Английская Википедия:Christianity and transgender people

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:See also Шаблон:Multiple issues Шаблон:LGBT topics and Christianity Шаблон:Christianity and gender

Within Christianity, there are a variety of views on the issues of gender identity and transgender people. Christian denominations vary in their official position: some explicitly support gender transition, some oppose it, and others are divided or have not taken an official stance. Within any given denomination, individual members may or may not endorse the official views of their church on the topic.[1]

Denominations including the Catholic Church, the Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Southern Baptist Convention have expressed official opposition to gender transition, sometimes citing Biblical references to God creating humans as "male and female."[2] Other denominations, including the Church of England, Church of Sweden, Episcopal Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and Presbyterian Church (USA), have permitted ordained transgender clergy to serve in congregations.

History

Шаблон:See alsoThe history of Christianity and homosexuality has traditionally intertwined with the history of Christianity and transgender people, and has been subject to intense debate.[3] The Hebrew Bible and its traditional interpretations in Judaism and Christianity have historically affirmed and endorsed a patriarchal and heteronormative approach towards human sexuality.[4][5] They favour exclusively penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women within the boundaries of marriage over all other forms of human sexual activity.[4][5] This includes autoeroticism, masturbation, oral sex, non-penetrative and non-heterosexual sexual intercourse (all of which have been labeled as "sodomy" at various times).[6] They believe and teach that such behaviors are forbidden because they're considered sinful,[4][5] and further compared to or derived from the behavior of the alleged residents of Sodom and Gomorrah.[4][7][8][9][10] However, the status of LGBT people in early Christianity is debated.[3][11][12][13][14]

Some commentators, both Catholic and those of other denominations maintain that the early Christian churches deplored transgender people and same-sex relationships.[15] However, others maintain that they accepted them on the level of their heterosexual counterparts.[16] These disagreements concern the translations of certain terms, or the meaning and context of some biblical passages, including Sodom and Gomorrah, Levitical laws, and other passages.[7]

Aspects of transition

Surgery and other alterations of the body

With respect to transition-related surgery, and other alterations of the physical body, the Old Testament has specific rules about men's genitalia being intact: men with damaged testicles or severed genitals are forbidden from being admitted to religious assemblies.[17]

The New Testament is more ambiguous about gender-variant and otherwise altered bodies than the Old Testament. Eunuchs (Greek eunochos, similar to Hebrew saris) are indicated as acceptable candidates for evangelism and baptism, as demonstrated in a story about the conversion of an Ethiopian eunuch.[18] While answering questions about marriage and divorce, Jesus says that "there are eunuchs who have been so from birth, and there are eunuchs who have been made eunuchs by others, and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven."[19] This has sparked discussion about the significance of the selection of the Ethiopian eunuch as being the first Gentile convert to Christianity. Some argue that the inclusion of a eunuch represents a sexual minority similar to some of those who are included under today's category of transgender, in the context of the time.[20]

A number of Christian denominations reject the idea that physical transition changes an individual's gender. The Catholic Church, for example, stated a position in a 2000 document Шаблон:Which by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith that sex reassignment surgery does not change a person's gender in the eyes of the Church. "The key point," said the reported document, "is that the transsexual surgical operation is so superficial and external that it does not change the personality. If the person was a male, he remains male. If she was female, she remains female." The document also concluded that a "sex-change" operation could be morally acceptable in certain extreme cases, but that in all cases transgender people cannot validly marry.[21]

Pope Benedict XVI denounced concepts of gender transition, warning that these ideas blur the distinction between male and female and could thus lead to the "self-destruction" of the human species.[22] Benedict also warned against alteration of the term "gender": "What is often expressed and understood by the term 'gender,' is definitively resolved in the self-emancipation of the human being from creation and the Creator," he warned. "Man wants to create himself, and to decide always and exclusively on his own about what concerns him." He said that this is humanity living "against truth, against the creating Spirit."[23]

The Southern Baptist Convention has also frequently voiced opposition to the idea of gender transition, and to gender-related alteration of one's body, including surgery and use of hormone therapy.

