Английская Википедия:Clement Vallandigham

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Clement Laird Vallandigham (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell;[1] July 29, 1820 – June 17, 1871) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the leader of the Copperhead faction of anti-war Democrats during the American Civil War.

He served two terms for Ohio's 3rd congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. In 1863, he was convicted by an Army court martial for publicly expressing opposition to the war and exiled to the Confederate States of America. He ran for governor of Ohio in 1863 from exile in Canada, but was defeated.

Vallandigham died in 1871 in Lebanon, Ohio, after accidentally shooting himself in the abdomen with a pistol, while representing a defendant in a murder case for killing a man in a barroom brawl in Hamilton.

Early life

Clement Laird Vallandigham was born July 29, 1820, in New Lisbon, Ohio (now Lisbon, Ohio), to Clement and Rebecca Laird Vallandigham.Шаблон:Sfn His father, a Presbyterian minister, educated his son at home.[2]

In 1841, Vallandigham had a dispute with the college president at Jefferson College in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He was honorably dismissed, but he never received a degree.Шаблон:Sfn

Edwin M. Stanton, the future Secretary of War under President Abraham Lincoln, was Vallandigham's close friend before the Civil War. Stanton lent Vallandigham $500 for a law course and to begin his own practice.[3] Both Vallandigham and Stanton were Democrats, but they held opposing views on slavery. Stanton was an abolitionist; Vallandigham an anti-abolitionist.

Political career

Ohio legislature

Shortly after beginning to practice law in Dayton, Ohio, Vallandigham entered politics. He was elected as a Democrat to the Ohio legislature in 1845 and 1846, and served as editor of a weekly newspaper, the Dayton Empire, from 1847 to 1849.

While in the Ohio state legislature, Vallandigham voted against the repeal of the "Black Laws" (laws against the civil rights of African-Americans) though he wanted the question put to a referendum by the voters.Шаблон:Sfn In 1851, Vallandigham sought the Democratic nomination to be Ohio's lieutenant governor, but the party declined to nominate him.[2]

House of Representatives

Vallandigham ran for Congress in 1856, but he was narrowly defeated. He appealed to the Committee of Elections of the House of Representatives and claimed that illegal votes had been cast. The House eventually agreed, and Vallandigham was seated on the next to last day of the term. The delay was caused by "the division which had arisen in the Democratic party upon the Lecompton [slavery in Kansas] question."Шаблон:Sfn He was reelected by a small margin in 1858.

In October 1859, a radical abolitionist, John Brown, raided Harper's Ferry, Virginia, seizing the United States Army Arsenal. Vallandigham happened to be passing through the town[4] and joined a group of government officials that interrogated the captured Brown as to his aims, which Brown stated were an attempt to set off a rebellion of slaves to secure their freedom.[5] Vallandingham commented on Brown:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Vallandingham was pro-slavery, described in a hostile newspaper as "perform[ing] the dirty work of the Southern slavocracy".[6] He was always a vigorous supporter of those "states' rights".[7] He believed the federal government had no power to regulate any legal institution, which slavery at the time was. He also believed the states had an implied right to secede and that, legally, the Confederacy could not militarily be conquered. Vallandigham was a believer in low tariffs and that slavery was a matter for each state to decide. During the ensuing war, he would become one of Lincoln's most outspoken critics.[2][8]

He was re-elected to the House in 1860. During the 1860 presidential campaign, he supported Stephen A. Douglas, although he disagreed with Douglas's position on "squatter sovereignty", which was used by detractors to describe popular sovereignty.Шаблон:Sfn

On February 20, 1861, Vallandigham delivered a speech, titled "The Great American Revolution," to the House of Representatives. He accused the Republican Party of being "belligerent" and advocated a "choice of peaceable disunion upon the one hand, or Union through adjustment and conciliation upon the other." Vallandigham supported the Crittenden Compromise, which was a last minute effort to avert the Civil War. He blamed sectionalism and anti-slavery sentiment for the secession crisis. Vallandigham proposed a series of amendments to the Constitution. The United States would be divided into four sections: North, South, West, and Pacific. The four sections would each have the power in the Senate to veto legislation. The Electoral College would be modified, with the term of President and Vice-President increased to six years and limited to one term unless two thirds of the electors agreed. Secession by a state could be agreed to only if the legislatures of the sections approved it. Moving between the sections was a guaranteed right.[9]

