Английская Википедия:Christmastide

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Файл:Christmas Crib.jpg
A nativity scene and a Christmas tree, two popular decorations displayed by Christians during Christmastide

Christmastide, also known as Christide, is a season of the liturgical year in most Christian churches.

For the Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Anglican Church, Methodist Church and some Orthodox Churches, Christmastide begins on 24 December at sunset or Vespers, which is liturgically the beginning of Christmas Day.[1][2][3][4] Most of 24 December is thus not part of Christmastide, but of Advent, the season in the Church Year that precedes Christmastide. In many liturgical calendars Christmastide is followed by the closely related season of Epiphanytide that commences at sunset on 5 January—a date known as Twelfth Night.[5][6]

In many Christian denominations, Christmastide is identical to Twelvetide (Twelve Days of Christmastide). There are several celebrations within Christmastide, including Christmas Day (25 December), St. Stephen's Day (26 December), Childermas (28 December), New Year's Eve (31 December), the Feast of the Circumcision of Christ or the Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (1 January), and the Feast of the Holy Family (date varies). The Twelve Days of Christmas terminate with Epiphany Eve or Twelfth Night (the evening of 5 January).[7]

Customs of the Christmas season include carol singing, gift giving, attending Nativity plays, church services,[8] and eating special food, such as Christmas cake.[9] Traditional examples of Christmas greetings include the Western Christian phrase "Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year!" and the Eastern Christian greeting "Christ is born!", to which others respond, "Glorify Him!"[10][11]

Dates

Christmastide, commonly called the Twelve Days of Christmas, lasts 12 days, from 25 December to 5 January, the latter date being named as Twelfth Night.[12] These traditional dates are adhered to by the Lutheran Church and the Anglican Church.[1]

However, the ending is defined differently by other Christian denominations.[13] In 1969, the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church expanded Christmastide by a variable number of days: "Christmas Time runs from... up to and including the Sunday after Epiphany or after 6 January."[14] Before 1955, the 12 Christmastide days in the Roman Rite (25 December to 5 January) were followed by the 8 days of the Octave of Epiphany, 6–13 January, and its 1960 Code of Rubrics defined "Christmastide" as running "from I vespers of Christmas to none of 5th January inclusive".[15] The Saint Andrew Daily Missal (1945) says Christmastide begins with "the vigil of the feast [Christmas Day] and ends in the temporal cycle on the octave day of the Epiphany...[and] in the sanctoral cycle on the Purification of our Lady (Feb. 2)."[16] Within the Christmas Cycle is "the time before, during and after the feast itself, thus having for its aim to prepare the soul for them, then allow it to celebrate them with solemnity and finally to prolong them several weeks"; this references Advent, Christmas, and the Time after Epiphany (Epiphanytide).[16]

History

Шаблон:Liturgical year In 567, the Council of Tours "proclaimed the twelve days from Christmas to Epiphany as a sacred and festive season, and established the duty of Advent fasting in preparation for the feast."[17][18][19][20][21][22] Christopher Hill, as well as William J. Federer, states that this was done in order to solve the "administrative problem for the Roman Empire as it tried to coordinate the solar Julian calendar with the lunar calendars of its provinces in the east."[23][24][25] Ronald Hutton adds that, while the Council of Tours declared the 12 days one festal cycle, it confirmed that three of those days were fasting days, dividing the rejoicing days into two blocs.[26][27][28]

In medieval era Christendom, Christmastide "lasted from the Nativity to the Purification."[29][30] To this day, the "Christian cultures in Western Europe and Latin America extend the season to forty days, ending on the Feast of the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple and the Purification of Mary on 2 February, a feast also known as Candlemas because of the blessing of candles on this day, inspired by the Song of Simeon, which proclaims Jesus as 'a light for revelation to the nations'."[31] Many Churches refer to the period after the traditional Twelve Days of Christmas and up to Candlemas, as Epiphanytide, also called the Epiphany season.[32][33] The Puritans referred to the season as Christide as they did not affirm the sacrificial aspect of the Mass.[34]

Traditions

Файл:Elim2.jpg
The Moravian star is a common decoration seen in many Christian households and churches, especially those of Moravians, during Christmastide and Epiphanytide