In 2014, the Southern Baptist Convention approved a resolution at its annual meeting stating that "God's design was the creation of two distinct and complementary sexes, male and female" and that "gender identity is determined by biological sex, not by one's self-perception."[24] Furthermore, the resolution opposes hormone therapy, transition-related procedures, and anything else that would "alter one's bodily identity". The resolution further opposes government efforts to "validate transgender identity as morally praiseworthy".[24] Instead, the resolution asks transgender people to "trust in Christ and to experience renewal in the Gospel".[24]

Transgender identity and clergy

Modern Christian denominations vary in their views on transgender identity, with some accepting transgender people and ordaining them as clergy, and others rejecting LGBTQ identity generally.

The United Church of Christ General Synod called for full inclusion of transgender persons in 2003.[25]

In 2005 Sarah Jones became the first openly transgender person ordained by the Church of England as a priest.[26][27][28] Carol Stone was the first transgender priest, having been ordained in 1978 and transitioning in 2000, then continuing her ministry within the church as a woman.[29]

In 2008, the United Methodist Church Judicial Council ruled that transgender pastor Drew Phoenix could keep his position.[30] At the UMC General Conference the same year, several petitions that would have forbidden transgender clergy and added anti-transgender language to the Book of Discipline were rejected.[31]

In 2012, the Episcopal Church in the United States approved a change to their nondiscrimination canons to include gender identity and expression, which allows transgender people to serve as priests.[32] In 2013 Shannon Kearns became the first openly transgender person ordained by the North American Old Catholic Church. In 2014 Megan Rohrer became the first openly transgender leader of a Lutheran congregation (specifically, the Grace Evangelical Lutheran Church of San Francisco).[33]

In 2017, the Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood, an evangelical Christian organization that promotes a complementarian view of gender roles and rejects LGBTQ identities,[34][35][36] released a manifesto on gender and sexuality known as the Nashville Statement. The statement includes fourteen points of belief and was signed by 150 evangelical leaders.[37] The statement was controversial, with some evangelicals and other Christian organizations, as well as LGBTQ rights groups, voicing opposition.[37][38][39]

Gender-specific clothing

The Torah contains prohibitions against men wearing women's clothing and vice versa, which is cited as an abomination within the context of pagan idol worship practices in Deuteronomy 22:5,.[40] As a result, it was once considered taboo in Western society for women to wear clothing traditionally associated with men, except in certain circumstances such as cases of necessity (as per St. Thomas Aquinas's guidelines in the Summa Theologica).[41] In the Middle Ages, this rule's applicability was occasionally disputed.[42] The Quinisext Council in the 7th century ordered students at the University of Constantinople to stop engaging in transvestism.[43]

However, Bible scholar Adam Clarke has noted that "it is very probable that armour is here intended"[44] referring to Deuteronomy 22:5.

There is debate about whether Jesus abolished the Torah law about clothing.[45] The Bible states that Jesus said, "Do not worry about clothes" in Matthew 6:25, Matthew 6:28, and Luke 12:22. Pauline Christianity teaches that the old covenant legal system was abolished altogether, so it cannot be counted a sin any longer now in the Christian faith. Traditionally Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity have no commonly known general injunctions against the practice.

Catholic Church

Documents and declarations

The Catechism of the Catholic Church does not have any text explicitly regarding transgender people. However, it does clearly state that gender is exclusively binary and every person should "acknowledge and accept his sexual identity." It strongly implies that birth anatomy and gender expression are equal and further emphasizes binary heterosexual marriage and family roles.[46][47]

On 28 September 2002, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith addressed a letter to the presidents of all episcopal conferences, stating that the gender of a faithful cannot be changed in the baptismal record following gender reassignment, as this does not change the condition of the person concerned under canon law. The letter orders that an annotation should be added to the record, mentioning the decision taken by civil authorities.[48]

In June 2019, the Congregation for Catholic Education published a document titled Male and Female He Created Them, instructing Catholic schools on topics regarding gender identity.[49] The document rejected the terms transgender and intersex, and criticized the idea that people could choose or change their gender. They labeled it as a "confused concept of freedom" and "momentary desires". It asserted male and female genitalia were designed for procreation. Transgender advocates responded that people may discover a gender different than their external appearance, as determined by "genetics, hormones, and brain chemistry". They criticized the document as not reflecting the life experiences of transgender people and worried it would encourage discrimination and self-harm.[50]

