Английская Википедия:Christ lag in Todes Banden, BWV 4

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Шаблон:Lang (also spelled Шаблон:Lang;Шаблон:Efn "Christ lay in death's bonds"Шаблон:Sfn or "Christ lay in the snares of death"),Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:AbbrШаблон:Nbsp4, is a cantata for Easter by German composer Johann Sebastian Bach, one of his earliest church cantatas. It is agreed to be an early work partly for stylistic reasons and partly because there is evidence that it was probably written for a performance in 1707. Bach went on to complete many other works in the same genre, contributing complete cantata cycles for all occasions of the liturgical year. John Eliot Gardiner described it as Bach's "first-known attempt at painting narrative in music".Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Lang is a chorale cantata, a style in which both text and music are based on a hymn. In this instance, the source was Martin Luther's hymn of the same name, the main hymn for Easter in the Lutheran church. The composition is based on the seven stanzas of the hymn and its tune, which was derived from Medieval models. Bach used the unchanged words of a stanza of the chorale in each of the seven vocal movements, in the format of chorale variations Шаблон:Lang (for all stanzas), and he used its tune as a cantus firmus. After an opening sinfonia, the variations are arranged symmetrically: chorus–duet–solo–chorus–solo–duet–chorus, with the focus on the central fourth stanza about the battle between Life and Death. All movements are in E minor, and Bach achieves variety and intensifies the meaning of the text through many musical forms and techniques.

Шаблон:Lang is Bach's first cantata for Easter – in fact, his only extant original composition for the first day of the feast – and his earliest surviving chorale cantata. It was related to his application for a post at a Lutheran church at Mühlhausen. He later twice performed it as Thomaskantor in Leipzig, beginning in 1724 when he first celebrated Easter there. Only this second version survives. It is scored for four vocal parts and a Baroque instrumental ensemble with two components, an instrumental "choir" of cornetto and three trombones doubling the choral voices (only in the 2nd Leipzig performance in 1725 were these used), and a string section of two violins, two violas, and continuo. While this scoring reflects the resources at Bach's disposal (the cornetto and brass players would have been available because of the city band tradition in Leipzig),Шаблон:Sfn it was old-fashioned and exemplifies a 17th-century Шаблон:Lang (chorale concerto) style; the lost scoring of the earlier performances was perhaps similar.

Gardiner calls Bach's setting of Luther's hymn "a bold, innovative piece of musical drama", and observes "his total identification with the spirit and letter of Luther's fiery, dramatic hymn".Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:TOC limit

Composition history

Background

Interior of a church, facing the rear with the organ on the third tier. The front of the organ is decorated with small Baroque golden ornaments.
The restored Wender organ which Bach played in Arnstadt at the New Church (now the Bach Church)

Bach is believed to have written Шаблон:Lang in 1707. He was a professional organist aged 22, employed from 1703 in Arnstadt as the organist of the New Church (which replaced the burned Bonifatiuskirche, and is today known as the Bach Church).Шаблон:Sfn At age 18, he had inspected the new organ built by Johann Friedrich Wender, was invited to play one Sunday, and was hired. The organ was built on the third tier of a theatre-like church.Шаблон:Sfn Bach's duties as a church musician involved some responsibility for choral music, but the exact year he began composing cantatas is unknown. Шаблон:Lang is one of a small group of cantatas that survive from his early years.Шаблон:Sfn According to the musicologist Martin Geck, many details of the score reflect "organistic practice".Шаблон:Sfn

In Arnstadt, the Kantor (church musician) Heindorff was responsible for church music in the Upper Church and the New Church where Bach was the organist. He typically conducted music in the Upper Church and would appoint a choir prefect for vocal music in the New Church. Musicologist Christoph Wolff notes that "subjecting his works to the questionable leadership of a prefect"Шаблон:Sfn was not what Bach would have done. Therefore, most cantatas of the period are not for Sunday occasions, but restricted to special occasions such as weddings and funerals. Шаблон:Lang is the only exception, but was most likely composed not for Arnstadt but for an application to a more important post at the church of Divi Blasii in Mühlhausen.Шаблон:Sfn

