Английская Википедия:Claíomh Solais

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Файл:Ireland-stamp-1922-sword-of-light-6p.jpg
Definitive 6-pence stamp of Sword of Light, Ireland, 1922–3. Arched caption reads "An Claiḋeaṁ Soluis"

The Sword of Light or Шаблон:Lang (Old Irish; modern Шаблон:Lang-ga Шаблон:IPA-ga) is a trope object that appears in a number of Irish and Scottish Gaelic folktales. The "Quest for sword of light" formula is catalogued as motif H1337.

The sword appears commonly as a quest object in the Irish folktale of a hero seeking "The One Story" (or the "Cause of the one story about women"), which culminates in the discovery of a "Tale of the Werewolf" (a man magically turned wolf by an unfaithful wife). However, the sword is uninvolved in the man-wolf portion, and only figures in the hero-adventure frame story.

The sword of light, according to a different commentator, is a fixture of an Irish tale group describable as a quasi-bridal-quest. This characterization is inspired by the formula where the hero gains a beautiful wife (and riches) by gambling against a gruagach aka wizard-champion, but suffers losses which makes him beholden to mount on a hopeless-seeming quest. Like the actual "giant's daughter" bridal quest tales, the sword of light hero often gains assistance of "helpful animals" in completing his tasks or ordeals.

The sword has been regarded as a legacy to the god-slaying weapons of Irish mythology by certain scholars, such as T. F. O'Rahilly, the analogues being the primeval Celtic deity's lightning-weapon, Lugh's sling that felled Balor, the hero Cúchulainn's supernatural spear Gae bulga and his shining sword Cruaidín Catutchenn.

Forms

The spelling as appears in published Irish texts and scholastic commentary is Claidheamh Soluis[1] alternatively (an) cloidheamh solais;[2] but these are pre-reform spelling, and in modernized reformed spelling Claíomh Solais would be used.[3] The name has also been transliterated into Hiberno-English as chloive solais.Шаблон:Sfnp The sword may be rendered in English as the "Sword of Light", or "Shining Sword".[4]

Likewise, the Scottish Gaelic form is Шаблон:Lang "glaive of light",[5] or Шаблон:Lang "White Glave of Light".[6][4]Шаблон:Refn

Overview

The folk tales featuring the sword of light may be bridal quests, and the hero's would-be bride often becomes the hero's helper.[7][8]Шаблон:Refn

But also typically the story is a sort of quasi-bridal quest,Шаблон:Efn[9] where the hero wins a bride by wager, but then suffers a loss, becoming oath-bound (compelled by geisШаблон:Refn) to never come home until he has completed the quest for the sword (and other objectives). The opponent who tempts the hero with this gambling game is usually a gruagach ("wizard-champion"[10]) or wizard/druid.Шаблон:Refn[9] and the sword's keeper is often a giant[11][12] (Шаблон:Linktext,[1] Шаблон:Lang-gd[13]) or hag (cailleach),Шаблон:Refn[11] or a sibling of the wizard.[14]

The sword-keeper oftentimes must be defeated (killed), which is not possible except by some secret means. Thus the hero or helper may resort to the sword of light as the only effective weapon against this enemy.[15] But often the sword is not enough, and the supernatural enemy has to be attacked on a single vulnerable spot. The weak spot, moreover, may be an external soul[16] (motif index E710) concealed somewhere in the world at large (inside animals, etc.); or, as in the case of "The Young King Of Easaidh Ruadh", this external soul is encased within a nested series of animals.[5][17]

Typically bound up with the quest for the sword of light is the quest for the "One Story" (' truth about women'), namely, the story of the faithless wife who transforms her husband into a wolf.[18]Шаблон:Sfnp

The hero in some examples are compelled to perform (three) sets of tasks, aided by helpers, who may be the would-be bride,Шаблон:Refn "helpful animals",Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Sfnp or a supernatural being ("little green/red man").Шаблон:Refn

Texts

Файл:Colum-KOIS(Holt1916)-Pogany-illustr-p000-sword of light.jpg
The King of Ireland's Son thrusts the sword of light.Шаблон:Right

Below are the lists of tales where the sword of light occurs. Kittredge's sigla (K J L C1 O'F H c m) are given in boldface:Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Refn

Irish folktales

Scottish Gaelic folktales

The publication of tales from the Highlands (Шаблон:Harvp, Popular Tales of the West Highlands) predate the Irish tales becoming available in print.