During the Christmas season, various festivities are traditionally enjoyed and buildings are adorned with Christmas decorations, which are often set up during Advent.[35][36] These Christmas decorations include the Nativity Scene, Christmas tree, Moravian star, Illuminations and various Christmas ornaments. In the Western Christian world, the two traditional days on which Christmas decorations are removed are Twelfth Night, Baptism of Jesus and Candlemas. Any not removed on the first occasion should be left undisturbed until the second.[37] Leaving the decorations up beyond Candlemas is considered to be inauspicious.[38] The Saint Andrew Daily Missal (1945), authored by Dom Gaspar Lefebvre, stipulates:[16] Шаблон:Quotation On Christmas Eve or Christmas Day (the first day of Christmastide), it is customary for most households in Christendom to attend a service of worship or Mass.[39][40] During the season of Christmastide, in many Christian households, a gift is given for each of the Twelve Days of Christmastide, while in others, gifts are only given on Christmas Eve, Christmas Day or Twelfth Night, the first and last days of the festive season, respectively.[41] The practice of giving gifts during Christmastide, according to Christian tradition, is symbolic of the presentation of the gifts by the Three Wise Men to the infant Jesus.[42]

In several parts of the world, it is common to have a large family feast on Christmas Day, preceded by saying grace. Desserts such as Christmas cake are unique to Christmastide; in India and Pakistan, a version known as Allahabadi cake is popular.[9] During the Christmas season, it is also very common for Christmas carols to be sung at Christian churches, as well as in front of houses—in the latter scenario, groups of Christians go from one house to another to sing Christmas carols.[43] Popular Christmas carols include "Silent Night", "Come, Thou Long Expected Jesus", "We Three Kings", "Down in Yon Forest", "Away in a Manger", "I Wonder as I Wander", "God Rest Ye Merry, Gentlemen", "There's a Song in the Air", and "Let all mortal flesh keep silence".[44] In the Christmas season, it is very common for television stations to air feature films relating to Christmas and Christianity in general, such as The Greatest Story Ever Told and Scrooge.[45]

On Saint Stephen's Day, the second day of Christmastide,[46] people traditionally have their horses blessed,[47] and on the Feast of Saint John the Evangelist, the third day of Christmastide,[48] wine is blessed and consumed.[47] The fourth day of Christmastide, Childermas (Children's Mass), is observed through the blessing of children at church, as well as the remembrance of the Holy Innocents as the first Christian martyrs.[49][50] On New Year's Eve (the seventh day of Christmastide), it is common for many Christians to attend a watchnight service to thank God for being blessed in the previous year and resolving to serve Him in the coming year.[51] Throughout the twelve days of Christmastide, many people view Nativity plays,[52] among other forms of "musical and theatrical presentations".[47]

In the Russian Orthodox Church, Christmastide is referred to as "Svyatki", meaning "Holy Days". It is celebrated from the Nativity of Christ (7 January N.S.) to the Theophany or Baptism of Christ (19 January N.S.). Activities during this period include attending church services, singing Christmas carols and spiritual hymns, visiting relatives and friends, and performing works of mercy, such as visiting the sick, the elderly people, orphans, and giving generous alms.[53]

Liturgy

Western Christianity

Файл:Midnight Mass 2010 - 66 (5292245955).jpg
Midnight Mass is held in many Christian churches toward the end of Christmas Eve, often with dim lighting and traditional decorative accents such as greenery

Readings

Calendar Day Feast Revised Common Lectionary Roman Lectionary
24 December Christmas Eve Isaiah 9:2–7
Psalm 96 (11)
Titus 2:11–14
Luke 2:1–14 [15–20] 		Is 62:1–5
Acts 13:16–17, 22-25/Mt 1:1–25 or 1:18–25
25 December Christmas Day (first day of Christmastide) Isaiah 52:7–10
Psalm 98 (3)
Hebrews 1:1–4 [5–12]
John 1:1–14 		Is 52:7-10/Heb 1:1-6/Jn 1:1–18 or 1:1–5, 9–14
26 December Saint Stephen's Day (second day of Christmastide) 2 Chronicles 24:17–22
Psalm 17:1–9, 15 (6)
Acts 6:8—7:2a, 51–60
Matthew 23:34–39 		Acts 6:8–10; 7:54-59/Mt 10:17–22
27 December Feast of St John the Apostle (third day of Christmastide) Genesis 1:1–5, 26–31
Psalm 116:12–19
1 John 1:1--2:2
John 21:20–25 		1 Jn 1:1-4/Jn 20:1a, 2–8
28 December Feast of the Holy Innocents (fourth day of Christmastide) Jeremiah 31:15–17
Psalm 124 (7)
1 Peter 4:12–19
Matthew 2:13–18 		1 Jn 1:5—2:2/Mt 2:13–18
29 December Feast of Saint Thomas Becket (fifth day of Christmastide) 1 Chronicles 28:1–10
1 Corinthians 3:10–17
Psalm 147:12–20 		1 Jn 2:3-11/Lk 2:22–35
30 December (sixth day of Christmastide) 1 Samuel 2:18–20, 26
Psalm 148
Colossians 3:12–17
Luke 2:41–52 		Sir 3:2–6, 12-14/Col 3:12–21 or 3:12-17/Lk 2:41–52
1 Sm 1:20–22, 24-28/1 Jn 3:1–2, 21-24/Lk 2:41–52 (Year C)
31 December Saint Sylvester's Day / New Year's Eve (cf. watchnight service) (seventh day of Christmastide) Ecclesiastes 3:1–13
Psalm 8
Revelation 21:1-6a
Matthew 25:31–46 		1 Jn 2:18-21/Jn 1:1–18
1 January Feast of the Circumcision of Christ (Lutheran and Anglican Churches, Catholic Church, Extraordinary Form)
Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Catholic Church, Ordinary Form) (eighth day of Christmastide) 		Numbers 6:22–27
Psalm 8
Galatians 4:4–7
Philippians 2:5–11 (alternate)
Luke 2:15–21 		Nm 6:22-27/Gal 4:4-7/Lk 2:16–21 (18)
2 January (ninth day of Christmastide) Proverbs 1:1–7
James 3:13–18
Psalm 147:12–20 		1 Jn 2:22-28/Jn 1:19–28
3 January (tenth day of Christmastide) Job 42:10–17
Luke 8:16–21
Psalm 72 		1 Jn 2:29—3:6/Jn 1:29–34
4 January (eleventh day of Christmastide) Isaiah 6:1–5
Acts 7:44–53
Psalm 72 		1 Jn 3:7-10/Jn 1:35–42 (207)
5 January Twelfth Night (twelfth day of Christmastide) Jeremiah 31:7–14
John 1:[1-9] 10–18
Psalm 72 		1 Jn 3:11-21/Jn 1:43–51 (208)