Bach's early cantatas

disputed portrait of the young Bach, with brown curled hair, dressed festively
Portrait of the young Bach (disputed)[1]

Bach's early cantatas are Шаблон:Lang (chorale concertos) in the style of the 17th century, different from the recitative and aria cantata format associated with Neumeister that Bach started to use for church cantatas in 1714.Шаблон:Sfn Wolff points out the relation of Bach's early cantatas to works by Dieterich Buxtehude, with whom Bach had studied in Lübeck.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang shows similarities to a composition of Johann Pachelbel based on the same Easter chorale.Шаблон:Sfn Although there is no evidence that Bach and Pachelbel met, Bach grew up in Thuringia while Pachelbel was based in the same region, and Bach's elder brother and teacher Johann Christoph Bach studied with Pachelbel in Erfurt.Шаблон:Sfn Another of Pachelbel's works appears to be referenced in the early Bach cantata, Шаблон:Lang, and there has been recent speculation that Bach wanted to pay tribute to Pachelbel after his death in 1706.Шаблон:Sfn

The texts for Bach's early cantatas were drawn mostly from Biblical passages and hymns.Шаблон:Sfn Features characteristic of his later cantatas, such as recitatives and arias on contemporary poetry, were not yet present,Шаблон:Sfn although Bach may have heard them in oratorios by Buxtehude, or even earlier.Шаблон:Sfn Instead, these early cantatas include 17th-century elements such as motets and chorale concertos.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn They often begin with an instrumental sinfonia or sonata (sonatina).Шаблон:Sfn The following table lists the seven extant works composed by Bach until 1708, when he moved on to the Weimar court.Шаблон:Sfn

Bach's early cantatas
Date Occasion BWV Incipit Text source
Шаблон:Sortdate? Penitence 150 Шаблон:Lang Psalm 25, anon.
Шаблон:Sortdate? Easter 4 Шаблон:Lang Luther
Шаблон:Sortdate? Penitence 131 Шаблон:Lang Psalm 130
Шаблон:Sortdate? New Year's Day 143 Шаблон:Lang mainly Psalm 146, two stanzas of Jakob Ebert's hymn "Шаблон:Lang"
Шаблон:Sortdate Inauguration of the town council 71 Шаблон:Lang mainly Psalm 74, with added biblical quotations
Шаблон:Sortdate? Wedding? 196 Шаблон:Lang Psalm 115:12–15
Шаблон:Sortdate? Funeral 106 Шаблон:Lang (Actus tragicus) compilation of seven biblical quotations, three hymns and free poetry

Bach uses the limited types of instruments at his disposal for unusual combinations, such as two recorders and two viole da gamba in the funeral cantata Шаблон:Lang, also known as Шаблон:Lang. He uses instruments of the continuo group as independent parts, such as a cello in Шаблон:Lang and a bassoon in Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn The cantata for the inauguration of a town council is richly scored for trumpets, woodwinds and strings.Шаблон:Sfn Wolff notes: Шаблон:Blockquote

The Bach scholar Richard D. P. Jones notes in The Creative Development of Johann Sebastian Bach: Шаблон:Blockquote

Readings and chorale

Шаблон:Main article

Portrait of Luther by the painter Lucas Cranach the Elder
Portrait of Martin Luther, Шаблон:Circa 1529. Luther wrote the text of the hymn and derived the melody from a traditional older tune.

The prescribed readings for the feast day were from the First letter to the Corinthians ("Christ is our Easter lamb" – Шаблон:Sourcetext) and from the Gospel of Mark (the Resurrection of Jesus – Шаблон:Sourcetext).Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

The reformer Martin Luther wrote several hymns in German to be used in church services. His hymn "Шаблон:Lang"Шаблон:Sfn was based on the Latin hymn "Шаблон:Lang", and first published in 1524.Шаблон:Sfn It became a main Easter hymn in German Lutheranism. The hymn stresses the struggle between Life and Death. The third stanza refers to the "sting of death", as mentioned in 1 Corinthians 15. The fifth stanza relates to the "Шаблон:Lang", the Paschal Lamb. The sacrificial "blood" ("Its blood marks our doors")Шаблон:Sfn refers to the marking of the doors before the exodus from Egypt. The final stanza recalls the tradition of baking and eating Easter Bread, with the "old leaven" alluding again to the exodus, in contrast to the "Word of Grace",Шаблон:Sfn concluding "Christ would ... alone nourish the soul."Шаблон:Sfn In contrast to most chorale cantatas that Bach composed later in Leipzig, the text of the chorale is retained unchanged, which he did again only in late chorale cantatas.Шаблон:Sfn

