Английская Википедия:City of London (UK Parliament constituency)

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The City of London was a United Kingdom parliamentary constituency. It was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1950.

Boundaries and boundary changes

This borough constituency (or 'parliamentary borough/burgh') consisted of the City of London, which is at the very centre of Greater London. The only change by the Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 was to include The Temple.

Bounded south by the Thames, the City adjoins Westminster westward, enfranchised in 1545. In other directions a web of tiny liberties and parishes of diverse size adjoined from medieval times until the 20th century. Most of the population of Middlesex was beyond the city's boundaries. From the 17th century three of four new 'divisions' of Ossulstone Hundred adjoined the city reflecting their relative density – Holborn division and Finsbury division to the north and Tower division to the north-east and the east, all enfranchised in 1832.

London is first known to have been enfranchised and represented in Parliament in 1298. Because it was the most important city in England it received four seats in Parliament instead of the normal two for a constituency. Previous to 1298 from the middle of that century, the intermittent first parliaments, the area's households, officially, could turn to their Middlesex "two knights of the shire" – two members of the Commons – as to their interests in Parliament as the City formed part of the geographic county yet from early times wielded independent administration, its corporation.

The city was represented by four MPs until 1885, when this was cut to two, and in 1950 the constituency was abolished.

The City of London was originally a densely populated area. Before the Reform Act 1832 the composition of the City electorate was not as democratic as that of some other borough constituencies, such as neighbouring Westminster. The right of election was held by members of the Livery Companies. However the size and wealth of the community meant that it had more voters than most other borough constituencies. Namier and Brooke estimated the size of the City electorate, in the latter part of the 18th century, at about 7,000. Only Westminster had a larger size of electorate.

During the 19th and 20th centuries the metropolitan area of London expanded greatly. The resident population of the City fell. People moved to the new definitively urban expansion and suburbs; businesses moved in. However the City authorities did not want to extend their jurisdiction beyond the traditional "square mile" so the constituency was left unchanged as its resident population fell. By 1900 almost all electors in the City qualified through Livery Company membership and lived outside of the city. The business voters were a type of plural voter which when abolished by the Representation of the People Act 1948 meant the City became immediately under-sized in electorate, akin to the least-worst examples of pre-1832 "rotten and pocket boroughs".

In 1950 the area was merged for parliamentary purposes with the eldest parts of the neighbouring City of Westminster, to form the seat Cities of London and Westminster. The pre-1900 heavily subdivided city became simplified for the period 1907 and 1965 into one civil parish, before in that year this level of local government complication was taken away. Statutory protection applied between 1986 and 2011 to prevent division of the City between seats:

Members of Parliament 1707–1950

See City of London (elections to the Parliament of England) for citizens known to have represented the City in Parliament before 1707

