Английская Википедия:Classical Milanese orthography
Шаблон:Short description The classical Milanese orthography is the orthography used for the Western Lombard language, in particular for the Milanese dialect, by the major poets and writers of this literature, such as Carlo Porta, Carlo Maria Maggi, Delio Tessa, etc. It was first used in the seventeenth century by Carlo Maria Maggi; Maggi first introduced the trigram oeu, while previous authors, like Bonvesin de la Riva (thirteenth century), used Latinizing orthographies. In 1606 G. A. Biffi with his Prissian de Milan de la parnonzia milanesa began the first codification, incorporating vowel length and the use of ou to represent the sound Шаблон:IPAslink.[1] The classical orthography came as a compromise between the old Tuscan system and the French one; the characteristic that considerably differentiates this orthography from the effective pronunciation is the method for the distinction of long and short vowels. As of today, because it has become more archaic, it is often replaced by simpler methods that use signs ö, ü for front rounded vowels and the redoubling of vowels for long vowels. The classical orthography was regularized in the 1990s by the Circolo Filologico Milanese for modern use.
The classical Milanese orthography (as edited by Circolo Filologico Milanese) has the following conventions that differ from the Italian alphabet.
General use of accents:[2]
- acute accent: indicates a closed sound in e or o (Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAslink respectively, as in Italian)
- grave accent: indicates an open sound in e or o (Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAslink and Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAslink respectively, as in Italian)
- circumflex accent: indicates a stressed short o when otherwise would be unstressed (Шаблон:Angbr Шаблон:IPAslink; the circumflex is not used in Italian)
Pronunciation of vowels and false diphthongs:[2]
- Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr, Шаблон:Angbr represent open and short vowels when followed by doubled consonants or if accented at the end of a word, and close and long when followed by single consonant.
- Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPAslink
- Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPAslink
- Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPAslink; may also represent Шаблон:IPAslink after Шаблон:Angbr or in the diphthong Шаблон:Angbr.
Use of consonants:[2]
- doubling: makes the preceding vowel short and open
- Шаблон:Angbr represents either a voiced or voiceless sibilant; intervocalically, it is always voiced, and voiceless Шаблон:IPAslink is represented with a double Шаблон:Angbr. Word-finally, it is always voiceless.
- Шаблон:Angbr represents historical Шаблон:IPAslink or Шаблон:IPAslink
- Шаблон:Angbr after a vowel and followed by consonant (or word-final) represents the nasalization of the preceding vowel; before another vowel or when written doubled, it represents Шаблон:IPAslink.
- Шаблон:Angbr represents the nasalization of the preceding vowel when followed by consonant or word-final; otherwise it represents Шаблон:IPAslink.
- Шаблон:Angbr represents that the preceding Шаблон:Angbr or Шаблон:Angbr are velar before a front vowel.
- Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPAslink
- Шаблон:Angbr represents Шаблон:IPAslink
- Шаблон:Angbr represents /Шаблон:IPA linkШаблон:IPA link/
Table of pronunciation
- The stress is normally on the penultimate syllable for words ending in vowel, on the last syllable for these ending in consonant.
| Sign | Context | IPA | Notes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a (à) | unstressed, stressed if followed by double consonant, or accented word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | stress is indicated with grave accent | ||||
| a (à) | elsewhere | Шаблон:IPAslink | stress is indicated with grave accent | ||||
| aa | word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | always stressed | ||||
| b | always | Шаблон:IPAslink | devoiced Шаблон:IPAblink word-finally | ||||
| c | followed by consonant or by a, o, u | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| ci | followed by a, o, u | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| c | followed by e, i or word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| ch | followed by e, i or word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| d | always | Шаблон:IPAslink | devoiced Шаблон:IPAblink word-finally | ||||
| e | unstressed | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| e (è) | followed by double consonant or accented word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | always stressed; stress is sometimes indicated with grave accent | ||||
| e (é) | elsewhere | Шаблон:IPAslink | always stressed; stress is indicated with acute accent | ||||
| ee | word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | always stressed | ||||
| f | always | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| g | followed by consonant or by a, o, u | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| gi | followed by a, o, u | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| g | followed by e, i or word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | devoiced Шаблон:IPAblink word-finally | ||||
| gh | followed by e, i or word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | devoiced Шаблон:IPAblink word-finally | ||||
| i (ì) | followed by double consonant or accented word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | stress is indicated with grave accent | ||||
| i | preceded by consonant and followed by vowel | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| i (ì) | elsewhere | Шаблон:IPAslink | stress is indicated with grave accent | ||||
| ii | word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | always stressed | ||||
| j | when not preceded by consonant | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| l | always | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| m | followed by consonant | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| m | elsewhere | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| n | when it doesn't form a vowel with the preceding vowel or word-finally when last syllable is unstressed | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| n | elsewhere | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| nn | word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| o | stressed in a non-final open syllable | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| o | elsewhere | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| oo | word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | always stressed | ||||
| ò | always | Шаблон:IPAslink | always stressed | ||||
| ô | word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | always stressed | ||||
| oeu | followed by double consonant | Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:IPAslink |
always stressed | ||||
| oeu | elsewhere | Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:IPAslink |
always stressed | ||||
| p | always | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| qu | always followed by a vowel other than u | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| r | always | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| s | word-finally, followed by voiceless consonant or word-initially | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| s | intervocalic or followed by voiced consonant | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| sci | followed by a, o, u | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| sc | followed by e, i or word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| s'ci | followed by a, o, u | /Шаблон:IPA linkШаблон:IPA link/ | |||||
| s'c | followed by e, i | /Шаблон:IPA linkШаблон:IPA link/ | |||||
| sgi | followed by a, o, u | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| sg | followed by e, i | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| ss | between vowels | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| t | always | Шаблон:IPAslink | |||||
| u (ù) | followed by double consonant or accented word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | stress is indicated with grave accent | ||||
| u | between q or g and a vowel, or as part of a diphthong | Шаблон:IPAslink | never stressed | ||||
| u (ù) | elsewhere | Шаблон:IPAslink | stress is indicated with grave accent | ||||
| uu | word-finally | Шаблон:IPAslink | always stressed | ||||
| v | always | Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:IPAslink |
devoiced Шаблон:IPAblink word-finally | ||||
| z | always | Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:IPAslink Шаблон:IPAslink |
variable; always devoiced Шаблон:IPAblink/Шаблон:IPAblink word-finally | ||||
References
Шаблон:Reflist Шаблон:More citations needed
Шаблон:Western Lombard language
