Английская Википедия:Chow Leung
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use mdy datesChow Leung was a Chinese author, educator, and missionary in the United States. He was the co-author of Chinese Fables and Folk Stories, which he wrote with Mary Hayes Davis. Born in China, he was a Baptist missionary in Chicago's Chinatown, where he started a Chinese language school for children in 1900, likely the first in the city.[1] Chinese Fables and Folk Stories claimed to be "the first book of Chinese stories ever printed in English".[2] Compiled and published prior to the rise of vernacular Chinese, the book was later called one of the most "reliable" works by Western scholars on Chinese folktales before 1937.[3]
Early life and education
Chow Leung received a Confucian education in China.[1] His grandfather was said to have been a "high-ranking Confucian" and “one of the emperor’s favorites.”[1] He converted to Christianity in San Francisco at a “street meeting”, and joined the American Baptist Home Mission Society.[1][4] He was ordained as a Baptist minister.[5]Шаблон:Efn
Pastor in Chicago
In 1900, Reverend Chow Leung was sent to Chicago to take over as pastor of the Central Baptist Chinese Mission.[6] He succeeded Reverend Lee Tsai Leung.[6] William Pickett was the superintendent.[6] The mission was located in the "old" Chinatown, on South Clark Street in the Chicago Loop.[6]
When Wu Tingfang, the Chinese ambassador to the United States, visited Chicago in 1901, he made a point of visiting Chinatown.[7] One of the stops on his visit was the Baptist Chinese Mission, hosted by Reverend Chow Leung.[7]
Open-air preaching
With assistance from the Young Men's band from Moody Church and the Christian Endeavorers of Chicago, the Central Baptist Chinese Mission held regular open-air musical performances from the rooftop of its one-story building.[8] Known as the "rooftop garden act", the music drew crowds who stopped to listen.[8] Chow Leung himself played a baby organ.[9] Between sets, Reverend Chow Leung and others would preach on the street in Chinese and English.[8] In the evening, the band went indoors, drawing the crowds inside the mission for meetings.[8] On at least one occasion, participants were arrested for blocking the streets.[9]
In the summer of 1904, Chow Leung was involved in a highly publicized "battle of noise" between the Christian evangelists and the "joss house" or temple in Chinatown.[9] Frustrated with the music and noise coming from the Christian mission, the joss-house priest played a kettle drum from the temple balcony, which was answered by gongs, drums, and rattles from either side of South Clark Street.[9] According to The Inter Ocean, Chow Leung smiled and stated that he fully expected his opponents to be even louder the following Sunday.[9]
Public speaking
In September 1904, Chow Leung reported on progress at the Chinese mission at the Chicago Baptist Association conference.[10] In April 1907, Chow Leung addressed the largest gathering of native Chinese to have been assembled in Chicago, as the only ordained Chinese minister in the city.[5] The interdenominational congregation gathered at Assembly Hall, where the Presbyterian minister Andrew Beattie, a former missionary in China, gave a sermon in Cantonese.[5] He was visiting to raise donations for victims of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[5] At that point, the Chinese population in Chicago had grown to approximately 4,000, in part due to the earthquake in San Francisco.[5]
Chinese language school
In 1900, Chow Leung founded a Chinese language school for children in Chicago.[1] It was a departure from the Sunday schools offered by the Christian missions in Chicago, which had focused on providing English-language instruction to Chinese adults since 1878.[4][11] Under Reverend Chow Leung, the Baptist Chinese Mission offered Chinese language classes on weekdays from four o'clock in the afternoon, and in the evenings.[1][4] Pupils also attended "regular" public school during the day, where they received instruction in English.[1] The Chinese school operated year-round, with no vacations.[1] Tuition was free, but pupils were expected to attend regularly.[1]
In 1904, Chow Leung taught 21 children, nearly all of whom were Chinese.[1] Boys and girls were taught together.[1][4] A feature article in The Inter Ocean described one of his classes:
Chinese books are used exclusively and the Chinese language is spoken. Seventeen little tots surround the teacher, Rev. Chow Leung, grasping at his coat tails, asking him questions, acting in a manner that speaks plainer than words of his popularity among the children.[1]
A typical lesson was taught in two parts. In the first part, the children traced pictures and characters that told a story, using brush calligraphy.[1] In the second part, they were taught orally, individually and in small groups.[1] The school taught reading, writing, and arithmetic.[1] Pupils were introduced to stories relating to Chinese history, as well as Christian thought "in a kindly way".[1] Although the school had initially been regarded with suspicion, its popularity grew by word of mouth.[1]
Community support for Chinese language instruction gained momentum in the years that followed.[11] In 1905, a community leader petitioned Minister Wu Tingfang to allocate funds toward a Chinese Education Commission in Chicago.[11] By 1906, several more Chinese language schools had been established by the Chinese Association and the Chinese YMCA.[11]
Chinese Fables and Folk Stories
Mary Hayes Davis was writing for a major daily newspaper in Chicago when she "stumbled" onto the idea of writing Chinese Fables and Folk Tales with Chow Leung.[12] In the preface of the book, Davis called him "an invaluable collaborator" with "an evident desire to serve his native land and have the lives of his people reflected truly."[2] She thanked him for his "patient courtesy" and wrote that "he has given much time to explaining obscure points and answering questions innumerable."[2] While developing the book, Chow Leung managed to get most of his points across in pidgin English, although at times they relied on an interpreter.[13]
First published in 1908, Chinese Fables and Folk Stories was well received by American educators and by major newspapers nationwide.[14][15] By 1911, it was used extensively as a supplemental reader in Chicago public schools.[13] By 1922, it was said that the book was used in schools throughout the United States, China, and Japan.[16] The book continues to be widely reprinted today.[17]
See also
Notes
References
- ↑ 1,00 1,01 1,02 1,03 1,04 1,05 1,06 1,07 1,08 1,09 1,10 1,11 1,12 1,13 1,14 1,15 1,16 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 4,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 5,4 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 6,2 6,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 8,3 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 9,4 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 11,2 11,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
External links
- Chinese Fables and Folk Stories (Wikisource)
- Feature article on Chinese mission school (The Inter Ocean)
- Английская Википедия
- Страницы с неработающими файловыми ссылками
- 20th-century Baptist ministers from the United States
- 20th-century Chinese writers
- Chinese emigrants to the United States
- Writers from Chicago
- Baptist missionaries in the United States
- 19th-century Chinese writers
- Страницы, где используется шаблон "Навигационная таблица/Телепорт"
- Страницы с телепортом
- Википедия
- Статья из Википедии
- Статья из Английской Википедии
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