Commentary

The sword of light (or glaive of light) is a trope artefact that occurs in a number of Gaelic tales.[48] It also occurs in Irish folktales also, as described below. The "Quest for sword of light" (H1337) motif is also listed in Stith Thompson's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature.[49]

Grouping

One strand of the "sword of light" tale has been transmitted in French Canada as the tale of the "Sword of Wisdom",[50] and assigned type 305A. However, the Irish cognate had not been catalogued as a tale type by Aarne-Thompson,[49] though recognized in The Types of the Irish Folktale.Шаблон:Efn[49]

One Story and Werewolf's Tale

The quest for the sword of light is an added layer,[51] attached to the core tale of the quest for "the one story",Шаблон:Refn which forms a frame story to the Irish versions of the medieval werewolf tale, according to George Lyman Kittredge's 1903 study.[52]Шаблон:Sfnp

"The one story" is actually shorthand, and Kittredge generally uses "the cause of the one story about women", as occurs in O'Foharta's version.[53]Шаблон:Sfnp Similar titles[1][40] or sub-titles occur in Irish as well.[54] The form "news of the death of Anshgayliacht" in "Morraha",[28] is deemed to be a corruption.[55]

The werewolf tale, recounted by a man who had once been magically transformed into a wolf by an unfaithful wife, is analyzed by Kittredge for its compound structure, but the in-tale generally does not concern the Sword of Light.[56][14]Шаблон:Refn

It is pointed out that in the sword of light fails to occur in the Scottish version of the werewolf tale, replaced by the hero obtaining custody of the werewolf himself, by bartering his horse.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Refn

Quasi-bridal quest

Some tales fall into an actual bridal-quest pattern. In "The Thirteenth Son of the King of Erin", Sean Ruadh (actually the eldest prince) is assisted by the princess who is his would-be bride in slaying the urfeist (sea-serpent).[7] And in the "Widow's Son", the hero promises marriage to the giant's daughter, who also becomes the hero's helper.[8]

Josef Baudiš suggested a slightly different grouping, which similar to the bridal-quest type but distinguishably different: the hero wins a beautiful wife (and riches) as wager in a game played against a gruagach (wizard-champion) figure, but it is a trap, and when the hero suffers a loss, he is compelled to go on a quest, usually for the sword of light.Шаблон:RefnШаблон:Efn[9]

Helpful animals

Kittredge has recognized the presence of "helpful animals" assisting the hero in the tales,Шаблон:Sfnp catalogued in the range of Types B300–590, "Helpful Animals" in Thompson's Motif-Index.Шаблон:Refn Kittedge recognizes the Skilful Companions motif in the werewolf in-story, but that portion does not much concern the sword, as aforementioned.Шаблон:Efn[57]

In O'Foharta's Irish text (O'F) the helpers are a hawk, otter, and a fox ("Hawk of the Grey Wood", the "Otter of the Endless Tempests", and the "Fox of the Pleasant Crag").Шаблон:Sfnp In Campbell's Scottish The Young King of Easaidh Ruadh (c text), the helpers are a dog, hawk, and an otter ("slim dog of the greenwood", "hoary hawk of the grey rock", and "brown otter of the river").[5]Шаблон:Refn In McInnes's Scottish version (m text) there are not three, but four animals.Шаблон:Sfnp[46]

It might be noted that Irish bridal quest of the "giant's daughter" typeШаблон:Refn is recognized as an equivalent to folktale to the Six Go through the Whole World type (ATU 513A),[58] and this type features "magical helpers" or "extraordinary helpers".Шаблон:Sfnp

The secret about women

In the Irish folktale, the hero goes on quest for ' The Only Story' (Шаблон:Lang-ga) which is thought to mean ' truth about women '.Шаблон:Sfnp That meaning is illuminated in versions that provide a more fuller title, e. g., "The Shining Sword and the Knowledge of the Cause of the One Story about Women",Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:RefnШаблон:Refn This has been corrupted to "news of the death of Anshgayliacht" in the L (Larminie) version.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Sfnp

Kittredge considered the "secret about women" element to be an essential and original part of the Irish story, as seen in the stemma of texts given by him,Шаблон:Refn even though the "woman" part of it has been lost in some variants, such as Kennedy's Fios Fath an aon Sceil ("perfect narrative of the unique story")[59]

A more familiar Arthurian tale perhaps than Arthur and Gorlagon which embeds the quest of "What is it that women most desire?" is The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnelle.[60]

External soul motif

The external soul motif in Sword of Light stories have been noted for example by Gerard Murphy.[16]

The tale "The Young King Of Easaidh Ruadh" was also given as a typical example of "External soul" motif (E 710Шаблон:Sfnp) by folklorist Katharine Mary Briggs.[17] It has been pointed out that the Easaidh Ruadh refers to a place name in Ireland, probably the Assaroe Falls in Ballyshannon, County Donegal.[61]

A similar Irish tale involving the "external soul" is the Donegal tale "Hung up Naked Man" (Шаблон:Lang-ga; Irish title: "Éamonn Ua Ciórrthais(?)" ed. E. C. Quiggin), studied by Roger Sherman Loomis.[62][63] While Loomis does not explicitly state a connection to the sword of light, he remarks that there is parallel to the Irish giant Cú roí whom he describes a "solar host" or "solar divinity",[64] and notes that Cú roí was "slain with his own sword",Шаблон:Sfnp (as according to the narrative Aided Chon Roí in which Cú roí's wife Blaíthíne reveals the weakness).