Performances

Photo of interior of the church with organ featured prominently
Organ of Divi Blasii in Mühlhausen, where the cantata was possibly first performed

Шаблон:Lang survives in a version from the 1720s when Bach held the position of Thomaskantor (director of church music) in Leipzig. There is documentary evidence suggesting that this Easter Sunday cantata was premiered in 1707. It is known that Bach performed a cantata of his own composition at Easter in 1707 as a part of his application for the post of organist of Divi Blasii in Mühlhausen, and this may have been Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn By this time, Bach was already demonstrating ingenuity in keyboard music, as known from the early works in the Neumeister Collection. Шаблон:Lang is a significant milestone in his vocal music. It was completed seven years before his sequence of Weimar cantatas, begun in 1714 with Шаблон:Lang,Шаблон:Sfn and 17 years before he started a complete annual cycle of chorale cantatas in Leipzig in the middle of 1724 with Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn

Bach would have been attracted to Mühlhausen for its status as a free imperial city and the tradition of vocal music in its churches. Wolff notes that Bach possibly sent two other cantata scores with his application, and once he knew the date of the audition may have composed Шаблон:Lang in addition. A month after Easter, on 24 May 1707, an agreement was reached to hire Bach, who seems to have been the only candidate considered seriously.Шаблон:Sfn

Bach performed the cantata again while Thomaskantor in Leipzig, notably at his first Easter there on 9 April 1724.Шаблон:Sfn He also performed it the following year on 1 April 1725,Шаблон:Sfn in his second cycle of Leipzig cantatas, a cycle of chorale cantatas based on Lutheran hymns. It followed in the cycle some forty newly composed cantatas. This early work fits the cycle in the sense that it is based on a chorale, but its style is different from the others.Шаблон:Sfn

Music

Structure and scoring

Bach structured the cantata in eight movements: an instrumental sinfonia and seven vocal movements corresponding to the stanzas of the hymn. The duration is given as 22 minutes.Шаблон:Sfn

The title of the original parts of the first Leipzig performance is (in Johann Christoph Altnickol's handwriting): "Feria Paschatos / Christ lag in Todes Banden / a.4. Voc: / Cornetto / 3 Trombon. / 2 Violini / 2 Viole / con / Continuo / Di Sign. Joh.Seb.Bach",Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Efn In this late version, Bach scored the work for four vocal parts (soprano (S), alto (A), tenor (T), and bass (B)), and a Baroque instrumental ensemble consisting of strings, brass and continuo.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The brass parts, a choir of cornetto (Ct) and three trombones (Tb) playing colla parte with the voices at times, may have been added in the 1720s. They may also possibly represent the original scoring, in the style of the 17th-century polychoral tradition.Шаблон:Sfn

The scoring of the cantata Шаблон:Lang has been described as "archaic"Шаблон:Sfn and its style "medieval":Шаблон:Sfn

  • The string section consists of two violin parts (Vl) and two viola parts (Va); this indicates an older practice as for instance found in 17th-century church cantatas by Bach's ancestors (see Altbachisches Archiv), and in Jesus Christus ist um unsrer Missetat willen verwundet, a Passion setting from the early 18th century (or older) which Bach had performed a few years after composing the cantata Шаблон:Lang. In the first half of the 18th century the standard for a string section soon evolved to two violin parts, one viola part and continuo.
  • The cornett used in the cantata was an instrument that belonged to an earlier age: by the second quarter of the 18th century it had almost entirely disappeared from Bach's compositions.
  • The brass instruments were only used for the 1 April 1725 version of the work. The other performances (24 April 1707, 8 April 1708, and 9 April 1724) were performed without brass instruments (i.e., Cornetto and three Trombones).
  • The first version (1707 and 1708) concluded with the words of Verse 7 of the Chorale, but the music was that of Movement 2 (Verse 1 of the Chorale). In 1724 and 1725, Bach changed this out to the now-used 4-part Chorale setting.
  • There is relatively little distinction between choral sections of the cantata and sections for vocal soloists;Шаблон:Sfn one editor commented that the "whole cantata may be sung as chorus".[2] This compares to the clearer demarcation between choral movements and movements for vocal soloists in Bach's later works. However, the number of voices the composer intended per part remains somewhat contentious, and recordings of the work differ considerably in the configurations deployed.
  • The harmony is often modal, instead of the modern tonal system.Шаблон:Sfn

