Английская Википедия:Christopher Báthory

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Good article Шаблон:Infobox nobility Christopher Báthory (Шаблон:Lang-hu; 1530 – 27 May 1581) was voivode of Transylvania from 1576 to 1581. He was a younger son of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó. Christopher's career began during the reign of Queen Isabella Jagiellon, who administered the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary on behalf of her son, John Sigismund Zápolya, from 1556 to 1559. He was one of the commanders of John Sigismund's army in the early 1560s.

Christopher's brother, Stephen Báthory, who succeeded John Sigismund in 1571, made Christopher captain of Várad (now Oradea in Romania). After being elected King of Poland, Stephen Báthory adopted the title of Prince of Transylvania and made Christopher voivode in 1576. Christopher cooperated with Márton Berzeviczy, whom his brother appointed to supervise the administration of the Principality of Transylvania as the head of the Transylvanian chancellery at Kraków. Christopher ordered the imprisonment of Ferenc Dávid, a leading theologian of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, who started to condemn the adoration of Jesus. He supported his brother's efforts to settle the Jesuits in Transylvania.

Early life

Christopher was the third of the four sons of Stephen Báthory of Somlyó and Catherine Telegdi.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn His father was a supporter of John Zápolya, King of Hungary, who made him voivode of Transylvania in February 1530.Шаблон:Sfn Christopher was born in Báthorys' castle at Szilágysomlyó (now Șimleu Silvaniei in Romania) in the same year.Шаблон:Sfn His father died in 1534.Шаблон:Sfn

His brother, Andrew, and their kinsman, Tamás Nádasdy, took charge of Christopher's education.Шаблон:Sfn Christopher visited England, France, Italy, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire in his youth.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He also served as a page in Emperor Charles V's court.Шаблон:Sfn

Career

Christopher entered the service of John Zápolya's widow, Isabella Jagiellon, in the late 1550s.Шаблон:Sfn At the time, Isabella administered the eastern territories of the Kingdom of Hungary on behalf of her son, John Sigismund Zápolya.Шаблон:Sfn She wanted to persuade Henry II of France to withdraw his troops from three fortresses that the Ottomans had captured in Banat, so she sent Christopher to France to start negotiations in 1557.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

John Sigismund took charge of the administration of his realm after his mother died on 15 November 1559.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He retained his mother's advisors, including Christopher who became one of his most influential officials.Шаблон:Sfn After the rebellion of Melchior Balassa,Шаблон:Sfn Christopher persuaded John Sigismund to fight for his realm instead of fleeing to Poland in 1562.Шаблон:Sfn Christopher was one of the commanders of John Sigismund's troops during the ensuing war against the Habsburg rulers of the western territories of the Kingdom of Hungary, Ferdinand and Maximilian, who tried to reunite the kingdom under their rule.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Christopher defeated Maximilian's commander, Lazarus von Schwendi, forcing him to lift the siege of Huszt (now Khust in Ukraine) in 1565.Шаблон:Sfn

After the death of John Sigismund, the Diet of Transylvania elected Christopher's younger brother, Stephen Báthory, voivode (or ruler) on 25 May 1571.Шаблон:Sfn Stephen made Christopher captain of Várad (now Oradea in Romania).Шаблон:Sfn The following year, the Ottoman Sultan, Selim II (who was the overlord of Transylvania), acknowledged the hereditary right of the Báthory family to rule the province.Шаблон:Sfn

Reign

Transylvania and the neighboring regions

Principality of Transylvania in 1570

Stephen Báthory was elected King of Poland on 15 December 1575.Шаблон:Sfn He adopted the title of Prince of Transylvania and made Christopher voivode on 14 January 1576.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn An Ottoman delegation confirmed Christopher's appointment at the Diet in Gyulafehérvár (now Alba Iulia in Romania) in July.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The sultan's charter (or ahidnâme) sent to Christopher emphasized that he should keep the peace along the frontiers.Шаблон:Sfn Stephen set up a separate chancellery in Kraków to keep an eye on the administration of Transylvania.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn The head of the new chancellery, Márton Berzeviczy, and Christopher cooperated closely.Шаблон:Sfn

Anti-Trinitarian preachers began to condemn the worshiping of Jesus in Partium and Székely Land in 1576, although the Diet had already forbade all doctrinal innovations.Шаблон:Sfn Ferenc Dávid, the most influential leader of the Unitarian Church of Transylvania, openly joined the dissenters in the autumn of 1578.Шаблон:Sfn Christopher invited Fausto Sozzini, a leading Anti-Trinitarian theologian, to Transylvania to convince Dávid that the new teaching was erroneous.Шаблон:Sfn Since Dávid refused to obey, Christopher held a Diet and the "Three Nations" (including the Unitarian delegates) ordered Dávid's imprisonment.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Christopher also supported his brother's attempts to strengthen the position of the Roman Catholic Church in Transylvania.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He granted estates to the Jesuits to promote the establishment of a college in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca in Romania) on 5 May 1579.Шаблон:Sfn

Christopher fell seriously ill after his second wife, Elisabeth Bocskai, died in early 1581.Шаблон:Sfn After a false rumor about Christopher's death reached Istanbul, Koca Sinan Pasha proposed Transylvania to Pál Márkházy whom Christopher had been forced into exile.Шаблон:Sfn Although Christopher's only surviving son Sigismund was still a minor, the Diet elected him as voivode before Christopher's death, because they wanted to prevent the appointment of Márkházy.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Christopher died in Gyulafehérvár on 27 May 1581.Шаблон:Sfn He was buried in the Jesuits' church in Gyulafehérvár, almost two years later, on 14 March 1583.Шаблон:Sfn

Family

Christopher's first wife, Catherina Danicska, was a Polish noblewoman, but only the Hungarian form of her name is known.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Their eldest son, Balthasar Báthory, moved to Kraków shortly after Stephen Báthory was crowned King of Poland;Шаблон:Sfn he drowned in the Vistula River in May 1577 at the age of 22.Шаблон:Sfn Christopher's and Catherina's second son, Nicholas, was born in 1567 and died in 1576.Шаблон:Sfn

Christopher's second wife, Elisabeth Bocskai, was a Calvinist noblewoman.Шаблон:Sfn Their first child, Cristina (or Griselda), was born in 1569.Шаблон:Sfn She was given in marriage to Jan Zamoyski, Chancellor of Poland, in 1583.Шаблон:Sfn Christopher's youngest son, Sigismund, was born in 1573.Шаблон:Sfn

Sources

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