Eastern Christianity

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, as well as in the Greek Catholic Churches and Byzantine-Rite Lutheran Churches, Christmas is the fourth most important feast (after Pascha, Pentecost and Theophany). The day after, the Church celebrates the Synaxis of the Theotokos. This means that Saint Stephen's Day and the Feast of the Holy Innocents fall one day later than in the West. The coming of the Wise Men is celebrated on the feast itself.

Readings

Calendar day Feast Service Old Testament Lesson(s) Epistle(s) Gospel(s)
11-17 December Sunday of the Forefathers[54] Divine Liturgy Colossians 3:4-11 Luke 14:16-24
18-24 December Saturday before Christmas Divine Liturgy Galatians 3:8-12 Luke 13:18-29
18-24 December Sunday before Christmas Vespers Genesis 14:14-20
Deuteronomy 1:8-11, 15-17
Deuteronomy 10:14-21
Divine Liturgy Hebrews 11:9-10, 18-23, 32-40 Matthew 1:1-25
24 December Christmas Eve[55] Royal Hours First Hour Micah 5:2-4 Hebrews 1:1-12 Matthew 1:18-25
Third Hour Baruch 3:35-4:4 Galatians 3:23-29 Luke 2:1-20
Sixth Hour Isaiah 7:10-16; 8:1-4, 9-10 Hebrews 1:10-2:3 Matthew 2:1-12
Ninth Hour Isaiah 9:6-7 Hebrews 2:11-18 Matthew 2:13-23
Vespers (+ Divine Liturgy) Genesis 1:1-13
Numbers 24:2-3, 5-9, 17-18
Micah 4:6-7; 5:2-4
Isaiah 11:1-10
Baruch 3:35-4:4
Daniel 2:31-36, 44-45
Isaiah 9:6-7
Isaiah 7:10-16; 8:1-4, 9-10		 Hebrews 1:1-12[56]
or
Galatians 3:15-22[57]		 Luke 2:1-20
25 December Christmas Day Matins Matthew 1:18-25
Divine Liturgy Galatians 4:4-7 Matthew 2:1-12
26 December Synaxis of the Theotokos Divine Liturgy Hebrews 2:11-18 Matthew 2:13-23
26-31 December Saturday after Christmas Divine Liturgy 1 Timothy 6:11-16 Matthew 12:15-21
26-31 December Sunday after Christmas Divine Liturgy Galatians 1:11-19 Matthew 2:13-23
27 December Saint Stephen's Day Divine Liturgy Acts 6:8-15; 7:1-5, 47-60 Matthew 21:33-42
29 December Holy Innocents' Day Divine Liturgy 2 Corinthians 5:15-21 Matthew 2:13-23
30 December-5 January Saturday before Theophany Divine Liturgy 1 Timothy 3:14-4:5 Matthew 3:1-11
1 January Feast of the Circumcision of Christ
Saint Basil's Day		 Vespers Genesis 17:1-2, 4-12, 14
Proverbs 8:22-30
Proverbs 10:31-11:12
Matins John 10:9-16
Divine Liturgy Colossians 2:8-12
Hebrews 7:26-8:2		 Luke 2:20-21, 40-52
Luke 6:17-23
2 January Repose of St Seraphim of Sarov Vespers Wisdom 3:1-9
Wisdom 5:15-6:3
Wisdom 4:7-15
Matins Matthew 11:27-30
Divine Liturgy Galatians 5:22-6:2 Luke 6:17-23
2-5 January Sunday before Theophany Divine Liturgy 2 Timothy 4:5-8 Mark 1:1-8
5 January Theophany Eve[58] Royal Hours First Hour Isaiah 35:1-10 Acts 13:25-33 Matthew 3:1-6
Third Hour Isaiah 1:16-20 Acts 19:1-8 Mark 1:1-8
Sixth Hour Isaiah 12:3-6 Romans 6:3-11 Mark 1:9-11[59]
Ninth Hour Isaiah 49:8-15 Titus 2:11-14; 3:4-7 Luke 3:1-18
or
Matthew 3:13-17
Vespers (+ Divine Liturgy) Genesis 1:1-13
Exodus 14:15-18, 21-23, 27-29
Exodus 15:22-16:1
Joshua 3:7-8, 15-17
4 (2) Kings 2:6-14
4 (2) Kings 5:9-14
Isaiah 1:16-20
Genesis 32:1-10
Exodus 2:5-10
Judges 6:36-40
3 (1) Kings 18:30-39
4 (2) Kings 2:19-22