In the following table of the movements, the scoring and keys follow the Neue Bach-Ausgabe. The keys and time signatures are taken from the book on all cantatas by the Bach scholar Alfred Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4) and alla breve (2/2).Шаблон:Sfn The continuo, played throughout, is not shown.

Шаблон:Classical movement header.

Шаблон:Classical movement row Шаблон:Classical movement row Шаблон:Classical movement row Шаблон:Classical movement row Шаблон:Classical movement row Шаблон:Classical movement row Шаблон:Classical movement row Шаблон:Classical movement row Шаблон:End

Hymn tune

Luther's hymn is based on the 12th-century Easter hymn "Шаблон:Lang" (Christ is risen), which relies both in text and melody on the sequence for Easter, Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn A new version was published by Luther in 1524 and adapted by Johann Walter in his Wittenberg hymnal for choir, Шаблон:Lang (1524). A slightly modified version appeared in 1533 in a hymnal by Kluge.Шаблон:Sfn This chorale tune would have been familiar to Bach's congregations. Bach composed other arrangements during his career, including the two chorale preludes BWV 625 and BWV 718, and the "Fantasia super Christ lag in Todes Banden", BWV 695. Bach's organ works and the version in the cantata (see below) use the passing notes and regular rhythmic patterns of the 1533 version.Шаблон:Sfn <score sound="1"> \new Staff << 

 \time 4/4
 \key e \minor
 \partial 4
 \relative c {
 \set Staff.midiInstrument = "flute"
 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t
 \override Score.BarNumber #'transparent = ##t
 \repeat unfold 2 { b4 | ais b8 cis d4 e | d4 cis b\fermata
 b | g a b a8 g | fis e fis4 e\fermata \bar "||" \break }
 r4 | e8 fis g4 a e8 fis | g4 a b\fermata
 b | e dis e fis8 e | d4 cis b\fermata
 cis \break | d b8 cis d4 a | g fis e2\fermata |
 b'4 a g2 fis e\fermata \bar"|."
 }

>> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 4 = 80 } </score>

Movements

Unlike in Bach's later cantatas, all movements are in the same key. The cantata begins with an instrumental sinfonia. The seven stanzas are treated in seven movements as chorale variations Шаблон:Lang (for all stanzas), with the melody always present as a Шаблон:Lang.Шаблон:Sfn All stanzas end on the word Halleluja.Шаблон:Sfn

The symmetrical sequence of the seven stanzas is a feature more often found in Bach's mature compositions: chorus – duet – solo – chorus – solo – duet – chorus.Шаблон:Sfn The musicologist Carol Traupman-Carr notes the variety of treatment of the seven stanzas, while retaining the same key and melody:Шаблон:Sfn

  1. Polyphonic chorale fantasia
  2. Duet, with "walking bass" in continuo
  3. Trio sonata
  4. Polyphonic and imitative, woven around chorale melody
  5. Homophonic with elaborate continuo line
  6. Duet, using trio sonata texture with extensive imitation
  7. Four-part chorale setting (Leipzig version)
conductor John Eliot Gardiner at work in rehearsal, looking to the left. Photo credit Maciej Goździelewski.
John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage, in 2007

John Eliot Gardiner, who conducted the Bach Cantata Pilgrimage in 2000, calls Bach's setting of Luther's hymn "a bold, innovative piece of musical drama", observing that Bach was "drawing on medieval musical roots (the hymn tune derives from the eleventh-century plainsong Шаблон:Lang)", and noting Bach's "total identification with the spirit and letter of Luther's fiery, dramatic hymn".Шаблон:Sfn Bach could follow "Luther's ideal in which music brings the text to life".