Parliaments of Great Britain 1707–1800

From	To	Name		Born	Died
1707	1715	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir William Withers (T)	c. 1654	31 January 1721
1708	1710	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	John Ward (W)	c. 1650	12 March 1726
1710	1715	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir Richard Hoare (T)	8 September 1649	6 January 1719
1710	1714	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir George Newland (T)	c. 1646	26 March 1714
1710	1715	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir John Cass (T)	28 February 1661	5 July 1718
1715	1722	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Robert Heysham (W)	16 August 1663	25 February 1723
1715	1722	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir John Ward (W)	c. 1650	12 March 1726
1715	1724	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Peter Godfrey (T)	1665	10 November 1724
1715	1722	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir Thomas Scawen (W)	c. 1650	22 September 1730
1722	1727	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Richard Lockwood (T)	1676	30 August 1756
1722	1761	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir John Barnard (W)	c. 1685	29 August 1764
1722	1727	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Francis Child (T)	c. 1684	20 April 1740
1724	1727		Sir Richard Hopkins	...	2 January 1746
1727	1734	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir John Eyles, Bt (W)	1683	11 March 1745
1727	1741	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Micajah Perry (W)	...	22 January 1753
1727	1741	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Humphry Parsons (T)	c. 1676	21 March 1741
1734	1741	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Robert Willimot (T)	...	19 December 1746
1741	1747	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	George Heathcote (T)	7 December 1700	7 June 1768
1741	1747	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir Daniel Lambert (T)	7 September 1685	13 May 1750
1741	1742	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir Robert Godschall (T)	c. 1692	26 June 1742
1742	1754	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir William Calvert (W)	c. 1703	3 May 1761
1747	1758	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Slingsby Bethell (W)	16 March 1695	1 November 1758
1747	1754	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Stephen Janssen (W)	...	1777
1754	1773	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir Robert Ladbroke (T)	c. 1713	31 October 1773
1754	1770	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	William Beckford (T)	19 December 1709	21 June 1770
1758	1768	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir Richard Glyn (T)	13 June 1711	1 January 1773
1761	1774	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Hon. Thomas Harley (T)	24 August 1730	1 December 1804
1768	1774	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Barlow Trecothick (RW)	c. 1718	28 May 1775
1770	1780		Richard Oliver	7 January 1735	16 April 1784
1773	1784	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Frederick Bull (R)	c. 1714	10 January 1784
1774	1780	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	John Sawbridge (R)	1732	21 February 1795
1774	1781	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	George Hayley (R)	...	30 August 1781
1780	1780		John Kirkman	1741	19 September 1780
1780	1790		Nathaniel Newnham	c. 1741	26 December 1809
1780	1795		John Sawbridge	1732	21 February 1795
1781	1796		Sir Watkin Lewes	c. 1740	13 July 1821
1784	1793		Brook Watson	11 February 1735	2 October 1807
1790	1800		Sir William Curtis	25 January 1752	18 January 1829
1793	1800		Sir John Anderson, Bt	c. 1735	21 May 1813
1795	1800		William Lushington	18 January 1747	11 September 1823
1796	1800		Harvey Christian Combe	1752	4 July 1818

Note:-

• (a) Expelled

Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801

MPs 1801–1885

Election	Member		Party	Member		Party	Member		Party	Member		Party
1801	rowspan="5" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir William Curtis, Bt	Tory	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir John Anderson, Bt	Tory	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	William Lushington	Non-partisan	rowspan="4" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Harvey Christian Combe	Whig
1802	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir Charles Price			Tory
1806	rowspan="3" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |				Sir James Shaw, Bt	Tory
1812	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			John Atkins			Tory
1817 by-election	rowspan="10" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |							Sir Matthew Wood, Bt	Whig
1818	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Thomas Wilson	Tory	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Robert Waithman	Whig	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			John Thomas Thorp	Whig
1820	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir William Curtis, Bt	Tory	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	George Bridges			Tory
1826	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	William Thompson	Tory	rowspan="3" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Robert Waithman	Whig, Liberal	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			William Ward	Tory
1831	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			William Venables			Whig
1832	rowspan="4" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	George Grote	Radical	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir John Key, Bt			Whig
March 1833 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			George Lyall	Conservative
August 1833 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |					William Crawford	Whig
1835	rowspan="1" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			James Pattison	Whig
1841	rowspan="4" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	John Masterman	Conservative	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	George Lyall	Conservative	rowspan="5" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Lord John Russell	Whig
1843 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			James Pattison			Whig
1847	rowspan="3" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |				Baron Lionel de Rothschild	Whig
1849 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir James Duke, Bt			Whig
1857	rowspan="1" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Robert Wigram Crawford	Whig
1859	rowspan="6" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |		Liberal			rowspan="4" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Liberal	rowspan="1" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Liberal		rowspan="3" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Liberal
1861 by-election	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |					Western Wood		Liberal
1863 by-election	rowspan="5" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |					George Goschen		Liberal
1865	rowspan="3" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			William Lawrence					Liberal
1868	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |				Charles Bell		Conservative
1869 by-election	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |				Baron Lionel de Rothschild		Liberal
1874	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	William Cotton	Conservative	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Philip Twells		Conservative		rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	John Hubbard	Conservative
1880	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir Robert Fowler, Bt	Conservative	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	William Lawrence	Liberal
1885	reduced to two seats

