Английская Википедия:Chuj language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox language
Chuj Шаблон:IPA-es is a Mayan language spoken by around 40,000 members of the Chuj people in Guatemala and around 3,000 members in Mexico. Chuj is a member of the Qʼanjobʼalan branch along with the languages of Tojolabʼal, Qʼanjobʼal, Akateko, Poptiʼ, and Mochoʼ which, together with the Chʼolan branch, Chuj forms the Western branch of the Mayan family. The Chujean branch emerged approximately 2,000 years ago.[1] In Guatemala, Chuj speakers mainly reside in the municipalities of San Mateo Ixtatán, San Sebastián Coatán and Nentón in the Huehuetenango Department. Some communities in Barillas and Ixcán also speak Chuj. The two main dialects of Chuj are the San Mateo Ixtatán dialect and the San Sebastián Coatán dialect.[2]
The Chuj language has been influenced by Spanish, and Chuj speakers have a tendency to borrow Spanish words or code-mix. It is estimated that 70% of the Chuj language is purely Chuj.[3] There are language conservation and revitalization efforts taking place in San Mateo Ixtatán, through groups like the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.[4]
Phonology
Phonemic Inventory
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| High | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Mid | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Low | Шаблон:IPA link | |
Orthography
| Orthography[6][7] | IPA | Example | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|
| a | Шаблон:IPA | atzʼam | salt |
| bʼ | Шаблон:IPA | bʼeyi | to walk |
| ch | Шаблон:IPA | chich | rabbit |
| chʼ | Шаблон:IPA | chʼal | thread |
| e | Шаблон:IPA | ewi | yesterday |
| i | Шаблон:IPA | ix | woman |
| j | Шаблон:IPA | jun | one |
| k | Шаблон:IPA | kukay | firefly |
| kʼ | Шаблон:IPA | kʼatzitz | firewood |
| l | Шаблон:IPA | lolonel | word |
| m | Шаблон:IPA | much | bird |
| n | Шаблон:IPA | nun | parent |
| nh | Шаблон:IPA | nhabʼ | rain |
| o | Шаблон:IPA | okʼ | foot |
| p | Шаблон:IPA | pat | house |
| r | Шаблон:IPA | retet | woodpecker |
| s | Шаблон:IPA | sak | white |
| t | Шаблон:IPA | tut | beans |
| tʼ | Шаблон:IPA | tʼoy | soft |
| tz | Шаблон:IPA | tzatz | hard |
| tzʼ | Шаблон:IPA | tzʼiʼ | dog |
| u | Шаблон:IPA | unin | child |
| w | Шаблон:IPA | winak | man |
| x | Шаблон:IPA | xanhap | shoe |
| y | Шаблон:IPA | yax | green |
| ʼ | Шаблон:IPA | ʼonh | avocado |
The letter 'h' is conventionally used in words with initial vowels to distinguish them from words that begin with a glottal stop.
Grammar
Verb stem morphology
Below is a template for the verbal stem in Chuj. Verbal predicates in Chuj appear with a status suffix: -a with transitive verbs and –i with intransitive verbs. Finite clauses inflect for Tense-Aspect, person, and number.[8]
| Шаблон:Interlinear |
Non-verbal predicates
Non-verbal predicates are non-verbal words like adjectives, nouns, positionals, or directionals that act as the main predicate and are semantically stative. These constructions do not inflect for Tense-Aspect, but do inflect for person and number.[9] There is no overt copula in Chuj and copula constructions are expressed through non-verbal predicates.