Vallandigham strongly opposed every military bill, which led his opponents to charge that he wanted the Confederacy to win the war. He became the acknowledged leader of the anti-war Copperheads, and in an address on May 8, 1862, he coined their slogan: "To maintain the Constitution as it is, and to restore the Union as it was." It was endorsed by fifteen Democratic congressmen.Шаблон:Sfn

Vallandigham lost his bid for a third full term in 1862 by a relatively large vote, which meant that he would be out of office early in 1863. However, his loss was at least partially caused by the redistricting of his congressional district.Шаблон:Sfn Despite this loss, some still considered him to be a future presidential candidate.[10]

As a lame-duck Representative, Vallandigham delivered a speech in the House on January 14, 1863, entitled "The Constitution-Peace-Reunion." In it, he stated his opposition to abolitionism from the "beginning." He denounced Lincoln's violations of civil liberties, "which have made this country one of the worst despotisms on earth". Vallandigham openly criticized Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, charging that "war for the Union was abandoned; war for the Negro openly begun." He also condemned financial interests that were profiting from the war: "And let not Wall Street, or any other great interest, mercantile, manufacturing, or commercial, imagine that it shall have power enough or wealth enough to stand in the way of reunion through peace." Vallandigham added, "Defeat, debt, taxation, sepulchers, these are your trophies." Vallandigham's speech included a proposal to end the military conflict. He advocated an armistice and the demobilization of the military forces of both the Union and the Confederacy.[11]

Post-congressional activities

Файл:Vallandigham, Clement Laird, 1863.jpg
Vallandigham in 1863

After General Ambrose E. Burnside issued General Order Number 38, warning that the "habit of declaring sympathies for the enemy" would not be tolerated in the Military District of Ohio, Vallandigham gave a major speech on May 1, 1863. He charged that the war was no longer being fought to save the Union, but it had become an attempt to free the slaves by sacrificing the liberty of white Americans to "King Lincoln."[12]

The authority for Burnside's order came from a proclamation of September 24, 1862 in which President Lincoln suspended habeas corpus and made discouraging enlistments, drafts, or any other "disloyal" practices subject to martial law and trial by military commissions.[13]

Arrest and military trial

On May 5, 1863, Vallandigham was arrested as a violator of General Order Number 38. His enraged supporters burned the offices of the Dayton Journal, the Republican rival to the Empire. Vallandigham was tried by a military court on May 6 and 7. Vallandigham's speech at Mount Vernon, Ohio, was cited as the source of the arrest. He was charged by the Military Commission with "Publicly expressing, in violation of General Orders No. 38, from Head-quarters Department of the Ohio, sympathy for those in arms against the Government of the United States, and declaring disloyal sentiments and opinions, with the object and purpose of weakening the power of the Government in its efforts to suppress an unlawful rebellion."Шаблон:Sfn

The specifications of the charge against Vallandigham were:

Шаблон:Blockquote

Файл:CLVallandigham-arrest.jpg
Vallandigham's arrest, 1863

Vallandingham wrote that he knew his public opinions and sentiments aided the Confederate war effort, raised public skepticism against the Lincoln administration, raised sympathy for the Confederate soldiers, and encouraged Northerners to violate the wartime laws of the Union.Шаблон:Sfn

The peace proposal of France was true. Vallandigham had been requested by Horace Greeley to assist in the peace plan.[14]

Captain James Madison Cutts served as the judge advocate in the military trial and was responsible for authoring the charges against Vallandigham.[15] During the trial, testimony was given by Union army officers who had attended the speech in civilian clothes, that Vallandigham called the president "King Lincoln."Шаблон:Sfn He was sentenced to confinement in a military prison "during the continuance of the war" at Fort Warren, Massachusetts.Шаблон:Sfn Vallandingham only called one witness in his defense, Congressman Samuel S. Cox. According to University of New Mexico School of Law Professor Joshua E. Kastenberg, because Cox was another well-known anti-war Democrat, his presence at the military court likely harmed Vallandigam's attempts at arguing his innocence.[16]