MPs 1885–1950

Election	Member		Party	Member		Party
1885	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	John Hubbard	Conservative	rowspan="3" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir Robert Fowler, Bt	Conservative
1887 by-election	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Thomas Charles Baring	Conservative
Apr 1891 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Hucks Gibbs	Conservative
Jun 1891 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir Reginald Hanson, Bt	Conservative
1892	rowspan="3" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Alban Gibbs	Conservative
1900	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir Joseph Dimsdale (C)	Conservative
1906	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir Edward Clarke	Conservative
Feb 1906 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Arthur Balfour	Conservative
Jun 1906 by-election	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir Frederick Banbury, Bt	Conservative
1918	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |		Coalition Conservative		rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Coalition Conservative
1922 by-election	rowspan="3" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Edward Grenfell	Conservative
1922	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |				Conservative
1924 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir Vansittart Bowater, Bt	Conservative
1935 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir Alan Anderson	Conservative
1938 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Sir George Broadbridge, Bt	Conservative
1940 by-election	rowspan="2" style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |	Sir Andrew Duncan	National
1945 by-election	style="background-color: Шаблон:Party color" |			Ralph Assheton	Conservative
1950	Constituency abolished

Elections

In multi-member elections the bloc voting system was used. Voters could cast a vote for one to four (or up to two in two-member elections 1885–1950) candidates, as they chose. The leading candidates with the largest number of votes were elected. In 1868 the limited vote was introduced, which restricted an individual elector to using one, two or three votes, in elections to fill four seats.

In by-elections, to fill a single-seat, the first past the post system applied.

After 1832, when registration of voters was introduced, a turnout figure is given for contested elections. In multi-member elections, when the exact number of participating voters is unknown, this is calculated by dividing the number of votes by four (to 1868), three (1868–1885) and two thereafter. To the extent that electors did not use all their votes this will be an underestimate of turnout.

Where a party had more than one candidate in one or both of a pair of successive elections change is calculated for each individual candidate, otherwise change is based on the party vote.

Candidates for whom no party has been identified are classified as non-partisan. The candidate might have been associated with a party or faction in Parliament or consider himself to belong to a particular political tradition. Political parties before the 19th century were not as cohesive or organised as they later became. Contemporary commentators (even the reputed leaders of parties or factions) in the 18th century did not necessarily agree who the party supporters were. The traditional parties, which had arisen in the late 17th century, became increasingly irrelevant to politics in the 18th century (particularly after 1760), although for some contests in some constituencies party labels were still used. It was only towards the end of the century that party labels began to acquire some meaning again, although this process was by no means complete for several more generations.

Sources: The results are based on the History of Parliament Trust's volumes on the House of Commons in various periods from 1715 to 1820, Stooks Smith from 1820 until 1832 and Craig from 1832. Where Stooks Smith gives additional information this is indicated in a note. See references below for further details of these sources.

Dates of general and by-elections from 1660 to 1715 (excluding general elections at which no new MP was returned)

27 Mar 1660 19 Mar 1661 10 Feb 1663 17 Feb 1679 15 May 1685 9 Jan 1689 14 May 1689 11 Mar 1690 2 Mar 1693 25 Oct 1695

30 Jul 1698 1 Feb 1701 20 Mar 1701 24 Nov 1701 18 Aug 1702 17 May 1705 16 Dec 1707 14 May 1708 16 Nov 1710

Parliament of Great Britain election results 1713–1800

1710s – 1720s – 1730s – 1740s – 1750s – 1760s – 1770s – 1780s – 1790s

Elections in the 1710s

• 6,787 voted. The losing candidates demanded a scrutiny, which did not change the result. (Source: Copy of the pollbook)