On 31 October 2023, a document from the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, responding to questions from José Negri, Bishop of Santo Amaro, said that transgender people could be baptised, be godparents at a baptism, and be witnesses at weddings, so long as such situations would not cause scandal.[51][52] In September 2015, the Dicastery upheld the refusal of Rafael Zornoza, Bishop of Cádiz and Ceuta, to permit an openly transgender man to be a godfather to his nephew at a baptism.[53]

Statements by popes

Шаблон:Further information In December 2012, during his Christmas address to the Roman Curia, Pope Benedict XVI described the view that one can choose their gender identity, as a "profound falsehood."[54]

While repeatedly denouncing gender theory and gender-affirming surgery,[55][56] in several public statements, Pope Francis, head of the Catholic Church since 2013, has emphasised the need to accompany transgender people.[57][58] On 24 January 2015, he met a Spanish civil servant who stopped attending Mass after his sex change led his parish priest and others to reject him.[59] During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Vatican forged close relations with a group of trans women in Torvaianica, many of whom were from Latin America and working as prostitutes.[60] In August 2020, Francis sent his prayers to Mónica Astorga Cremona, an Argentine Carmelite nun, and the transgender women for which she opened a building complex in Neuquén.[61] Writing in the Toronto Star, columnist Michael Coren described Francis' support as "monumental" and "far more significant than it may seem because the Roman Catholic Church has often been loud and active in opposing the very notion of the trans reality".[62]

In Pope Francis: This Economy Kills (2015), a book edited by Andrea Tornielli and Шаблон:Interlanguage link reporting extensive interviews with Francis,[63] Francis compared "genetic manipulation" and gender theory to nuclear weapons, calling them "a new sin, that against God the Creator" that "does not recognise the order of creation", whose design "is written in nature".[55] At a meeting of young people in Naples on 21 March 2015, Francis called gender theory "the mistake of the human mind ... creating so much confusion".[64] At a general audience the following month, he said:[65]Шаблон:QuoteIn an address to Polish bishops in Kraków Cathedral on 27 July 2016, later published by the Vatican, Francis denounced the "ideological colonisation" of children being taught about gender-affirming surgery.[66] During his 2016 pastoral visit to Georgia and Azerbaijan, Francis told a conference of priests and nuns that teaching gender theory in schools was part of a "global war" against marriage.[67] In the press conference aboard the papal flight home on 2 October 2016, he called gender theory "against the realities of nature", warning that schools teaching gender theory "to change people's way of thinking [is] 'ideological colonisation'".[57][67]

At an audience with the Pontifical Academy for Life on 5 October 2017, Francis condemned "the biological and psychical manipulation of sexual difference, which biomedical technology allows us to perceive as completely available to free choice – which it is not!"[56] Francis' comments were criticised by Catholic LGBT organisations, including New Ways Ministry and DignityUSA.[68]

Statements by bishops

In January 2020, Bishop Paprocki of the Diocese of Springfield released a pastoral guide regarding gender identity. Paprocki's guide stated that "a person cannot change his or her gender" and that sex-reassignment surgery is "a type of mutilation and intrinsically evil." He also refers to transgender surgeries for children as "child abuse and genital mutilation" and emphasized that "it is imperative to be clear on the reality of human biology as a gift from God that we cannot change."[69][70][71]

In August 2021, Bishop Burbidge of the Diocese of Arlington released a pastoral letter titled A Catechesis on the Human Person and Gender Ideology. Burbidge's letter calls upon Catholics to show love to transgender people, reminding them of their value and listening to their struggle, while also avoiding showing any "misguided charity and false compassion." He urges Catholics to reject the use of "gender-affirming' terms or pronouns", as it would "be inconsistent" with Church teachings on sex.[72][73]

