Английская Википедия:Chonmage
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Italic title Шаблон:More citations needed
The Шаблон:Nihongo is a type of traditional Japanese topknot haircut worn by men. It is most commonly associated with the Edo period (1603–1868) and samurai, and in recent times with sumo wrestlers. It was originally a method of using hair to hold a samurai kabuto helmet steady atop the head in battle, and became a status symbol among Japanese society.
In a traditional Edo-period Шаблон:Transl, the top of the head is shaved. The remaining hair was oiled and waxed before being tied into a small tail folded onto the top of the head in the characteristic topknot.
History
The origins of the Шаблон:Transl can be traced back to the Heian period. During this period, aristocrats wore special cap-like crowns as part of their official clothing. To secure the crown in place, the hair would be tied near the back of the head.Шаблон:Citation needed
Between the 1580s (towards the end of the Warring States period, 1467–1615) and the 1630s (the beginning of the Edo period, 1603–1867), Japanese cultural attitudes to men's hair shifted; where a full head of hair and a beard had been valued as a sign of manliness in the preceding militaristic era, in the ensuing period of peace, this gradually shifted until a beard and an unshaven pate were viewed as barbaric, and resistant of the peace that had resulted from two centuries of civil war.[1]Шаблон:Rp This change was also enforced during the Japanese invasion of Joseon (1592–1598), where some Japanese commanders forced the submitted Koreans to shave their heads to this hairstyle, as a method of converting their identities to that of Japanese.[1]Шаблон:Rp
A shaven pate (the Шаблон:Transl) became required of the samurai classes by the early Edo period, and by the 1660s, all men, commoner or samurai, were forbidden from wearing beards, with the Шаблон:Transl deemed mandatory. Ronin, samurai who did not serve a Lord, were not required to shave their heads. This became an easy way to identify such men.[1]Шаблон:Rp
Under the Meiji Restoration, the practices of the samurai classes, deemed feudal and unsuitable for modern times following the end of Шаблон:Transl in 1853, resulted in a number of edicts intended to 'modernise' the appearance of upper class Japanese men. With the Dampatsurei Edict of 1871 issued by Emperor Meiji during the early Meiji Era, men of the samurai classes were forced to cut their hair short,[2][3] effectively abandoning the Шаблон:Transl.[4]Шаблон:Rp
Sumo
In modern Japan, the only remaining wearers of the Шаблон:Transl are sumo wrestlers and kabuki actors.[5] Given the uniqueness of the style in modern times, the Japan Sumo Association employs specialist hairdressers called Шаблон:Transl to cut and prepare sumo wrestlers' hair.
The sumo style of the Шаблон:Transl is slightly different, in that the pate is no longer shaved. However, the hair may be thinned in this region or the crown of the head shaved, called Шаблон:Transl, to allow the topknot to sit more neatly.[6] This is done around once every two months.[6]
All professional sumo wrestlers wear a Шаблон:Transl as soon as their hair is long enough to do so. Sumo wrestlers with Шаблон:Transl status are required on certain occasions, such as during a Шаблон:Transl, to wear their hair in a more elaborate form of topknot called an Шаблон:Transl, where the end of the topknot is splayed out to form a semicircle, resembling a ginkgo leaf.[7][8]
The Шаблон:Transl is of such symbolic importance in sumo that snipping it off is the centerpiece of a wrestler's retirement ceremony. Dignitaries and other important people in a wrestler's life are invited to take one snip, with the final one taken by his trainer. For most wrestlers who never reached a Шаблон:Transl rank, his retirement ceremony will be the only time he wears the more elaborate Шаблон:Transl.
See also
- List of hairstyles
- Шаблон:Transl or Шаблон:Transl, the traditional Chinese topknot
- Khokhol
- Queue, the Qing-dynasty Chinese hairstyle also involving a shaved pate
- Шаблон:Transl
References
Further reading
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite web
External links