Sinfonia

<score sound="1"> << << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 4/4 \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "violin" \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t
   \relative c {
   r4 << { g'4 fis b, | b g'\p fis b, | b b\f ais2 | r4 b\p ais2 |
   r4 b\f ais b8 cis | d4 e d cis~ | cis8 d16 e cis8. b16 b4 } \\
   { \omit Voice.DynamicText
   b4 a a | g b\p a a | g r r fis\f | g r r fis\p |
   g2 fis4\f b | b b b b~ | b a2
   \undo \omit Voice.DynamicText } >>
   }

} \new Staff { \clef alto \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "viola"
   \relative c' {
   \omit Staff.DynamicText
   r4 << { e fis fis | e e\p fis fis | e r r cis\f | e r r cis\p |
   d e\f fis fis | fis e fis gis | fis e fis } \\
   { e4 c8 a b4 | b b\p c8 a b4 | b r r fis'\f | cis r r fis\p |
   b,cis\f cis b | b b d gis, | cis cis fis, } >>
   \undo \omit Staff.DynamicText
   }

} \new Staff { \clef bass \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "cello"
   \relative c {
   e2. dis4 | e4 e2\p dis4 | e r r fis\f | e r r fis~\p |
   fis e2\f d8 cis | b4 g' fis eis | fis cis dis
   }

} >> >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 4 = 56 } </score> The cantata begins with an instrumental sinfonia a work in the style of an overture to a contemporary Venetian opera, with chordal passages and occasional polyphony.Шаблон:Sfn It introduces the first line of the melody.Шаблон:Sfn The mood is sombre, recalling the "Death's bonds" of the first line of the hymn: Christ's death on the cross and burial.Шаблон:Sfn

Versus 1

The opening stanza, "Шаблон:Lang" (Christ lay in death's bonds)Шаблон:Sfn is treated as a chorale fantasia. Without instrumental opening, the movement starts with the chorale tune sung by the soprano in very long notes, with all other parts entering soon after the soprano begins each choral statement.Шаблон:Sfn The alto line is derived from the chorale tune, while the viola parts principally reinforce the alto and tenor voices. The violin parts are independent and, as Traupman-Carr notes, "further activate the texture with a virtually continuous exchange of sixteenth-note snippets".Шаблон:Sfn The figure in the violins known as Шаблон:Lang (sigh) reflects "Christ's suffering in the grip of death".Шаблон:Sfn

The final Halleluja is faster, giving up the fantasia format for a four-part fugue in motet style, with all instruments doubling the voices.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The style of the movement recalls the 16th-century stile antico, although the style is still unmistakably Bach's.Шаблон:Sfn

Versus 2

<score sound="1"> << << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 4/4 \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs"
   \new Voice = "Sopran" { \relative c {
   r1 | r1 | r4 b ais r | r b ais r | r
   } }

} \new Lyrics { 

   \lyricsto "Sopran" {
   Den Tod, den Tod,
   }

} \new Staff { \clef treble \time 4/4 \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs"
   \new Voice = "Alt" { \relative c {
   r1 | r1 | r2 r4 g | fis r r g | fis
   } }

} \new Lyrics { 

   \lyricsto "Alt" {
   Den Tod, den Tod,
   }

} \new Staff { \clef bass \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "cello"
   r8 e[ d d'] c'[ c b, b] | a[ a, g, g] fis[ g16 a b8 b,] |
   e,[ e d d'] cis'[ cis b, b] | ais[ ais, d d'] cis'[ cis b, b] | ais4

} >> >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 4 = 56 } </score> The second stanza, "Шаблон:Lang" (No one could defeat death),Шаблон:Sfn is set as a soprano and alto duet, over an ostinato continuo.Шаблон:Sfn It deals with "humanity helpless and paralysed as it awaits God's judgement against sin". Bach has the music almost freeze on the first words "Шаблон:Lang" (death), and the word "Шаблон:Lang" (imprisoned) is marked by a sharp dissonance between the soprano and alto.Шаблон:Sfn In the Halleluja, the voices imitate each other in long notes in fast succession, creating a sequence of suspensions.Шаблон:Sfn

