Английская Википедия:Classification of swords
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Dynamic list Шаблон:Original research
The English language terminology used in the classification of swords is imprecise and has varied widely over time. There is no historical dictionary for the universal names, classification, or terminology of swords; a sword was simply a single-edged or double-edged knife.
Historical terms without a universal consensus of definition (i.e. "arming sword", "broadsword", "long sword", etc.) were used to label weapons of similar appearance but of different historical periods, regional cultures, and fabrication technology. These terms were often described in relation to other unrelated weapons, without regard to their intended use and fighting style. In modern history, many of these terms have been given specific, often arbitrary meanings that are unrelated to any of their historical meanings.
Terminology
Some of these terms originate contemporaneously with the weapons which they describe. Others are modern or early modern terms used by antiquarians, curators, and modern-day sword enthusiasts for historical swords.
Terminology was further complicated by terms introduced[2] or misinterpreted[3][4][5] in the 19th century by antiquarians and in 20th century pop culture,[6] and by the addition of new terms such as "great sword", "Zweihänder" (instead of Beidhänder), and "cut-and-thrust sword".[7] Historical European Martial Arts associations have turned the term spada da lato[8] into "side-sword". Furthermore, there is a deprecation of the term "broadsword" by these associations. All these newly introduced or redefined terms add to the confusion of the matter.
Шаблон:AnchorThe most well-known systematic typology of blade types of the European medieval sword is the Oakeshott typology, although this is also a modern classification and not a medieval one. Elizabethans used descriptive terms such as "short", "bastard", and "long" which emphasized the length of the blade, and "two-handed" for any sword that could be wielded by two hands.
Classification by hilt type
Handedness
The term two-handed sword may refer to any large sword designed to be used primarily with two hands:
- the European longsword, popular in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance.
- the Scottish late medieval claymore (not to be confused with the basket-hilted claymore of the 18th century)
- the Bidenhänder sword favored by the Landsknechte of 16th-century Germany
The term "hand-and-a-half sword" is modern (late 19th century).[9] During the first half of the 20th century, the term "bastard sword" was used regularly to refer to this type of sword, while "long sword" or "long-sword" referred to the rapier (in the context of Renaissance or Early Modern fencing).[10]
The term "single-handed sword" or "one-handed sword" was coined to distinguish from "two-handed" or "hand-and-a-half" swords. "Single-handed sword" is used by Sir Walter Scott.[11] It is also used as a possible gloss of the obscure term tonsword by Nares (1822);[12] "one-handed sword" is somewhat later, recorded from Шаблон:Circa.
Some swords were designed for left-hand use, although left-handed swords have been described as "a rarity".[13]
Great sword
Great swords or greatswords are related to the long swords of the Middle Ages.[14][15][16]Шаблон:Dubious The great sword was developed during the Renaissance, but its earlier cousin the Scottish Claymore was very similar in size and use, like the "outsized specimens" between Шаблон:Convert (approx. the same height as the user) such as the Oakeshott type XIIa or Oakeshott type XIIIa. These swords were too heavy to be wielded one-handed and possessed a large grip for leverage.
Claymore
The Scottish name "claymore" (Шаблон:Lang-gd, lit. "large/great sword")[17][18] can refer to either the longsword with a distinctive two-handed grip, or the basket-hilted sword.Шаблон:Citation needed The two-handed claymore is an early Scottish version of a greatsword.
Zweihänder
The Zweihänder ("two-hander") or Beidhänder ("both-hander") is a true two-handed sword, in the sense that it cannot be wielded in only one hand. It was a specialist weapon wielded by certain Landsknechte (mercenary soldiers), so-called Doppelsöldners.
Classification by blade type
Double-edge and straight swords
These are double-edged, usually straight-bladed swords, designed for optimized balance, reach and versatility.
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh; Cantonese: Шаблон:Lang) is a double-edged straight sword used during the last 2,500 years in China. The first Chinese sources that mention the Шаблон:Lang date to the 7th century BC during the Spring and Autumn period;[19] one of the earliest specimens being the Sword of Goujian. Historical one-handed versions have blades varying from Шаблон:Convert in length. The weight of an average sword of Шаблон:Convert blade-length would weigh about Шаблон:Convert.[20] There are also larger two-handed versions used by ancient and medieval armies and for training by many styles of Chinese martial arts. Two handed jians from the time of the Chu and Han dynasty were up to Шаблон:Convert long.
