Английская Википедия:Cibyrrhaeot Theme
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox Former Subdivision The Cibyrrhaeot Theme, more properly the Theme of the Cibyrrhaeots (Шаблон:Lang-gr), was a Byzantine theme encompassing the southern coast of Asia Minor from the early 8th to the late 12th centuries. As the Byzantine Empire's first and most important naval theme (θέμα ναυτικόν, Шаблон:Transl), it served chiefly to provide ships and troops for the Byzantine navy.
History
The Cibyrrhaeots (Шаблон:Lang-grc-gre) derive their name from the city of Cibyrrha (it is unclear whether this is Cibyrrha the Great in Caria or Cibyrrha the Lesser in Pamphylia).Шаблон:Sfn The command first appears in the expedition against Carthage in 698, when a "Шаблон:Transl of the Cibyrrhaeots" is attested as commanding the men from Korykos: Apsimar, who at the head of a fleet revolt became emperor as Tiberios III (Шаблон:Reign). At the time, the Cibyrrhaeots were subordinate to the great naval corps of the Шаблон:Transl.Шаблон:Sfn[1]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
After the Шаблон:Transl were disbanded (the exact date is disputed between Шаблон:Circa and Шаблон:Circa), the Cibyrrhaeots were constituted as a regular theme, with its governing Шаблон:Transl first attested in 731/732.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Until the 9th century, when the themes of the Aegean Sea and Samos were elevated from Шаблон:Transl-level commands, the Cibyrrhaeot Theme was the only dedicated naval theme of the Empire.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
The theme encompassed the southern coast of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), from south of Miletus (which belonged to the Thracesian Theme) to the confines of the Arab borderlands in Cilicia, including the old Roman provinces of Caria, Lycia, Pamphylia and parts of Isauria, as well as the modern Dodecanese.[1]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn Its geographical position made it the "front-line" theme facing the attacks of the Muslim fleets of the Levant and Egypt, and consequently the Cibyrrhaeots played a major role in the naval aspect of the Byzantine–Arab Wars.Шаблон:Sfn The land, which was known for its fertility,Шаблон:Sfn suffered from the frequent and devastating Arab raids, which largely depopulated the countryside except for the fortified cities and naval bases.[1]
The seat of the Шаблон:Transl was most probably Attaleia.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn He drew an annual salary of 10 pounds of gold, and his overall rank in the imperial hierarchy was relatively low, but still senior to any other naval commander: twenty-fifth in the Taktikon Uspensky of 842/843, dropping to fifty-fifth in the Escorial Taktikon of 971–975.[1]Шаблон:Sfn Like its other counterparts, the Cibyrrhaeot Theme was divided into Шаблон:Transl and Шаблон:Transl, and possessed the full array of typical thematic administrative positions. Among the most important subordinates of the Шаблон:Transl were the imperial Шаблон:Transl at Syllaion, the Шаблон:Transl of Attaleia and Kos and the Шаблон:Transl who commanded the theme's Mardaites.[1]Шаблон:Sfn These were the descendants of several thousand people transplanted from the area of Lebanon and settled there by Emperor Justinian II (Шаблон:Reign) in the 680s to provide crews and marines for the fleet.Шаблон:Sfn In the early 9th century, the thematic fleet of the Cibyrrhaeots comprised 70 ships;Шаблон:Sfn and in the Cretan expedition of 911, the Cibyrrhaeot theme sent 31 warships – 15 large dromons and 16 middle-sized Шаблон:Transl – with 6,000 oarsmen and 760 marines.Шаблон:Sfn
Around the mid-11th century, as the Muslim naval threat subsided, the Byzantine provincial fleets began a precipitate decline:Шаблон:Sfn the fleet of the Cibyrrhaeots is last mentioned in the repulsion of a Rus' raid in 1043, and the theme became a purely civil province, headed by a Шаблон:Transl and later by a Шаблон:Transl.[1]Шаблон:Sfn Most of its territory was lost to the Seljuk Turks after the 1071 Battle of Manzikert, but recovered under Alexios I Komnenos (Шаблон:Reign). The rump theme was finally abolished by Manuel I Komnenos (Шаблон:Reign), and the territory in Caria subordinated to the theme Mylasa and Melanoudion.[1]Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn
References
Sources
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
- Шаблон:Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art
- Шаблон:Cite book
- Шаблон:Cite book
Шаблон:Byzantine themes in De Thematibus Шаблон:Byzantine Empire topics
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