On May 11, 1863, an application for a writ of habeas corpus was filed in federal court for Vallandigham by former Ohio Senator George E. Pugh.Шаблон:Sfn Judge Humphrey H. Leavitt of the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of Ohio upheld Vallandigham's arrest and military trial as a valid exercise of the President's war powers.Шаблон:Sfn Congress had passed an act authorizing the President to suspend habeas corpus on March 3, 1863.[17]

On May 16, 1863, there was a meeting at Albany, New York, to protest the arrest of Vallandigham. A letter from Governor Horatio Seymour of New York was read to the crowd. Seymour charged that "military despotism" had been established. Resolutions by John V. L. Pruyn were adopted.Шаблон:Sfn The resolutions were sent to Lincoln by Erastus Corning. In response to a public letter issued at the meeting of angry Democrats in Albany, Lincoln's "Letter to Erastus Corning et al." of June 12, 1863, explained his justification for supporting the court-martial's conviction.

In February 1864, the Supreme Court ruled that it had no power to issue a writ of habeas corpus to a military commission (Ex parte Vallandigham, 1 Wallace, 243).

Expulsion

Файл:1864 US election poster.jpg
Union Party poster for Pennsylvania warning of disaster if McClellan wins.

Lincoln, who considered Vallandigham a "wily agitator," was wary of making him a martyr to the Copperhead cause, and on May 19, 1863, he ordered Vallandigham to be sent through the enemy lines to the Confederacy.[7]Шаблон:Sfn When he was within Confederate lines, Vallandigham said: "I am a citizen of Ohio, and of the United States. I am here within your lines by force, and against my will. I therefore surrender myself to you as a prisoner of war."Шаблон:Sfn

On May 30, 1863, a meeting was held at Military Park in Newark, New Jersey, where a letter was read from New Jersey Governor Joel Parker that condemned the arrest, trial, and deportation of Vallandigham as "were arbitrary and illegal acts. The whole proceeding was wrong in principle and dangerous in its tendency." However, the meeting was sparsely attended.[18] The New York World reported on the meeting in Albany. Burnside suppressed publication of the World.Шаблон:Sfn On June 1, 1863, another protest meeting was held in Philadelphia.Шаблон:Sfn

On June 2, 1863, Vallandigham was sent to Wilmington, North Carolina, by Confederate President Jefferson Davis and was briefly put under guard as an "alien enemy."[19]

President Lincoln wrote the "Birchard Letter" of June 29, 1863 to several Ohio congressmen; it offered to revoke Vallandigham's deportation order if they would agree to support certain policies of the Administration.

Vallandigham travelled to Richmond, Virginia, where he met with Robert Ould, a former classmate. He advised Ould that the Confederate army should not invade Pennsylvania since it would unite the North against the Copperheads during the 1864 presidential election.[20] However, a letter to the editor of The New York Times gave a different version that Vallandigham had encouraged the invasion.[21]

Vallandigham then left the Confederacy on a blockade runner to Bermuda and from there went to Canada.[22] He then declared himself a candidate for Governor of Ohio and actually won the Democratic nomination in absentia. (Outraged at his treatment by Lincoln, Ohio Democrats by a vote of 411–11 nominated Vallandigham for governor[23] at their June 11 convention.) He managed his campaign from a hotel in Windsor, where he received a steady stream of visitors and supporters.[24]

Vallandigham asked the question in his address or letter of July 15, 1863, "To the Democracy of Ohio:" "Shall there be free speech, a free press, peaceable assemblages of the people, and a free ballot any longer in Ohio?"Шаблон:Sfn

Vallandigham lost the 1863 Ohio gubernatorial election in a landslide to the pro-Union War Democrat John Brough by a vote of 288,374 to 187,492.Шаблон:Sfn

The Northwestern Confederacy

In Canada, sometime around March 1864, Vallandigham became a leader of the Order of the Sons of LibertyШаблон:Sfn and conspired with Jacob Thompson, and other agents of the Confederate government to form a Northwestern Confederacy, consisting of the states of Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois, by overthrowing their governments. Vallandigham requested money for weapons from the Confederates and refused to handle the money himself, which was given to his associate James A. Barrett. Part of the Confederate plan was to liberate Confederate prisoners-of-war.[25]