Longsword
In modern times, the term longsword most frequently refers to a late Medieval and Renaissance weapon designed for use with two hands. The German Шаблон:Lang ("long sword") in 15th-century manuals did not necessarily denote a type of weapon, but the technique of fencing with both hands at the hilt.Шаблон:Citation needed
The French Шаблон:Lang and the English bastard sword originate in the 15th or 16th century,Шаблон:Citation needed originally having the general sense of "irregular sword or sword of uncertain origin". It was "[a sword] which was neither French, nor Spanish, nor properly Шаблон:Lang [German], but longer than any of these sturdy swords."[21] Шаблон:Lang could also historically refer to a single-handed sword with a fairly long blade compared to other short swords.[22]
Joseph Swetnam states that the bastard sword is midway in length between an arming sword and a long sword,[23] and Randall Cotgrave's definition seems to imply this, as well. The French Шаблон:Lang was also known as Шаблон:LangШаблон:Citation needed (i.e., bastard sword) and also Шаблон:Lang[24] (literally a cross-hilted blade). The term referred to a medieval single-handed sword optimized for thrusting.[25] The Шаблон:Lang was the sidearm of the Шаблон:Lang (French or Breton bowmen of the 15th and 16th centuries).[26] The term Шаблон:Lang comes from the fact that these swords passed (Шаблон:Lang) the length of a "normal" short sword.[26]
The "Masters of Defence" competition organised by Henry VIII in July 1540 listed[27] "two hande sworde", "bastard sworde", and "longe sworde" as separate items (as it should in Joseph Swetnam's context).[28][29][30]Шаблон:Sps
Antiquarian usage in the 19th century established the use of "bastard sword" as referring unambiguously to these large swords.[31] However, George Silver and Joseph Swetnam refer to them merely as "two hande sworde". The term "hand-and-a-half sword" is modern (late 19th century).[9] During the first half of the 20th century, the term "bastard sword" was used regularly to refer to this type of sword.[10]
The Elizabethan long sword (cf. George Silver[32] and Joseph Swetnam) is a single-handed "cut-and-thrust" sword with a Шаблон:Convert blade[23] similar to the long rapier. "Let thy (long) Rapier or (long) Sword be foure foote at the least, and thy dagger two foote." Historical terms (15th to 16th century) for this type of sword included the Italian Шаблон:Lang and French Шаблон:Lang.
The term longsword has been used to refer to different kinds of sword depending on historical context:
- Шаблон:Lang or two-hander, a late Renaissance sword of the 16th century Шаблон:Lang, the longest sword of all;
- the long "side sword" or "rapier"[5] with a cutting edge (the Elizabethan long sword).
Шаблон:Lang
The Шаблон:Lang was a double-edged longsword used by the Romans. The idea for the Шаблон:Lang came from the swords of ancient Celts in Germany and Britain. It was longer than the Шаблон:Lang, and had more reach, so the Шаблон:Lang was most popular with soldiers in the cavalry. The blade could range between Шаблон:Convert long while the handle was usually between Шаблон:Convert.
Broadsword
The term "broadsword" was never used historically to describe the one-handed arming sword.Шаблон:Citation needed The arming sword was wrongly labelled a broadsword by antiquarians as the medieval swords were similar in blade width to the military swords of the day (that were also sometimes labeled as broadswords) and broader than the dueling swords and ceremonial dress swords.Шаблон:Citation needed
Shortswords and daggers
Knives such as the seax and other blades of similar length between Шаблон:Convert, they are sometimes construed as swords because of their longer blades. This is especially the case for weapons from antiquity, made before the development of high quality steel that is necessary for longer swords, in particular:
- Iron Age swords:
- Seax, a tool and weapon, common in Northern Europe.
- Шаблон:Lang, an early ancient Roman thrusting shortsword for legionaries[36]
- Шаблон:Lang, a double-edged, single-hand blade used by the ancient Greeks;
- Certain Renaissance-era sidearms:
- Baselard, a late medieval heavy dagger;
- Шаблон:Lang, a civilian long dagger;
- Dirk, the Scottish long dagger (Шаблон:Lang);
- Hanger or wood-knife, a type of hunting sword or infantry sabre;
- Certain fascine knives:
- Model 1832 Foot Artillery Sword, is a short sword designed after the Roman Шаблон:Lang with a blade length around Шаблон:Convert in length. It was also known as a Шаблон:Lang (literally "cabbage cutter") in France.
Oversized two-handers used as parade swords or ceremonial weapons often exceeded the length and weight of practical weapons of war.
Edgeless and thrusting swords
The edgeless swords category comprises weapons which are related to or labelled as "swords" but do not emphasise hacking or slashing techniques or have any cutting edges whatsoever. The majority of these elongated weapons were designed for agility, precision and rapid thrusting blows to exploit gaps in the enemy's defences; the major joints of the arms, the opening in a visor. However they mainly saw prominence outside the battlefield as a duelling weapon.