Person-markers
Chuj is an ergative-absolutive language. The subject of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb are both cross-referenced with an absolutive marker, which appears in the verbal stem. The subject of a transitive verb is cross-referenced with an ergative marker in the verbal stem.
| Ergative marker | Absolutive marker | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pre-consonantal | pre-vocalic | pre-consonantal/ pre-vocalic | ||
| 3rd person | singular | hin- | w- | hin- |
| plural | ko- | k- | honh- | |
| 2nd person | singular | ha- | h- | hach- |
| plural | he- | hey- | hex- | |
| 3rd person | singular | s- | y- | Ø |
| plural | s-... hebʼ | y-... hebʼ | hebʼ | |
Tense-Aspect
Chuj has four attested Tense-Aspect markers.[7][10] Finite clauses inflect obligatorily for Tense-Aspect.
| Marker | Meaning |
|---|---|
| tz- | imperfective |
| ix- | perfective |
| lan | progressive |
| ol- | prospective |
Nominal classifiers
Chuj nominal classifiers represent a closed class of approximately a dozen words. They specify gender for humans, and the base material for objects, such as wood (teʼ) for houses and metal (kʼen) for knives.
| Classifier | Domain |
|---|---|
| aʼ | water |
| anh | plant [grow from ground] |
| atzʼam | salt |
| chanh | vine |
| ix | female |
| ixim | grain |
| kʼak | cloth |
| kʼen | metal |
| lum | earth |
| nokʼ | animal |
| teʼ | wood |
| waj | male name |
| winh | male |
Chuj nominal classifiers have two main functions: they act as articles for referential nouns, and as pronouns. They have a lexical origin, but have undergone semantic bleaching and may therefore refer to a larger semantic field than the nominals that they are derived from.
- Articles for referential nouns
- Pronouns
Numbers 1 through 10 in Chuj
| San Mateo Ixtatán | San Sebastián Coatán |
|---|---|
| Juʼun | Jun[11] |
| Chaʼabʼ | Chaʼabʼ/chabʼ |
| Oxeʼ | Oxeʼ |
| Chanheʼ | Chanheʼ |
| Hoyeʼ | Oʼeʼ |
| Wakeʼ | Wakeʼ |
| Hukeʼ | Hukeʼ |
| Wajxakeʼ | Wajxkeʼ |
| Bʼalunheʼ | Bʼalnheʼ |
| Lajunheʼ | Lajnheʼ |
A tongue twister in Chuj from San Sebastián Coatán
Source:[12] Шаблон:Poem quote
Sample Text
| English | Chuj |
| One | Ju'un |
| Two | Cha'ab' |
| Three | Oxe' |
| Man | Winak |
| Woman | 'Ix |
| Dog | Tz'i' |
| Sun | K'u |
| Moon | Chi'ich |
| Water | Ha' |
| Dog | Tz'i' |
| Deer | Chej |
| Coyote | Okes |
| Monkey | Maxtin |
| Rabbit | Tzich |
| Mouse | Cho |
| Bird | Much |
| Fish | Chay |
| Snake | Kan |
| Black | K'ik' |
| White | Sak |
| Red | Chak |
| Yellow | K'an |
| Blue | Ya'ax |
| Green | Ya'ax |
Notes
References
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
External links
- Chuj – English Dictionary of the Chuj (Mayan) Language, Hopkins, Nicholas A., 2012
- Chuj Talking Dictionary, 2014. Chuj Talking Dictionary. K’ulb’il Yol Twitz Paxil / The Academy of Mayan Languages, Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages.
- Academia de las Lenguas MayasШаблон:Dead link
Шаблон:Languages of Guatemala Шаблон:Languages of Mexico Шаблон:Mayan languages
- ↑ Stzolalil Stzʼibʼchaj Tiʼ Chuj, ALMG, 2007, p.34
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Yumal Skuychaj Tiʼ Chuj, ALMG, 2006, p.234
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web Шаблон:Dead link
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Stzolalil Sloloni-Spaxtini Hebʼ Chuj, ALMG, 2007, p. 66
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Stzolalil Sloloni-Spaxtini Hebʼ Chuj, ALMG, 2007, p. 145
- ↑ Yumal Skuychaj Tiʼ Chuj, ALMG, 2006, p.197
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