Mainline Protestantism

Within mainline and liberal Protestantism, several denominations including regional bodies within denominations have grown increasingly accepting and supportive of transgender members and rights. Usually, support for the full inclusion of transgender people, including in ordained ministry, has been accompanied by support for the broader LGBT community.Шаблон:Citation needed In 2000, the Church of England, an Anglican church, permitted transgender priests to continue serving as pastors.[74] In 2006, the Church of Sweden, the national Lutheran church, voted to ordain transgender priests.[75] In 2008, the United Methodist Church determined that transgender people could serve as ordained pastors within the denomination.[76] In 2009, a spokesperson for the Church in Wales, an Anglican church, announced that the church affirms transgender people.[77] In 2014, the Calvary Baptist Church in DC ordained the first known and openly transgender minister within a Baptist church.[78] Calvary Baptist is affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA, Cooperative Baptist Fellowship, and Alliance of Baptists.[79]

In 2014, the Anglican church appointed an openly transgender, and lesbian, vicar as a minor canon in Manchester Cathedral.[80] In 2015, the Church of England introduced a proposal to offer naming ceremonies for transgender members.[81] The Diocese of Blackburn in the Church of England has already been using the naming rite.[82] The Secretary General of the Archbishop's Council of the Church of England William "Nye said the Church already had services for people who had been through a 'significant personal transition of one kind or another' which could be used to mark gender change."[83] Couples, where one partner is transgender and recognized as having legally transitioned, may marry in Church of England parishes. "Thus clergy in the Church of England...will not be able to prohibit the use of their church buildings for such marriages."[84] In 2017, the General Synod of the Church of England passed a motion stating, "That this Synod, recognizing the need for transgender people to be welcomed and affirmed in their parish church, call on the House of Bishops to consider whether some nationally commended liturgical materials might be prepared to mark a person's gender transition."[85][86]

In 2017, M Barclay became the first openly non-binary trans person to be commissioned as a Deacon in the United Methodist Church.[87]

Other denominations that welcome transgender members and ordain transgender people in ministry are the Episcopal Church, United Church of Christ, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and the Presbyterian Church (USA).[88]

Transgender people have also gained acceptance in some churches in Africa and Asia. In 2012, the Church of South India opened up the possibility of ordaining transgender priests.[89] In Africa, the Anglican Church of Southern Africa affirmed that transgender people could be "full members".[90]

The Mar Thoma Syrian Church is a Reformed Orthodox denomination in India which is a full communion partner of the Anglican Communion. The Mar Thoma Church has affirmed societal support for the inclusion and acceptance of third gender persons.[91] In 2019, the church announced that it supports transgender people and that it believes the Bible makes several references to transgender people.[92] The church also started a program to provide financial assistance to transgender persons in need of sex reassignment surgery.[93]

Old Catholic Church

The Old Catholic Church has been affirming and welcoming to transgender members. Old Catholic and Independent Catholic churches have been accepting of the LGBT community in general.[94] In 2014, one of the first transgender priests was ordained in the Old Catholic Church.[95]

Unitarianism

The Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA), a mainline and historically Christian Non-Trinitarian denomination,[96] has been supportive of transgender people. Although they are no longer exclusively Christian, they officially welcome transgender members and ministers.[97] In 2017, the Unitarian Universalist Association's General Assembly voted to create inclusive wordings for non-binary, genderqueer, gender fluid, agender, intersex, two-spirit, and polygender people. The church has replaced the words "men and women" with the word "people". Of the six sources of the living tradition, the second source of faith, as documented in the bylaws of the denomination, now includes "Words and deeds of prophetic people which challenge us to confront powers and structures of evil with justice, compassion, and the transforming power of love".[98]

Jehovah's Witnesses

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that transgender people should live as the gender they were assigned at birth and view gender-affirming surgery as mutilation.[99]

Philippine Independent Church

Officially known as the Iglesia Filipina Independiente and colloquially called the Aglipayan Church, an Independent Catholic denomination with Anglo-Catholic[100] orientation, the church has adopted an official and binding position of inclusion and full acceptance of LGBT individuals and organizations since 2017 after the question of inclusiveness was raised in an official leadership meeting by a gay member of the church in 2014. Its youth organization wing has also repeatedly elected presidents, vice presidents, and executives who belong to the Filipino LGBT youth sector.[101] On February 24, 2023, the church ordained Wylard "Wowa" Ledama, a trans woman, to the diaconate as the church's first trans clergy in the predominantly conservative country.[102]

Denominations that allow transgender clergy

Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Further Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Further reading

Шаблон:Authority control

Партнерские ресурсы
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