Isaiah 49:8-15		 1 Corinthians 9:19-27 Luke 3:1-18
6 January Theophany Matins Mark 1:9-11
Divine Liturgy Titus 2:11-14; 3:4-7 Matthew 3:13-17
Great Blessing of Waters[60] Isaiah 35:1-10
Isaiah 55:1-13
Isaiah 12:3-6		 1 Corinthians 10:1-4 Mark 1:9-11
7 January Synaxis of John the Baptist Divine Liturgy Acts 19:1-8 John 1:29-34
7-13 January Saturday after Theophany Divine Liturgy Ephesians 6:10-17 Matthew 4:1-11
7-13 January Sunday after Theophany Divine Liturgy Ephesians 4:7-13 Matthew 4:12-17
11 January St Theodosius' Day Vespers Wisdom 3:1-9
Wisdom 5:15-6:3
Wisdom 4:7-15
Matins Luke 6:17-23
Divine Liturgy 2 Corinthians 4:6-15 Matthew 11:27-30

Suppression by antireligious governments

Файл:Bezbozhnik u stanka - Run along, Lord, 1931, n. 22.jpg
A 1931 edition of the Soviet magazine Bezbozhnik, published by the League of Militant Atheists, depicting an Orthodox Christian priest being forbidden to take home a tree for the celebration of Christmastide, which was banned under the Marxist-Leninist doctrine of state atheism.[61]

Revolutionary France

Шаблон:Further With the atheistic Cult of Reason in power during the era of Revolutionary France, Christian Christmas religious services were banned and the three kings cake of the Christmas-Epiphany season was forcibly renamed the "equality cake" under anticlerical government policies.[62][63]

Soviet Union

Шаблон:Further

Under the state atheism of the Soviet Union, after its foundation in 1917, Christmas celebrations—along with other Christian holidays—were prohibited. Saint Nicholas was replaced by Ded Moroz or Grandfather Frost, the Russian Spirit of Winter who brought gifts on New Year's, accompanied by the snowmaiden Snyegurochka who helps distribute gifts.[64]

It was not until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 that the prohibition ended and Christmas was celebrated for the first time in Russia after seven decades.[65] Russia had adopted the custom of celebrating New Year's Day instead. However, the Orthodox Church Christmas is on 7 January. This is, also, an official national holiday.[64]

Nazi Germany

Шаблон:Further European History Professor Joseph Perry wrote that in Nazi Germany, "because Nazi ideologues saw organized religion as an enemy of the totalitarian state, propagandists sought to deemphasize—or eliminate altogether—the Christian aspects of the holiday" and that "Propagandists tirelessly promoted numerous Nazified Christmas songs, which replaced Christian themes with the regime's racial ideologies."[66]

People's Republic of China

Шаблон:Further The government of the People's Republic of China officially espouses state atheism,[67] and has conducted antireligious campaigns to this end.[68] In December 2018, officials raided Christian churches just prior to Christmastide and coerced them to close; Christmas trees and Santa Clauses were also forcibly removed.[69][70]

See also

Шаблон:Portal

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Christmas Шаблон:Liturgical year of the Catholic Church

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