottoes. Over the course of the mid-Tang dynasty, the fish-like chiwen became another prevailing ornamental motif alongside the chiwei.[a 2]

In the Song dynasty, chiwen fully replaced the chiwen and adopted a more dragon-like appearance while also retaining some of their predecessor's bird-like features such as wings or bird's head. The technical treastise Yingzao Fashi details the proper elements and terminology of the chiwen and formalises their construction and measurements. [a 3]

By the Ming and Qing dynasties, the chiwen was widely used in traditional architecture, their bodies and tail turning more inwards and became very ornate in appearance, with many variations based on regional styles and colors.

Symbolism

The chiwen is listed second or third among the Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh), Nine Dragons (Шаблон:Zh), which are traditional mythological creatures that have become traditional Chinese feng shui architectural decorations. Each one of the nine dragons has a protective function. The Nine dragons are also used in many place names in Hong Kong, such as Kowloon, literally meaning "nine dragons" in Cantonese (Шаблон:Zh), as well as numerous lakes, rivers and hamlets in mainland China.

According to the Ming Dynasty Шаблон:Zh (Шаблон:Zh) "The ch'i-wen, which like swallowing, are placed on both ends of the ridgepoles of roofs (to swallow all evil influences)."Шаблон:R

Welch describes chiwen as "the dragon who likes 'to swallow things'".Шаблон:R

This is the fish-like, hornless dragon with a very truncated body and large, wide mouth usually found along roof ridges (as if swallowing the roof beams). His presence on roofs is also said to guard against fires. A paragraph in the Tang dynasty book Su Shi Yan Yi (Шаблон:Zh) by Su E (Шаблон:Zh) says that a mythical sea creature called the chi wen Шаблон:Sic was put on the roofs of buildings during the Han dynasty to protect the structures from fire hazards. This dragon is still found on the roofs of traditional Chinese homes today, protecting the inhabitants from fires.

In Fengshui theory, a chiwen or chiwei supposedly protects against not only fires, but also floods and typhoons.

The Japanese language borrowed these names for architectural roof decorations as Sino-Japanese vocabulary. Shibi Шаблон:Lang "ornamental roof-ridge tile" is more commonly used than chifun Шаблон:Lang or shifun Шаблон:Lang. In Japanese mythology, the Shachihoko Шаблон:Lang (a mythical fish with a carp's arched tail, tiger's head, and dragon's scales) roof decoration is believed to cause rain and protect against fire. This Шаблон:Lang is a kokuji "Chinese character invented in Japan" that can also be read shachi for "orca".

Gallery

See also

Шаблон:Commons category

References

Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:Reflist

External links

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