Versus 3

<score sound="1"> << << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 4/4 \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "violin"
   \relative c' {
   e16^"mes. 5" e' dis e e, e' d e cis b ais gis fis fis' e fis |
   b, b' a b b, b' a b b, d fis b, g' b, e ais, |
   d fis e fis b, b' a b g fis e d cis a' g a | dis,8
   }

} \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs"
   \new Voice = "Tenor" { \relative c' {
   r4 b ais b8 (cis) | d4 e d cis | b4 r r2 | R8
   } }

} \new Lyrics { 

   \lyricsto "Tenor" {
   Je -- sus Chris -- tus, Got -- tes Sohn,
   }

} \new Staff { \clef bass \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "cello"
   \relative c, {
   e4 g'8 cis, fis[ e d ais] |
   b4 g'8 e b'[ d, e fis] |
   b,4 d8 b e cis fis fis, | b8
   }

} >> >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 4 = 56 } </score> The third stanza, "Шаблон:Lang" (Jesus Christ, God's Son),Шаблон:Sfn is a trio of the tenor, two obbligato violins and continuo. The tenor sings the chorale melody almost unchanged.Шаблон:Sfn The violins illustrate first how Christ slashes at the enemy. The music stops completely on the word "nichts" (nothing). The violins then present in four notes the outline of the cross, and finally the tenor sings a joyful "Halleluja" to a virtuoso violin accompaniment.Шаблон:Sfn

Versus 4

engraving of the risen Christ
Resurrection of Jesus on the title page of a Luther Bible, 1769

"Шаблон:Lang" (It was a strange battle, that death and life waged),Шаблон:Sfn is the center of the symmetrical structure. It is sung by the four voices, accompanied only by the continuo. The alto sings the cantus firmus, transposed by a fifth to B-Dorian,Шаблон:Sfn while the other voices follow each other in a fugal stretto with entries just a beat apart until they fall away one by one. In the final Halleluja in all four voices, the bass descends nearly two octaves.Шаблон:Sfn

Versus 5

<score sound="1"> << << \new Staff { \clef bass \time 3/4 \partial 4 \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs"
   \new Voice = "Bass" { \relative c {
   r4 | R2. | r4 r e | dis2 e4 | g2 a4 | g2 fis4 | e2
   } }

} \new Lyrics { 

   \lyricsto "Bass" {
   Hier ist das rech -- te O -- ster -- lamm,
   }

} \new Staff { \clef bass \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "cello"
   \relative c {
   e4 | dis2 d4 | cis2 c4 | b8[ c b a g fis] |
   e[ b' e d c d] | e[ d c g a b] | e,[ g' fis e]
   }

} >> >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 2. = 36 } </score> Stanza five, "Шаблон:Lang" (Here is the true Easter-lamb),Шаблон:Sfn is sung by the bass alone, accompanied at first by a descending chromatic line in the continuo which has been compared to the Crucifixus of the Mass in B minor, but changing to "a dance-like passage of continuous eighth notes" when the voice enters.Шаблон:Sfn For every line of the stanza, the bass sings a chorale tune, then repeats the words in counterpoint to the part of the tune repeated in the strings, sometimes transposed.Шаблон:Sfn Taruskin describes this: "With its antiphonal exchanges between the singer and the massed strings ... this setting sounds like a parody of a passacaglia-style Venetian opera aria, vintage 1640".Шаблон:Sfn The bass sings the final victorious Hallelujas, spanning two octaves.Шаблон:Sfn

Versus 6

<score sound="1"> << << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 4/4 \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs"
   \new Voice = "Sopran" { \relative c' {
   r2 r4 e | dis e g a | g fis e r8 e' | fis2. \autoBeamOff b,8 b | \autoBeamOn b4 ais b
   } }

} \new Lyrics { 

   \lyricsto "Sopran" {
   So fei -- ern wir das ho -- he Fest, das ho -- he, das ho -- he Fest
   }

} \new Staff { \clef "treble_8" \time 4/4 \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs"
   \new Voice = "Tenor" { \relative c' {
   r1 | r1 | r2 r4 b | ais b d e | d cis b
   } }