Three attempts

In the specimen collected by Kennedy, the hero is assisted by the king who is his own father-in-law, who happens to be the brother of the sword owner, and the hero's antagonist, the Druid demanding the sword.[14]

The Sculloge's rides forth to the dwelling of the sword owner three times, his horse being hacked by the sword in the first two tries, but succeeding on the third.Шаблон:Sfnp The three time's the charm element that occurs here is also present in the Morraha tale collected by Larminie.[28]Шаблон:Sfnp

As a mythological sword

The assertion has been made that Claidheamh Soluis is "a symbol of Ireland attributed in oral tradition to Cúchulainn" (James Mackillop[3]), although none of the tales listed above name Cuchulainn as protagonist. T. F. O'Rahilly only went as far as to suggests that the "sword of light" in folk tales was a vestige of divine weapons and heroic weapons, such as Cúchulainn's shining sword Cruaidín Catutchenn,[65] whose name means 'the Hard-headed Steeling'.[66] This sword (aka "Socht's sword") is said to have "shone at night like a candle" according to a version of Echtrae Cormaic ("Adventures of Cormac mac Airt").[66]

T. F. O'Rahilly's schema, roughly speaking, the primeval divine weapon was a fiery and bright lightning weapon, most often conceived of as a throwing spear; in later traditions, the wielder would change from god to hero, and spear tended to be replaced by sword. From the heroic cycles, some prominent examples are Fergus Mac Roigh's sword Caladbolg and Mac Cecht's spear. But Caladbolg does not manifest as a blazing sword, and the latter which does emit fiery sparks is a spear, thus failing to fit the profile of a sword which shines. One example which does fit, is Cúchulainn's sword Cruaidín Catutchenn which was aforementioned.[67] And the legacy of these mythological and heroic weapons (Lug's lighting-weapon, his "son" Cúchulainn's remarkable sword, etc. ) survive in the "sword of light" in folklore.Шаблон:Sfnp[68]

Connection to Arthuriana

A broad sweeping parallel has been made between the light or lightning weapons of Celtic tradition and King Arthur's Excalibur, described as brightly shining in several places of the Vulgate cycle Roman de Merlin.Шаблон:SfnpШаблон:Efn Similar passages obviously occur in Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, which uses this as a source.Шаблон:Efn[69]

Wounding by one's own sword

A more precise parallel which has been argued is that just as the sword of light in Irish and Scottish folktales contain a "(fatal) wounding by one's own sword" motif, the Arthurian cycle contains an episode where Arthur is imperiled by his own sword, Excalibur. In the Huth Merlin, Morgan le Fay plots to have Arthur killed with his own Excalibur, by stealing the sword for her lover Accalon, who unbeknownst fights his lord King Arthur with it. The Lady of the Lake intercedes at the right moment to prevent Arthur's death.Шаблон:Sfn The episode has been copied by Malory as wellШаблон:Sfn (with the knight being called Accolon unlike the French original)[70]

Sleeping giant

Dáithí Ó hÓgáin deduces that certain properties of the sword of light (such as screaming when touched in order to alert its owner) is likely borrowed from Arthurian material, because there is evidence that a version of Fios Fatha an Aonsceil ('the knowledge of the cause of the One Story') had been told about Gearóid Iarla (Earl Gerald FitzGerald) of the 14th century, whose family had close ties with Arthurian tradition.Шаблон:Sfnp To the Earl is attached a Barbarossa legend (King asleep in mountain motif),Шаблон:Sfn which makes the figure conducive to be transformed into a "sleeping giant" of folktale.

Grail sword

Other commentators have equated the Sword of Light to the Grail sword.Шаблон:R Loomis also suggested that the sword obtained by Cei (Sir Kay) in the Welsh tale Culhwch and Olwen (i.e., the sword of Gwrnach the giant) must be "related to the sword of light which is the object of the Irish and Scottish folk-tales".[71]

See also

Explanatory notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Citations

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Шаблон:Refbegin

Irish or Scottish Gaelic texts, some with translations
Translations or tales collected in English
Critical studies
Popularized versions