Vallandigham crossed back to the US "under heavy disguise" on June 14 and gave a passionate speech at an impromptu Democratic convention in Hamilton, Ohio, the next day.Шаблон:Sfn In that speech, he felt it necessary to lie about his involvement in a "subversive organization" that he failed to name.[26]

Lincoln was informed of his return. On June 24, 1864, Lincoln drafted a letter to Governor Brough and General Samuel P. Heintzelman and stated to "watch Vallandigham and others closely" and to arrest them if necessary. However, he did not send the letter, and it appears that he decided to do nothing about Vallandigham's return.Шаблон:Sfn In late August, Vallandigham openly attended the 1864 Democratic National Convention in Chicago as a district delegate for Ohio.[27]

The reception by the convention to Vallandigham was mixed. Vallandigham received "vehement applause."Шаблон:Sfn At one point, Vallandigham's name was called out by the audience and the response was "applause and hisses."Шаблон:Sfn There were "cheers and hisses" on another occasion that he spoke.Шаблон:Sfn

Vallandigham promoted the "peace plank" of the platform, which declared the war a failure and demanded an immediate end of hostilities.Шаблон:Sfn In his acceptance letter, George B. McClellan made peace conditional on the Confederacy being ready for peace and to rejoin the Union.Шаблон:Sfn McClellan's stance conflicted with the Democratic Party Platform of 1864 which stated that "immediate efforts be made for a cessation of hostilities, with a view to an ultimate convention of the States, or other peaceable means, to the end that, at the earliest practicable moment, peace may be restored on the basis of the Federal union of the States."[28] Vallandigham supported his party's nomination of McClellan for the presidency but was "highly indignant" when McClellan repudiated the party platform in his letter of acceptance of the nomination.Шаблон:Sfn For a time, Vallandigham withdrew from campaigning for McClellan.Шаблон:Sfn The contradiction between the party platform and McClellan's views weakened Democratic efforts to win voters over.

In late September 1864, the conspiracy trial of Harrison H. Dodd, William A. Bowles, Andrew Humphreys, Horace Heffren, and Lambdin P. Milligan, members of the Knights of the Golden Circle, a paramilitary organization that had been founded in Cincinnati in 1854, morphed into the Order of American Knights, and become the Sons of Liberty, began in Indianapolis before a military commission. George E. Pugh testified as a government witness.Шаблон:Sfn Testimony confirmed Vallandigham was "Supreme Commander,"Шаблон:Sfn and James A. Barrett was the "Chief of Staff" to Vallandigham.Шаблон:Sfn Witnesses testified that a mysterious Mr. Piper had communicated to them on behalf of Vallandigham.Шаблон:Sfn According to the testimony of Felix G. Stidger, an undercover federal agent who had infiltrated the Knights of the Golden Circle, the plan of Vallandigham was to begin a revolt sometime between November 3 and 17.Шаблон:Sfn The case went to the US Supreme Court, which in 1866 in Ex parte Milligan, ruled that the use of military tribunals to try civilians is unconstitutional if civil courts are still operating.

In April 1865, Vallandigham testified at the conspiracy trial of the American Knights in Cincinnati. He admitted to conversing with Jacob Thompson, the Confederate agent in Canada.[29] The intended revolt never materialized.

Post-war

In 1867, Vallandigham continued his stance against African-American suffrage and equality.[30] However, his views later changed with the New Departure policy.

Vallandigham returned to Ohio, lost his campaigns for the Senate against Judge Allen G. ThurmanШаблон:Sfn and the House of Representatives against Robert C. SchenckШаблон:Sfn on an anti-Reconstruction platform. He then resumed his law practice.