} \new Lyrics { 

   \lyricsto "Tenor" {
   So fei -- ern wir das ho -- he Fest
   }

} \new Staff { \clef bass \key e \minor 

   \set Staff.midiInstrument = "cello"
   \relative c {
   e8.[ e16 fis8. fis16] g8.[ e16 c'8. c16] |
   b8.[ a16 g8. fis16] e8.[ d16 c8. a16] |
   b8.[ g16 a8. b16] e8.[ e16 g8. g16] |
   fis8.[ e16 d8. cis16] b8.[ a16 g8. e16] |
   fis8.[ d'16 e8. fis16] b,4
   }

} >> >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 4 = 80 } </score> "Шаблон:Lang" (So we celebrate the high festival),Шаблон:Sfn is a duet for soprano and tenor accompanied only by the ostinato continuo.Шаблон:Sfn The chorale is shared by the voices, with the soprano singing it in E minor, the tenor in B minor.Шаблон:Sfn The movement is a dance of joy: the word "Wonne" (joy) is rendered in figuration that Gardiner finds reminiscent of Purcell.Шаблон:Sfn Bach incorporates the solemn rhythms of the French overture into this verse, reflecting the presence of the word "Шаблон:Lang" (celebrate) in the text. It may be the first time that Bach used these rhythms.Шаблон:Sfn

Versus 7

<score sound="1"> << << \new Staff { \clef treble \time 4/4 \partial 4 \key e \minor \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs" \relative c 

 << {
 \set Score.tempoHideNote = ##t
 b4 | ais b8 cis d4 e | d4 cis b\fermata
 b | g a b a8 g | fis e fis4 e\fermata \bar "||" \break } \\
 { g4 | fis fis fis fis | fis fis8 e dis4
 fis | e d d8 dis e4 | e dis b }
 >>

} \new Lyrics \lyricmode { Wir4 es -- sen und2 le4 -- ben wohl in rech -- ten O -- ster -- fla2 -- den,4 } \new Staff { \clef bass \key e \minor \set Staff.midiInstrument = "choir aahs" \relative c' 

 << { e8 d | cis4 d8 ais b4 cis | b ais fis
 b | b8[ c] b[ a] g[ a] b4 | c fis,8 a g4 } \\
 { e4 | fis8[ e] d[ cis] b4 ais | b fis b
  dis | e fis g8 fis e4 | a,8 b16 c b4 e, }
 >>

} >> >> \layout { indent = #0 } \midi { \tempo 4 = 80 } </score> Bach's original setting of the final stanza, "Шаблон:Lang" (We eat and live well),Шаблон:Sfn is lost; it may have been a repeat of the opening chorus.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn In Leipzig, he supplied a simple four-part setting.Шаблон:Sfn

Manuscripts and publication

Bach's original score is lost. A set of autograph parts has survived and is kept in the Bach-Archiv Leipzig. The parts were copied from the autograph score by six scribes, four of them known by name, including the composer.Шаблон:Sfn

A manuscript score by Franz Hauser, dating from c. 1820–1839, is held by the Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz. It bears a comment on page 178: "Nach den auf der Thomasschule befindlichen / Original / : Autograph: / Stimmen in Partitur gebracht. / Lp. d 16. Oct. 33. / fHauser" (After the original autograph parts in the Thomasschule, rendered in a score, Leipzig, 16 October 1833).Шаблон:Sfn

The cantata was first published in 1851 as Шаблон:Nowrap in the first volume of the Bach-Gesellschaft Ausgabe (BGA), edited by Moritz Hauptmann.Шаблон:Sfn Half a century later a vocal score of the cantata appeared in Novello's Original Octavo Edition, under the title Christ Lay in Death's Dark Prison. The piano reduction was by John E. West, and the translation of the cantata's text by Paul England.Шаблон:Sfn In 1905 this vocal score was republished in the United States by H. W. Gray.Шаблон:Sfn Henry S. Drinker's translation Christ lay by death enshrouded appeared in a score edited by Arnold Schering and published by Eulenburg in 1932.Шаблон:Sfn In 1967 Schering's score edition was republished by W. W. Norton with an extended introduction and bibliography by Gerhard Herz.Шаблон:Sfn Breitkopf & Härtel, the publisher of the BGA, produced various editions of the cantata separately, for instance in 1968 a vocal score with Arno Schönstedt's piano reduction and Charles Sanford Terry's translation (Christ lay in Death's grim prison).Шаблон:Sfn