Basket-hilted sword
The basket-hilted sword is a sword type of the early modern era characterised by a basket-shaped guard that protects the hand. The basket hilt is a development of the quillons added to swords' crossguards since the Late Middle Ages. In modern times, this variety of sword is also sometimes referred to as the broadsword.[37][38]
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Main The Шаблон:Lang were always armed with a Шаблон:Lang as a secondary weapon. Among most Greek warriors, this weapon had an iron blade of about Шаблон:Convert. The Spartan version of the sword typically had a blade about Шаблон:Convert in length. The Spartan's shorter weapon proved deadly in the crush caused by colliding phalanx formations, as it was far more capable of being thrust through gaps in the enemy's shield wall and armour, where there was little to no room for longer edged weapons. The groin and throat were among the favourite targets.
Rapier
Шаблон:Main The term "rapier" appeared in the English lexicon via the French Шаблон:Lang which either compared the weapon to a rasp or file; it may be a corruption of "rasping sword"[39] which referred to the sound the blade makes[40] when it comes into contact with another blade. There is no historical Italian equivalent to the English word "rapier".[5]
Some swords categorised as rapiers are completely edgeless or have only a partially sharpened blade, however the majority have effective cutting blades.
Panzerstecher and koncerz
The Шаблон:Lang ("armour stabber") is a German and East European weapon with a long, edgeless blade of square or triangular cross-section for penetrating armour.[41][42][43] Early models were either two-handers or "hand-and-a-half" hilted,[44] while later 16th and 17th century models (also known as koncerz) were one-handed and used by cavalry.[45]
Tuck and verdun
The "tuck" (French Шаблон:Lang, Italian Шаблон:Lang)Шаблон:Citation needed is an edgeless blade of square or triangular cross-section used for thrusting.Шаблон:Citation needed In French, Шаблон:Lang also means thrust or point; and Шаблон:Lang means cut and thrust.Шаблон:Citation needed
The tuck may also get its name from the verb "to tuck" which means "to shorten".Шаблон:Citation needed
Small-sword
Шаблон:Main The small sword or smallsword (also court sword or dress sword, Шаблон:Lang-fr)Шаблон:Citation needed is a light one-handed sword designed for thrustingШаблон:Citation needed which evolved out of the longer and heavier rapier of the late Renaissance.Шаблон:Citation needed The height of the small sword's popularity was between the mid-17th and late 18th century.Шаблон:Citation needed It is thought to have appeared in France and spread quickly across the rest of Europe.Шаблон:Citation needed The small sword was the immediate predecessor of the Épée de Combat from which the Épée developed[46] and its method of use—as typified in the works of such authors as Sieur de Liancour, Domenico Angelo, Monsieur J. Olivier, and Monsieur L'Abbat—developed into the techniques of the French classical school of fencing.Шаблон:Citation needed Small swords were also used as status symbols and fashion accessories; for most of the 18th century anyone, civilian or military, with pretensions to gentlemanly status would have worn a small sword on a daily basis.Шаблон:Citation needed
Single-edge and curved swords
These are single-cutting edged, usually thick or curved construction bladed swords, typically designed for slashing, chopping, severing limbs, tripping or broad sweeping techniques; but were often very poorly designed for stabbing. Swordsmen were trained to use the dulled side for defensive and blocking techniques.
Backsword
Шаблон:Main The backsword was a single-edged, straight-bladed sword, typically for military use. This type of sword had a thickened back to the blade (opposite the cutting edge), which gave the blade strength. The backsword blade was cheaper to manufacture than a two-edged blade. This type of sword was first developed in Europe in the 15th century and reflected the emergence of asymmetric guards, which made a two-edged blade somewhat redundant. The backsword reached its greatest use in the 17th and 18th century when many cavalry swords, such as the British 1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, were of this form.
Шаблон:Lang
Шаблон:Main Шаблон:Lang are single-edged Chinese swords, primarily used for slashing and chopping. The most common form is also known as the Шаблон:Nowrap, although those with wider blades are sometimes referred to as Шаблон:Nowrap. In China, the dao is considered one of the four traditional weapons, along with the Шаблон:Lang (stick or staff), Шаблон:Lang (spear), and the Шаблон:Lang (sword). It is considered "The General of All Weapons".
