Английская Википедия:Church of Cassian
The Church of Cassian (arab. al-Qusyan), also called church of St. Peter (gr. Hagios Petros), was the cathedral church of Antioch to the Melkite and Latin patriarch during late antiquity and the medieval ages.Шаблон:Sfn The church is not to be mistaken with the cave church called St. Peter.Шаблон:Sfn
History
According to the famous Christian Arab Ibn Butlan, the church was the house of a man called Cassianus, a prince of Antioch, whose son the apostle Peter had resurrected from the dead. It is possible that Cassianus refers to an actual governor. The Arab historian Al-Masudi dates the church to 459 though his source is unknown.Шаблон:Sfn
The first mention of the church is in a homily preached by Severus, patriarch of Antioch, on February 22 513. The Syrian chronicler John Malalas recounts that emperor Justinian donated a jewelled toga to the inhabitants of Antioch which was then displayed in the church of St Cassian. According to John of Ephesus, the bishops Sergius and George attempted to consecrate an alternative patriarch in the church.Шаблон:Sfn This points to how the church became one of the important churches in Antioch in the late sixth century.Шаблон:Sfn At the same time, the old cathedral church, the so-called Domus Aurea was destroyed by an earthquake in 588.
The church of Cassian became latest by the time of the Arab occupation the most important church of AntiochШаблон:Sfn and the 17th century patriarch Macarius III Ibn al-Za'im described the church of Cassian as the patriarchal church between the fall of Antioch to the Arabs in 638 and the destruction of Antioch in 1268 by the Mamluks.Шаблон:Sfn During the Arabic occupation, Antioch remained the most important Melkite center in Northern Syria and the Christians remained in possession of the church of Cassian as well as the round Church of Saint Mary, possibly due to a comparatively low Muslim population.Шаблон:Sfn The Byzantine rebel Thomas the Slav was crowned emperor by patriarch Hiob on order of caliph Al-Ma'mun in 821.Шаблон:Sfn In 967, the local Muslims killed patriarch Christopher and sacked the church and the nearby cell of the patriarch.Шаблон:Sfn
Antioch was reconquered by the Byzantine Empire in the year 969 through the strategos Michael Bourtzes and his comrade Isaak Brachamios.Шаблон:Sfn Soon after that, many churches and monasteries in the region such as that of Saint Symeon were reconstructed, something that had been forbidden under Islamic law. The church of Cassian, now referred to as Hagios Petros (i.e. St. Peter), was also reconstructed after the Hagia Sophia by Patriarch John III Polites who was ordered to do so by Emperor Basil II.Шаблон:Sfn When Ibn Butlan visited and lived in the church in the middle of the 11th century, the church had many servants and administrators.Шаблон:Sfn When Antioch fell to Suleiman ibn Qutalmish in 1084, he plundered it and made the church into a mosque.Шаблон:Sfn
In 1098, the forces of the First Crusade expelled the Turks and found the statues of saints in the church covered with cement.Шаблон:Sfn They were convinced that it still contained St. Peter's chair and the narthex became again a burial ground.Шаблон:Sfn It was also here that the crusaders found what some of them thought to be the Holy Lance which might have been crucial in boosting their moral. According to the biography of the murdered patriarch Christopher, the lance had been one of the relics in the treasury of the cathedral.Шаблон:Sfn Under the regency of Tancred, the Melkite patriarch John the Oxite was expelled and the cathedral became the center of the Latin patriarch of Antioch. The Latin patriarch Aimery of Limoges installed the Miaphysite patriarch Michael I in this church.Шаблон:Sfn In 1165, Bohemond III of Antioch was forced to seek aid from the Byzantine Emperor Manuel Komnenos and was forced to restore in exchange the Greek patriarch Athanasios I to the church of St. Peter. 5 years later, on June 29 1170, a major earthquake hit the cathedral, causing the dome to collapse and killing about 50 congregants as well as Athanasios I. The flesh of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederic Barbarossa was burried in the church in 1190 while his bones were later brought to Jerusalem.Шаблон:Sfn It seems that the cathedral was finally burned together with the church of St. Paul when Sultan Barbars sacked the city in 1268.Шаблон:Sfn
Description
Whereas the old cathedral had been octogonal and very large, the church of Cassianus was basilical and located in the heart of Antioch.Шаблон:Sfn It was a rectangular structure, 100 paces by 80 paces and rested on undercroft.Шаблон:Sfn The church was famous for being build of marble and the geographer Ibn al-Faqih al-Hamadhani mentioned it as the best building done in marble.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Butlan, who later died as a monk in Antioch, wrote a detailed description of the Church. Among other things, he describes a clepshydra at one of the gates of the cathedral showing the hours of the day during day and night and a bimaristan where the patriarch himself cared for the sick and lepers.Шаблон:Sfn Ibn Butlan wrote that the church held a relic of John the Baptist (the right hand and possibly arm) which was then smuggled to Chalcedon by Patriarch Hiob and then in 957 to the palace of Constantine VII in Constantinople.Шаблон:Sfn
According to the 17th century traveller Jean de la Roque the Christians of Antioch were still able to see the ruins of the church of Cassian though he thought them to be those of the Domus Aurea.Шаблон:Sfn It is possible that some of the marble used in the sixteenth century madrasa of Sibay in Damascus includes material from the church of Cassian.Шаблон:Sfn
Location
According to Ottoman sources and local traditions, the present-day mosque of Habib Neccar was known in the crusader period as "El Kosyan" (Kasyana) church. This, together with descriptions of the location by Ibn Butlan as well as the Arabic legends from the 12th to 14th century about an alleged associate of St. Peter called Habib the carpenter, could point to the Habib mosque standing on the same ground as the church of Cassian.Шаблон:Sfn
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite journal
- Шаблон:Cite book