Шаблон:Refend

External links

Шаблон:Notable swords Шаблон:Celtic mythology topics

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Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок oceochain не указан текст
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, EIHM, p. 68; Шаблон:Harvp.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок mackillop-claidheamh_soluis не указан текст
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Harvp
  5. ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 5,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок campbell-easaidh-ruadh не указан текст
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 7,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок curtin1890-thirteenth-son не указан текст
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 8,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок campbell-widows-son не указан текст
  9. ↑ 9,0 9,1 9,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок baudis-sword-of-light не указан текст
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp tr., p. 97, "wizard-champion", and endnote, p. 455 by Alfred Nutt, after P. W. Joyce.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок puhvel-giant-hag не указан текст
  12. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
  13. ↑ 13,0 13,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок campbell-conal-corvi не указан текст
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 14,2 14,3 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок kennedy-sculloge не указан текст
  15. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок macalister не указан текст
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок murphy не указан текст
  17. ↑ 17,0 17,1 "Separable soul, or external soul", Шаблон:Harvp
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp: "the cause of the one story about women".
  19. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок obriain не указан текст
  20. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок curtin1890-weavers-son не указан текст
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок duncan1895 не указан текст
  22. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок rooney не указан текст
  23. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок ofotharta не указан текст
  24. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок jacobs-smallhead не указан текст
  25. ↑ Curtin, Jeremiah. "hero Tales of Ireland" In: The Sun (New York [N.Y.]), 28 May 1893. Part 2, page 13. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1893-05-28/ed-1/seq-13/>
  26. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок gose не указан текст
  27. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок curtin-supp1893-baranoir не указан текст
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 28,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок larminie-morraha не указан текст
  29. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок jacobs-morraha не указан текст
  30. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок larminie-simon не указан текст
  31. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок larminie-beauty не указан текст
  32. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок king-who12sons не указан текст
  33. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок curtin1894-cud не указан текст
  34. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок curtin1894-coldfeet не указан текст
  35. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок curtin1894-art&balor не указан текст
  36. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок hyde не указан текст
  37. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок hyde2 не указан текст
  38. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок macmanus не указан текст
  39. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок andrews не указан текст
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок ocillin не указан текст
  41. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок campbell-connal не указан текст
  42. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок campbell-maol не указан текст
  43. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок campbell-widow&daughters не указан текст
  44. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок campbell-mac-iain не указан текст
  45. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок campbell-sionnach не указан текст
  46. ↑ 46,0 46,1 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок macinnes-cruachan не указан текст
  47. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок bruford&macdonald не указан текст
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, I, 24, "The sword of light is common in Gaelic stories;.." etc.
  49. ↑ 49,0 49,1 49,2 Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок dorson не указан текст
  50. ↑ Roy, Carmen. La Littérature Orale En Gaspésie. Bulletin / [National Museum of Canada]. no. 13. Ottawa: 1955. pp. 200, 220.
  51. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp: "the frame-story is complicated by a quest for the Sword of Light".
  52. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
  53. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, and passim.
  54. ↑ The in-story, "Fios Fath an aon Sceil", Шаблон:Harvp
  55. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, p. 211, n2, n3.
  57. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
  58. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок owen не указан текст
  59. ↑ Summary of I in: Шаблон:Harvp
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  61. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок highland-monthly не указан текст
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
  63. ↑ The Irish text is Edmund Crosby Quiggin, Dialect of Donegal (1906), 201 wikisource
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp
  65. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp, EIHM, p. 68, "Cúchulainn possessed not only the spear of Bulga, but also a sword, known as in Cruaidín Catutchenn, which shone at night like a torch. In folk tales the lightning-sword has survived as "the sword of light" (an cloidheamh solais), possessed by a giant and won from him by a hero."
  66. ↑ 66,0 66,1 Stokes, Whitley, ed. tr., Scél na Fír Flatha, Echtra Chormaic i Tír Tairngiri ocus Cert Claidib Chormaic ("the Irish Ordeals, Cormac's Adventure in the Land of Promise, and the Decision as to Cormac's Sword"), in Irische Texte III, 1 (Leipzig 1891) pp. 183–229. See translation, § 59 (p. 218ff): "Socht had a wonderful sword..It shone at night like a candle.. the Hard-headed Steeling, Cúchulainn's sword". The Irish name of the sword, it can be confirmed, was "Cruadín Catutchend", as per endnote to the section on p. 227, or the Irish text on p. 199.
  67. ↑ Шаблон:Harvp(EIHM)
  68. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок gm не указан текст
  69. ↑ Book I, p. 19, from The Works of Sir Thomas Malory, ed. Vinaver, Eugène, 3rd ed. Field, Rev. P. J. C. (1990). 3 vol. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN, Шаблон:ISBN. (This is taken from the Winchester Manuscript).
  70. ↑ Malory, Le Morte D'Arthur, Book IV, Chapters 8-30. Strachey, Sir Edward 1899 ed., Macmillan, pp.80–
  71. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
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