Hook sword
Шаблон:Main The hook sword, twin hooks, Шаблон:Lang or Шаблон:Lang (Шаблон:Zh), also known as Шаблон:Lang (tiger head hook), is a Chinese weapon traditionally associated with northern styles of Chinese martial arts and Wushu weapons routines, but now often practiced by southern styles as well.
Шаблон:Lang
Unlike the Шаблон:Lang, which is a thrusting weapon, the Шаблон:Lang was a hacking weapon in the form of a thick, curved single edged iron sword. In Athenian art, Spartan hoplites were often depicted using a Шаблон:Lang instead of the Шаблон:Lang, as the Шаблон:Lang was seen as a quintessential "villain" weapon in Greek eyes.[47]
Khopesh
Шаблон:Main The khopesh is an ancient Egyptian curved short sword with a overall length of approx. Шаблон:Convert and was typically made of bronze or iron.
Katana
Шаблон:Main Historically, Шаблон:Nihongo were one of the traditionally made Шаблон:Nihongo[48][49] that were used by the samurai of feudal Japan.[50] Modern versions of the katana are sometimes made using non-traditional materials and methods. The katana is characterized by its distinctive appearance: a curved, slender, single-edged blade usually with a round guard and long grip to accommodate two hands.
Hanger
The hanger (obs. whinyard, whinger, cuttoe), wood-knife, or hunting sword is a long knife or short sword that hangs from the belt and was popular as both a hunting tool and weapon of war.[51][52]
Falchion and cutlass
The falchion (French Шаблон:Lang,[53] Spanish Шаблон:Lang) proper is a wide straight-bladed but curved edged hanger or long knife.[54] The term 'falchion' may also refer to the early cutlass.
The cutlass or curtal-axe also known as a falchion (French Шаблон:Lang; Italian Шаблон:Lang; German Шаблон:Lang) is a broad-bladed curved hanger or long knife. In later usage, 'cutlass' referred to the short naval boarding sabre.Шаблон:Citation needed
Sabre
Шаблон:Main The British sabre, American saber, French Шаблон:Lang, Spanish Шаблон:Lang, Italian Шаблон:Lang, German Шаблон:Lang, Russian Шаблон:Lang, Hungarian Шаблон:Lang, Polish Шаблон:Lang, and Ukrainian Шаблон:Lang is a single-edged curved bladed cavalry sword.[55]
Scimitar
The scimitar (French Шаблон:Lang, Italian Шаблон:Lang) is a type of saber that came to refer in general to any sabre used by the Turks or Ottomans (Шаблон:Lang), Persians (Шаблон:Lang) and more specifically the Шаблон:Lang[56] (Albanian and Greek mercenaries who fought in the French-Italian Wars and were employed throughout Western Europe).[57][58] The scimitar proper was the Шаблон:Lang saber,[59][60] and the term was introduced into France by Philippe de Commines (1447 – 18 October 1511) as Шаблон:Lang,[61] Italy (especially the Venetian Republic who hired the Шаблон:Lang as mercenaries) as Шаблон:Lang, and England as cimeter or scimitar via the French and Italian terms.
See also
References
External links
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ e.g., "hand-and-a-half sword", "single-handed sword", "Pappenheimer"[[[:Шаблон:Cite web]] Шаблон:Cite web] "Walloon sword", "Sinclair Sabre", "Mortuary sword", "spada da lato", "town sword", etc.
- ↑ e.g., bastard sword, broadsword [[[:Шаблон:Cite web]]
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web] rapier
- ↑ 5,0 5,1 5,2 Шаблон:Cite web, estoc, flamberge, etc.
- ↑ sword and sorcery fiction, role playing games, fighting games, etc.
- ↑ "cut-and-thrust sword"
- ↑ A term that was coined by Italian curators
- ↑ 9,0 9,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ 10,0 10,1 Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ in Death of the Laird's Jock (1831).
- ↑ Robert Nares, A glossary; or, Collection of words ... which have been thought to require illustration, in the works of English authors (1822).
- ↑ Tony Willis, "A Pair of Scottish Swords", Page One, Page Two, Page Three, Page Four.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite Q
- ↑ Oakeshott, Ewart. Records of the Medieval Sword. Boydell Press 1991. Page 89 and 95.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Ebrey 1999, p. 41
- ↑ Rodell 2003, p. 19
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- ↑ 23,0 23,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite book
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- ↑ Joseph Strutt, The sports and pastimes of the people of England from the earliest period: including the rural and domestic recreations, May games, mummeries, pageants, processions and pompous spectacles, 1801, p. 211.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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- ↑ Oakeshott (1980).
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- ↑ Evangelista, Nick. The Encyclopedia of the Sword. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1995. p. 208
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite Q
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