Elections in the 1720s

• After a scrutiny the members returned were unchanged and vote totals were amended to Lockwood 4,025; Barnard 3,840; Godfrey 3,723; Child 3,575; Heysham 3,441; Parsons 3,393.
• Death of Godfrey 10 November 1724

• After a scrutiny the members returned were unchanged and vote totals were amended to Eyles 3,539; Barnard 3,514; Perry 3,396; Parsons 3,255; Thompson 3,244; Lockwood 2,977; Hopkins 2,921; Williams 2,914.

Elections in the 1730s

• Note (1734): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)

Elections in the 1740s

• Note (1741): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)
• Death of Godschall 26 June 1742

Elections in the 1750s

• Note (1754): Poll 7 days, 5,931 voted (Source: Stooks Smith)
• Death of Bethell 1 November 1758

Elections in the 1760s

• Note (1761): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)

Elections in the 1770s

• Death of Beckford 21 June 1770

• Death of Ladbroke 31 October 1773

Elections in the 1780s

• Death of Kirkman 19 September 1780

• Death of Hayley 30 August 1781

• Death of Bull 10 January 1784

• Note (1784 be): Poll 3 days (Source: Stooks Smith)

• Note (1784): Poll 7 days. Mr Pitt was returned on the show of hands, but retired before the poll. (Source: Stooks Smith)

Elections in the 1790s

• Note (1790): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)
• Appointment of Watson as Commissary General

• Note (1793): Mr Newnham was a candidate, but declined to go to the poll. (Source: Stooks Smith)
• Death of Sawbridge 21 February 1795

• Note (1795): Poll 3 days (Source: Stooks Smith)

• Note (1796): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)

Parliament of the United Kingdom election results (4 seats) 1801–1885

1800s – 1810s – 1820s – 1830s – 1840s – 1850s – 1860s – 1870s – 1880s

Elections in the 1800s

• Note (1802): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)

• Note (1806): Poll 3 days (Source: Stooks Smith)

• Note (1807): Mr Hankey died on the afternoon of the first day's polling. All the candidates voted for him. (Source: Stooks Smith)

Elections in the 1810s

• Note (1812): Mr Hunter, the Lord Mayor of the City of London, retired before the poll. (Source: Stooks Smith)
• Resignation of Combe

• Note (1818): Poll 7 days, 7,978 voted. (Source: Stooks Smith)

Elections in the 1820s

• Note (1820): Poll 7 days (Source: Stooks Smith)

• Note (1826): Poll 7 days. 8,639 voted. Alderman Garrett was proposed without his consent. (Source: Stooks Smith)

Elections in the 1830s

• Death of Waithman 6 February 1833

• Resignation of Key by accepting the office of Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds

Elections in the 1840s

• Death of Wood 25 September 1843

• Appointment of Russell as Prime Minister and First Lord of the Treasury

• Note (1847): De Rothschild and Payne were classified as Reformer candidates. (Source: Stooks Smith)
• Resignation of de Rothschild to seek re-election after rejection of the Jewish Disabilities Bill

• Note (1849): De Rothschild was classified as a Reformer candidate. (Source: Stooks Smith)
• Death of Pattison June 1849

Elections in the 1850s

• Appointment of Russell as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

• Appointment of Russell as Lord President of the Council

• Appointment of Russell as Secretary of State for the Colonies

• Resignation of de Rothschild to seek re-election after rejection of the Jewish Disabilities Bill

• Appointment of Russell as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs

Elections in the 1860s

• Creation of Russell as the 1st Earl Russell

• Death of Wood 17 May 1863

• Appointment of Goschen as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster

Шаблон:Election box begin Шаблон:Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link Шаблон:Election box hold with party link no swing Шаблон:Election box endIn 1868 the limited vote was introduced, which restricted an individual elector to using one, two or three votes, in elections of the City of London's four MPs.Шаблон:Election box begin Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box turnout Шаблон:Election box registered electors Шаблон:Election box majority Шаблон:Election box hold with party link Шаблон:Election box hold with party link Шаблон:Election box hold with party link Шаблон:Election box majority Шаблон:Election box gain with party link Шаблон:Election box end

• Note (1868): Craig refers to R.N. de Rothschild, but Stenton confirms the candidate was L.N. de Rothschild
• Appointment of Goschen as President of the Poor Law Board

• Death of Bell 9 February 1869

Elections in the 1870s

The limited vote was in use, which restricted an individual elector to using one, two or three votes, in elections of the City of London's four MPs.Шаблон:Election box begin Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box majority Шаблон:Election box turnout Шаблон:Election box registered electors Шаблон:Election box hold with party link Шаблон:Election box gain with party link Шаблон:Election box gain with party link Шаблон:Election box hold with party link Шаблон:Election box end

• Note (1874): Craig refers to R.N. de Rothschild, but Stenton confirms the candidate was L.N. de Rothschild

Elections in the 1880s

• Reduction of constituency to two seats, in the 1885 redistribution

Parliament of the United Kingdom election results (2 seats) 1885–1950

1880s – 1890s – 1900s – 1910s – 1920s – 1930s – 1940s

Elections in the 1880s

Файл:Robert Nicholas Fowler, 1st Bt, by Frank Holl.jpg

Fowler

Fowler was elevated to the peerage, becoming Lord Addington, requiring a by-election.

Elections in the 1890s

Baring's death caused a by-election. Шаблон:Election box begin Шаблон:Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link Шаблон:Election box hold with party link no swing Шаблон:Election box end

Fowler's death caused a by-election. Шаблон:Election box begin Шаблон:Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link Шаблон:Election box hold with party link no swing Шаблон:Election box end Шаблон:Election box begin Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box winning candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box candidate with party link Шаблон:Election box majority Шаблон:Election box turnout Шаблон:Election box registered electors Шаблон:Election box hold with party link no swing Шаблон:Election box hold with party link no swing Шаблон:Election box end Шаблон:Election box begin Шаблон:Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link Шаблон:Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link Шаблон:Election box hold with party link no swing Шаблон:Election box hold with party link no swing Шаблон:Election box end

Elections in the 1900s

Файл:Sir Edward Clarke.jpg

Clarke

Файл:Felix Schuster.jpg

Schuster

Файл:West Ridgeway.jpg

Ridgeway

Файл:A.J. Balfour LCCN2014682753 (cropped).jpg

Balfour

Файл:Frederick Banbury.jpg

Banbury

Elections in the 1920s

Файл:Bowater 4586276615 645365ed26 o.jpg

Bowater

Файл:Thomas Owen Jacobsen.jpg

Jacobsen

See also

• Duration of English, British and United Kingdom parliaments from 1660
• List of parliamentary constituencies in London
• Cities of London and Westminster (UK Parliament constituency)

Bibliography

• Boundaries of Parliamentary Constituencies 1885-1972, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1972)
• British Parliamentary Election Results 1832-1885, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)
• British Parliamentary Election Results 1885-1918, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1974)
• British Parliamentary Election Results 1918-1949, compiled and edited by F.W.S. Craig (The Macmillan Press 1977)
• The House of Commons 1715-1754, by Romney Sedgwick (HMSO 1970)
• The House of Commons 1754-1790, by Sir Lewis Namier and John Brooke (HMSO 1964)
• The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)
• Who's Who of British Members of Parliament: Volume I 1832-1885, edited by M. Stenton (The Harvester Press 1976)
• The Times, various editions, was used to obtain dates of elections or unopposed returns and first names of candidates not available in the above books (from 1885 to 1910). The dates of declarations are used before 1885 and the dates of the General Election polling day from 1918.
• Шаблон:Rayment-hc