In 1871, Vallandigham won the Ohio Democrats over to the "New Departure" policy, which would essentially neglect to mention the Civil War, "thus burying out of sight all that is of the dead past, namely, the right of secession, slavery, inequality before the law, and political inequality; and further, now that reconstruction is complete, and representation within the Union restored." He also affirmed "the Democratic party pledges itself to the full, faithful, and absolute execution and enforcement of the Constitution as it now is, so as to secure equal rights to all persons under it, without distinction of race, color, or condition." It also called for civil service reform and a progressive income tax (items 10 and 12). It was against the "Ku-Klux Bill" (item 17).Шаблон:Sfn "New Departure" was endorsed by Salmon P. Chase, a former Lincoln cabinet member and Chief Justice of the United States.Шаблон:Sfn

Death

Vallandigham died in 1871 in Lebanon, Ohio, at the age of 50, after he accidentally shot himself in the abdomen with a pistol. He was representing a defendant, Thomas McGehean,Шаблон:Sfn in a murder case for killing a man in a barroom brawl in Hamilton, Ohio. Vallandigham attempted to prove the victim, Tom Myers, had in fact accidentally shot himself while he was drawing his pistol from a pocket while rising from a kneeling position. As Vallandigham conferred with fellow defense attorneys in his hotel room at the Lebanon House, later the Golden Lamb Inn, he showed them how he would demonstrate this to the jury. Selecting a pistol he believed to be unloaded, he put it in his pocket and enacted the events as they might have happened, snagging the loaded gun on his clothing and unintentionally causing it to discharge into his stomach.

Although he was fatally wounded, Vallandigham's demonstration proved his point, and the defendant, Thomas McGehean, was acquitted and released from custody (only to be shot to death four years later in his saloon).[31] Surgeons probed for the pistol ball, thought to have lodged in the vicinity of Vallandigham's bladder, but were unable to locate it, and Vallandigham died the next day of peritonitis. His last words expressed his faith in "that good old Presbyterian doctrine of predestination".Шаблон:Sfn Survived by his wife, Louisa Anna (McMahon) Vallandigham, and his son Charles Vallandigham, he was buried in Woodland Cemetery in Dayton, Ohio.

Vallandigham was eulogized by James W. Wall, a former senator from New Jersey, who mentioned recently meeting with him about "New Departure".Шаблон:Sfn Wall had been imprisoned during the Civil War by Union authorities.

John A. McMahon, Vallandigham's nephew, was also a U.S. Representative from Ohio.

In popular culture

Vallandigham's deportation to the Confederacy prompted Edward Everett Hale to write "The Man Without a Country."[32] The short story, which appeared in The Atlantic Monthly in December 1863, was widely republished. In 1898, Hale made the assertion that Vallandigham stated "he did not want to belong to the United States."[33]

Vallandigham is a character in some alternate history novels. In Ward Moore's Bring the Jubilee (1953) and William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's The Difference Engine (1990), Vallandigham defeated Lincoln in the presidential election of 1864 after the South won the Civil War. In Harry Turtledove's The Guns of the South (1992), he is elected Vice-President in the same year for the same reason.

In CBBC's Horrible Histories, Vallandigham is played by Ben Willbond. In Horrible Histories he is shown as an excellent lawyer who is, however, extremely embarrassed by the idiotic way in which he died: by having killed himself by accident while he was defending his client, Thomas McGehean.

See also

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References

Шаблон:Reflist

Bibliography

Primary sources

Further reading

  • Gottlieb, Martin. Lincoln's Northern Nemesis: The War Opposition and Exile of Ohio's Clement Vallandigham (McFarland, 2021).
  • Шаблон:Cite book  (extensive coverage on Vallandigham)
  • Hostetler, Michael J. "Pushing the Limits of Dissent: Clement Vallandigham's Daredevil Tactics." Free Speech Yearbook 43 (2009): 85–92.
  • Hubbart, Hubert C. "'Pro-Southern' Influences in the Free West, 1840–1865," Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1933), 20#1 pp. 45–62 in JSTOR
  • Klement, Frank L. The Limits of Dissent: Clement L. Vallandigham and the Civil War (1998), a standard scholarly biography
  • Mackey, Thomas C. Opposing Lincoln: Clement L. Vallandigham, Presidential Power, and the Legal Battle over Dissent in Wartime (Landmark Law Cases and American Society). (University Press of Kansas, 2020) online review
  • Шаблон:Cite book
  • Roseboom, Eugene H. "Southern Ohio and the Union in 1863," Mississippi Valley Historical Review (1952) 39#1 pp. 29–44 in JSTOR
  • Шаблон:Cite EB1911

