Английская Википедия:Cia-Cia language
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:More citations needed Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Infobox language
Cia-Cia, also known as Buton or Butonese, is an Austronesian language spoken principally around the city of Baubau on the southern tip of Buton island, off the southeast coast of Sulawesi, in Indonesia.[1]
In 2009, the language gained international media attention, as the city of Baubau was teaching children to read and write Cia-Cia in Hangul, the Korean alphabet, and the mayor consulted the Indonesian government on the possibility of making the writing system official.[2] However, the project encountered difficulties between the city of Baubau, the Hunminjeongeum Society, and the Seoul Metropolitan Government in 2011.[3] The King Sejong Institute, which had been established in Baubau in 2011 to teach Hangul to locals, abandoned its offices after a year of operation, in 2012;[4] it reopened them in 2022.[5] In December 2023, Agence France-Presse again published an article with interviews showcasing the Hangul effort.[6]
As of 2017, Hangul remains in use in schools and on local signs.[7] In 2020, the first Cia-Cia dictionary was announced. Written in Hangul, it was published in 2022.[5][8]
Demographics
As of 2005, there were 80,000 speakers of Cia-Cia,[9] many of whom also use Wolio, which is closely related to Cia-Cia, as well as Indonesian. Wolio is falling into disuse as a written language among the Cia-Cia, as it is written using the Arabic script, and Indonesian is now taught in schools using the Latin script.[10]Шаблон:Unreliable source?
Cia-Cia has been privately taught to schoolchildren in the hangul script since 2008. The students are also taught some basic Korean.[11] The program remained active as of 2023.[6]
Geographic distribution
Cia-Cia is spoken in Southeast Sulawesi, south Buton Island, Binongko Island, and Batu Atas Island.[9]
According to legend, Cia-Cia speakers on Binonko descend from Butonese troops sent by a Butonese sultan.[12]
Name
The name of the language comes from the negator Шаблон:Lang "no". It is also known as Buton, Butonese, Butung, and in Dutch Шаблон:Lang, names it shares with Wolio, and as South Buton or Southern Butung.[9]
Dialects
The language situation on the island of Buton is very complicated and not known in great detail.[13]
Dialects include Kaesabu, Sampolawa (Mambulu-Laporo), Wabula (with its subvarieties), and Masiri.[14] The Masiri dialect shows the greatest amount of vocabulary in common with the standard dialect.[9] The Pedalaman dialect uses gh—equivalent to r in other dialects—in native vocabulary, and r in loan words.[15]Шаблон:Page needed
Phonology
Phonology according to Reve van den Berg (1991).[1]
Consonants
Notes:
- /k/ is realized as a palatal affricate /c/ before high vowels /i/ and /u/
- /r/ is either an alveolar trill /r/, or a voiced velar fricative /ɣ/ or uvular trill /ʁ/, depending on the dialect
Vowels
Cia-cia has a common five-vowel system.[1][16]
| Front | Back | |
|---|---|---|
| Close | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Mid | Шаблон:IPA link | Шаблон:IPA link |
| Open | Шаблон:IPA link | |
Orthography
Cia-Cia was once written in a Jawi-like script called Gundhul, based on Arabic, with five additional consonant letters but no signs for vowels.Шаблон:Citation needed
The Cia-Cia Latin alphabet[11][1]Шаблон:Rp Consonants g k n d dh t r~gh l m b v~w bh p s ’ ng j c h IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Vowels a e o u i IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA Шаблон:IPA
In 2009, residents of the city of Baubau set about adopting Hangul, the script for the Korean language, as their script for writing Cia-Cia.[17] In January 2020, the publication of the first Cia-Cia dictionary in Hangul was announced. Set to take three years to publish, it is expected to cost Шаблон:SK won.[18]Шаблон:Update inline Although efforts were made to write Cia-Cia in Gundhul, the Hangul script is described as reviving interest in the language as it links it to global identity.Шаблон:Citation needed
| Consonants[19] | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | /ʁ/ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hangul | ㄱ | ㄲ | ㄴ | ㄷ | ㅌ | ㄸ | ㄹ | ᄙ* | ㅁ | ㅂ | ㅸ | ㅍ | ㅃ | ㅅ | ㅡ | ㅇ | ㅈ | ㅉ | ㅎ | ㅋ | |
| Vowels[16] | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | Шаблон:IPA | (null) | |||||||||||||||
| Hangul | ㅏ | ㅔ | ㅗ | ㅜ | ㅣ | ㅡ | |||||||||||||||
* ᄙ is not a separate letter. The medial /r/ and /l/ are distinguished by writing a single letter (ㄹ) for /r/ and double (ᄙ) for /l/. Double ㄹ must be written in two syllables. The final /l/ is written with a single letter ㄹ; for the final consonant /r/, the null vowel (ㅡ) is added. Null consonant and vowel letters (으) are added for initial /l/.Шаблон:Citation needed
Examples
Words
Cia-Cia, like Muna, has three sets of numerals: a free form, a prefixed form, and a reduplicated form.[1] The prefixed form is used before units of 10 (Шаблон:Lang), 100 (Шаблон:Lang), and 1,000 (Шаблон:Lang), and before classifiers and measure nouns. The reduplicated form is used after units of ten when counting. Шаблон:Lang is an irregular exception.[1]
| English | one | two | three | four | five | six | seven | eight | nine | ten | twenty-nine | eighty |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latin | dise, ise | rua, ghua | tolu | pa'a | lima | no'o | picu | walu, oalu | siua | ompulu | rua-pulu-po-picu | walu-pulu |
| Hangul | 디세, 이세 | 루아 | 똘루 | 빠아 | 을리마 | 노오 | 삐쭈 | ᄫᅡᆯ루, 오알루 | 시우아 | 옴뿔루 |
Sentences
An example of the Hangul script, followed by the Latin alphabet and IPA:[21][22]
<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>
<section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>
Reve van den Berg (1991) provides a few more examples.[1]
References
Citations
Sources
- Mustafa Abdullah. 1985. Struktur bahasa Cia-Cia. Proyek Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah Sulawesi Selatan, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
- Шаблон:Cite journal
External links
- Cia-cia: Sampolawa language on Globalrecordings.net
- Шаблон:In lang Interview on the Cia-Cia's adaption of Hangeul
Шаблон:Celebic languages Шаблон:Austronesian languages Шаблон:Languages of Indonesia
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Lee Tae-hoon, "Hangeul didn't become Cia Cia's official writing", The Korea Times, 6 October 2010.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 6,0 6,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 9,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокe18не указан текст - ↑ Butonese – Orientation
- ↑ 11,0 11,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 131.
- ↑ Noorduyn, J. 1991. "A critical survey of studies on the languages of Sulawesi" p. 130.
- ↑ Donohue, Mark. 1999. "A grammar of Tukang Besi". p. 6.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Numbers in Austronesian languages
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Example is part of a textbook: Шаблон:Cite book
