Английская Википедия:City Club of Cleveland

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Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Infobox organization The City Club of Cleveland is a non-partisan debate forum in Cleveland, Ohio. Founded in 1912, and known as "America's Citadel of Free Speech," it is one of the oldest continuous independent free speech forums in the United States.[1][2]

The City Club's home is in the Playhouse Square District, located at 1317 Euclid Avenue. The building was formerly a F.W. Woolworth department store, and was most recently occupied by Dwellworks. The City Club moved to their current location in September 2023, after four decades at the City Club Building, formerly the Citizens Building, on Euclid Avenue in Downtown Cleveland.

The mission of the City Club is to "create conversations of consequence that help democracy thrive."[2] Membership is open to anyone and all programs are open to the general public, although members are charged lower prices to attend most forums and given preference in making reservations to certain programs.[3]

History

The City Club was conceived at a luncheon in June 1912 organized by Mayo Fesler, secretary of the Cleveland Municipal Association, in the ideals of the Progressive Era.[4] Future Cleveland City Manager Daniel E. Morgan was its first president.[1] Since its founding, it has hosted sitting U.S. Presidents and Vice-Presidents and other notable citizens of the United States and the world.[5] Archbishop Desmond Tutu called the club "a beacon, a symbol and a sentinel for freedom, for justice, for tolerance" when he spoke there.[6]

The first President to have appeared at the City Club was Theodore Roosevelt; every President since Jimmy Carter has appeared at its podium.[7] President George W. Bush spoke to the club on the third anniversary of the United States' invasion of Iraq. Because the City Club of Cleveland does not allow questions from the audience to be pre-screened, President Ronald Reagan declined to appear before the Club, but when questions were raised by the media about his mental acuity, Reagan sought out an appearance before the Club to refute those charges.Шаблон:Citation needed

The day after Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in 1968, Senator Robert F. Kennedy gave his On the Mindless Menace of Violence speech at the club.[8]

In 1976, as part of the United States Bicentennial, the club held a forum in Britain, the club's first outside the United States.[9]

Debates before the Club have swayed Ohio elections. Before John Glenn defeated Howard Metzenbaum in the 1974 Democratic Senate primary, Glenn responded to a charge in an earlier debate that he never had to make a payroll:

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During the 2010 Congressional elections, in which the Republicans regained control of the House of Representatives, John Boehner on August 24, 2010, announced a five-point plan at the club that he said would provide an effective economic alternative to the Democrats' course.[10]

Sometimes politicians decline to appear at forums because it would provide exposure to their opponents in a political race. Congressman Dennis Kucinich, who complained vociferously about being excluded from debates among the Democratic candidates for President, has several times refused to debate his opponent for Congress in The City Club of Cleveland debates.[11]

The club has been criticized for bestowing its "Citadel of Free Speech" award upon Justice Antonin Scalia, who then refused to allow his speech to be broadcast. The Board of Trustees of the City Club defended its actions by noting that the press was welcome to attend the special presentation and report upon the event.[12] Other recipients of the Citadel of Free Speech award include John Glenn, Martin Luther King's aide and U.N. Ambassador Andrew Young, and CNN founder Ted Turner.[13]

Creed of the City Club

In 1916, Ralph Hayes, then the Secretary of the City Club, penned its creed.

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Friday Forum

The City Club's Friday Forum is broadcast live on the radio in more than 40 states from Maine to Alaska. The broadcast is initiated live on Ideastream Public Media's WKSU (relayed over a regional network including WCPN) with encore broadcasts on co-owned WCLV.[14] Most stations, including the iHeartMedia station group in Cleveland, air the Friday Forum as part of their Sunday morning public service requirements.[2]

Television broadcasts of the City Club's Friday Forum also occur over Ideastream's WVIZ and on The Ohio Channel, and are often also aired nationwide on C-SPAN as part of their regular coverage of civic and political discussions and forums throughout the United States.[15][16]

Notable guests

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References

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External links

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  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Archived at GhostarchiveШаблон:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineШаблон:Cbignore: Шаблон:Cite webШаблон:Cbignore
  7. ↑ Cho, Janet, Plain Dealer, July 22, 2005
  8. ↑ Audio of the speech Шаблон:Webarchive from the City Club
  9. ↑ Segal, Grant, Plain Dealer, July 30, 2011, "Bob Cavano, led City Club, several other civic groups"
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  11. ↑ [Kotz, Pete, Scene, March 20, 2007 "Kucinich is a Hypocrite" http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2007/03/20/kucinich-is-a-hypocrite]
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Spector, Harlan, Plain Dealer, May 19, 2012, "Cleveland's City Club honors media mogul Ted Turner with free speech award"
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ President Discusses War on Terror and Operation Iraqi Freedom, White House Press Release, March 20, 2006 [1]
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Remarks to the Cleveland City Club - Bill Clinton speech - Transcript, Bnet Business Network [2]
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Remarks of Senator Robert F. Kennedy to the Cleveland City Club, Cleveland, Ohio, April 5, 1968, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum [3]
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ Akil Marshall speaks to youths about staying on the right track in school and life., Call and Post FRIDAY, 18 JANUARY 2013 Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Beres, Tom, WKYC-TV, Cleveland, October 26, 2008
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Reagan, Ronald, 'Ronald Reagan, the wisdom and humor of Great Communicator', 1995 Harper Collins [4]
  33. ↑ BEWARE OF TAMMANY, WARNING TO SULZER; Speakers at City Club Dinner Advise Him to Appeal to the Larger Constituency., New York Times, December 20, 1912 [5]
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  35. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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