External links

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  2. ↑ 2,0 2,1 2,2 "Clement Vallandigham", Ohio History Central.
  3. ↑ Flower, Frank Abail. Edwin McMasters Stanton, the Autocrat of Rebellion, Emancipation and Reconstruction. p. 252 fn, Boston, MA: George M. Smith & Co., 1905.
  4. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  5. ↑ Vallandigham, Clement Laird, Speeches, Arguments, Addresses and Letters of Clement L. Vallandigham, pp. 201–205, New York: J. Walter and Co., 1864.
  6. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Liberator не указан текст
  7. ↑ 7,0 7,1 "Clement L. Vallandigham", National Park Service.
  8. ↑ "Representative Clement Vallandigham of Ohio", Historical Highlights, US House of Representatives.
  9. ↑ Vallandigham, Clement Laird. "The Great American Revolution of 1861", The Congressional Globe: Containing the Debates and Proceedings of the Thirty-Sixth Congress: Also of the Special Session of the Senate, edited by John C. Rives, 235–243. Washington, DC: Congressional Globe Office, 1861.
  10. ↑ Kirkland, Edward Chase. The Peacemakers of 1864, p. 35, New York: The MacMillan Company, 1927.
  11. ↑ Vallandigham, Clement Laird. "The Constitution – Peace – Reunion". Appendix, Congressional Globe: Containing the Speeches, Important State Papers and the Laws of the Third Session Thirty-Seventh Congress, edited by John C. Rives, 52–60. Washington, DC: Globe Office, 1863.
  12. ↑ Vallandigham, Clement Laird, The Trial Hon. Clement L. Vallandigham, by a Military Commission: and the Proceedings Under His Application for a Writ of Habeas Corpus in the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of Ohio, p. 23. Cincinnati: Rickey and Carroll, 1863.
  13. ↑ Lincoln, Abraham. Abraham Lincoln Complete Works. Edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay. Vol. II. p. 239, New York: The Century Co., 1920.
  14. ↑ Porter, George Henry. Ohio Politics During the Civil War Period. p. 148, fn 1, New York. 1911.
  15. ↑ Joshua E. Kastenberg, Law in War, Law as War: Brigadier General Joseph Holt and the Judge Advocate General's Department in the Civil War and Early Reconstruction, 1861–1865 (Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2011), 106.
  16. ↑ Id.
  17. ↑ Pittman, Benn, The Trials for Treason at Indianapolis, Disclosing the Plans for Establishing a North-Western Confederacy. p. 253, Cincinnati, OH: Moore, Wilstach & Baldwin, 1865.
  18. ↑ "Vallandigham Meeting in Newark." The New York Times. May 31, 1863.
  19. ↑ Long, E. B., and Long, Barbara. The Civil War Day by Day (New York: Da Capo Press, Inc., 1971)
  20. ↑ Jones, John Beauchamp, A Rebel War Clerks Diary at the Confederate States Capital, Volume I, pp. 357–358.
  21. ↑ Reinish, Henery. "Vallandigham and the Invasion of Lee". The New York Times, September 4, 1863.
  22. ↑ "Citizens, Patriots, and Soldiers Look Here!", Rare Americana.
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite encyclopedia
  24. ↑ Buescher, John. "Civil War Peace Offers Шаблон:Webarchive." Teachinghistory.org, accessed September 2, 2011.
  25. ↑ Castleman, John Breckenridge. Active Service. pp. 145–146, Louisville, KY: Courier-Journal Job Printing, 1917.
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  27. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ "The American Knights; The Testimony of Mr. Vallandigham", The New York Times. April 4, 1865.
  30. ↑ "Vallandigham on the Issues of the Hour – Negro Suffrage and Negro Equality – The National Finances". The New York Times. August 14, 1867.
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  33. ↑ Hale, Edward Everett. "The Man Without a Country". p. 116, The Outlook, May–August 1898.
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