The New Bach Edition (Neue Bach-Ausgabe, NBA) published the score in 1985, edited by Alfred Dürr, with the critical commentary published the next year.Шаблон:Sfn In 1995 Carus produced a revised edition of Hänssler's 1981 Шаблон:Lang, edited by Reinhold Kubik. Both the Hänssler and the Carus edition contained Jean Lunn's Christ lay in death's cold prison translation. Carus followed the NBA's ... in Todes Banden spelling for the German title. In 2007 Carus republished their score edition with an introduction by Hans-Joachim Schulze.Шаблон:Sfn Bach Digital published high-resolution facsimile images of the autograph manuscript parts and of Hauser's score.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Also in the 21st century, Serenissima Music published a vocal score of Шаблон:Lang compatible with Kalmus' performance material based on the BGA.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

Recordings and performances

Шаблон:Further Bach's cantatas fell into obscurity after his death and, in the context of their revival, Шаблон:Lang stands out as being recorded early and having been recorded often; as of 2016, the Bach Cantatas Website lists 77 different complete recordings, the earliest dating from 1931. The first recording was a Catalan version arranged by Francesc Pujol with Lluís Millet conducting the Orfeó Català: this 1931 performance was released on three 78 rpm discs by the label "La Voz de su Amo" (His Master's Voice) in 1932.Шаблон:Sfn The cantata was recorded twice under the direction of Nadia Boulanger, a 1937 version recorded in Paris and a 1938 version recorded in Boston.Шаблон:Sfn

There are several recordings from the decades immediately after the war. Robert Shaw recorded the cantata in 1946 and again in 1959. Günther Ramin conducted the Thomanerchor in 1950, the anniversary of Bach's death. The same year, Fritz Lehmann conducted the choir of the Musikhochschule Frankfurt with soloists Helmut Krebs and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau. Karl Richter and his Münchener Bach-Chor first recorded it in 1958.Шаблон:Sfn

Nikolaus Harnoncourt recorded Шаблон:Lang in 1971 in a historically informed performance with original instruments and male singers (the upper two parts are sung by boys and the countertenor Paul Esswood). This was at the start of the first project to record all Bach's sacred cantatas, "J. S. Bach – Das Kantatenwerk" on Teldec.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang has since been included in the other "complete sets", conducted by Rilling, Gardiner, Koopman, Leusink, and Suzuki (details of these recordings are given in the discography article).Шаблон:Sfn

Music from the cantata was performed as early as 1914 at the Proms (at that time held in the Queen's Hall), although the complete work was not heard in this concert series until 1978, when it was given at St Augustine's church, Kilburn.[3]

Transcriptions

In 1926 Walter Rummel published a piano arrangement of the cantata's fourth movement, "Jesus Christus, Gottes Sohn".Шаблон:Sfn George Copeland recorded this transcription in 1938 (re-issued on CD 2001),Шаблон:Sfn and Jonathan Plowright recorded it in 2005.Шаблон:Sfn

After he had recorded his orchestration of the chorale prelude Christ lag in Todesbanden, BWV 718, in 1931,Шаблон:Sfn Leopold Stokowski recorded his arrangement for symphonic orchestra of BWV 4's fourth movement in 1937.Шаблон:Sfn As Chorale from the Easter cantata Christ lag in Todesbanden the arrangement's score was published by Broude Brothers in 1951.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Later the arrangement was also recorded by José Serebrier and Robert Pikler.Шаблон:Sfn

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Cited sources

General sources

Editions in English

Editions

Books

Online sources

Further reading

External links

Шаблон:Easter Шаблон:Church cantatas by Johann Sebastian Bach Шаблон:Bach cantatas

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Bach, Johann Sebastian (composer), Luther, Martin (author), West, John E. (editor) and England, Paul (translator). Christ lay in death's dark prison. Novello & Co. (Plate No. 12053), Шаблон:Circa1900–1905. Шаблон:OCLC
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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