Английская Википедия:Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company

Содержание

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Текст

Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company was a UK bridge works and structural steel contractor based in Darlington. It built landmarks including the Victoria Falls Bridge in Zimbabwe; the Tees Transporter Bridge; the Forth Road and Humber suspension bridges in the UK; Hong Kong's Tsing Ma Bridge, and London's Wembley Stadium Arch.

Cleveland Bridge's Dubai business fabricated and erected steel structures for the Burj Al Arab and Emirates Towers.

Файл:Victoria Falls Bridge over Zambesi.jpg

Victoria Falls Bridge

The Darlington company went into administration in July 2021, owing £21m, and closed in September 2021.

History

Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Company was founded in 1877 with a capital of £10,000. The assets were sold to Charles Frederick Dixon in 1885. He registered his company on a Stock Exchange in 1893 and by 1913 there were 600 staff.

In 1967, the company was acquired by The Cementation Company.

Trafalgar House bought Cementation in 1970 and went on to acquire Redpath Dorman Long from Dorman Long Group in 1982. It merged the two subsidiaries in 1990 as Cleveland Structural Engineering. That business was renamed Kvaerner Cleveland Bridge following acquisition of Trafalgar House by Kværner in 1996.

In 2000, the company, once again, became independent through an £8.3million ($12.3million) management buyout. Management also acquired the company's Dubai subsidiary that had been established in 1978. Saudi Arabia's Al Rushaid Group provided finance to the firm which rose to an 88.5% stake by September 2002.

Decline and fall

In July 2021, Cleveland Bridge sought further funding from Al Rushaid Group and warned 220 staff of potential redundancies. The firm was reported to be on the brink of administration after contract delays.

Al Rushaid Group did not provide the resources; administrator FRP was appointed, and the business was put up for sale. Fifty three workers were made redundant. Around 25 staff continued to assist FRP, and 128 staff were furloughed under the Coronavirus Jobs Retention Scheme pending restart of production.

FRP was unable to find a buyer for the business and on 10 September announced it would close with the loss of a further 133 jobs. They stated £12m would be required to fund the business to the end of 2021. The company assets were sold off in November 2021.

Controversies

2016 death and HSE fine

In 2022 Cleveland Bridge & Engineering was fined £1.5 million by the Health and Safety Executive, with a further cost judgement of £29,000 against them. An inadequately secured crane access panel gave way in a 2016 fatal fall. The fine related to four breaches of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 leading to the death. FRP Advisory stated it was unlikely the fine or costs could be paid.

Shard delays

In 2013 Cleveland Bridge was ordered to pay Severfield-Rowen plc £824,478 compensation for delays to their subcontract work on The Shard. The judge accepted there was a very high incidence of poor workmanship in the steelwork Cleveland Bridge delivered. Cleveland Bridge's own internal correspondence highlighted an extraordinary work overload in 2010, and Judge Akenhead concluded it had taken on more work than it had capacity.

Wembley Stadium

In 2002 the company won a £60 million steelwork contract for the bowl of New Wembley Stadium. Part way through construction, relationships between main contractor Multiplex and Cleveland Bridge broke down. Multiplex stripped Cleveland Bridge of their erection role, handing it to roof steelwork contractor, Hollandia. Two hundred of Cleveland Bridge's on site erection staff and subcontractors transferred to Hollandia. They subsequently went on strike and were sacked. The situation escalated when Cleveland Bridge unilaterally repudiated its remaining stadium fabrication contract.

Both sides blamed the other for extra costs; delays; poor workmanship; missing or incorrect steelwork; damaged, missing or incorrect paintwork, and the chaotic state of records and the near site stock yards. Extensive litigation ensued and Cleveland Bridge was ultimately ordered to pay Multiplex £6,154,246.79 in respect of net earlier overpayments; breach of contract, and interest. Cleveland Bridge was also ordered to pay 20% of Multiplex's legal costs.

It was claimed, in evidence, that some Wembley steelwork had been fabricated in China for Cleveland Bridge and that it had ended up being diverted to the Beijing National Stadium.

Mr Justice Jackson's 2008 judgement in the Technology and Construction Court was highly critical of both parties unwillingness to settle earlier in such an expensive case where the core evidence extended to over 500 lever arch files, and photocopying costs alone were £1 million. He highlighted the large number of items at dispute where the sums involved were substantially exceeded by the legal costs involved in resolving them.

Notable bridges

Bridge	Location	Year	Total length		Image	Ref
			ft	m
Ramsey Harbour Swing Bridge	Isle of Man	1892	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Ramsey harbour swing bridge - geograph.org.uk - 1108607.jpg
Victoria Falls Bridge	Zim­babwe	1905	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Puente de las cataratas Victoria, Zambia-Zimbabue, 2018-07-27, DD 10.jpg
Waibadu / Garden Bridge	Shanghai	1906	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Pont Waibaidu et Pudong.jpg
King Edward VII Bridge	New­castle	1906	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:King Edward VII Bridge, Newcastle upon Tyne, July 2015 (05).JPG
Blue Nile Road and Railway Bridge	Sudan	1909	Шаблон:Convert
Victoria Bridge	Hamilton	1910	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:VictoriaBridgeHamilton2.jpg
Tees Trans­porter Bridge	Middle­sbrough	1911	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge, stockton side.jpg
Goz Abu Goma Bridge	Sudan	1911	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:White Nile railway swing bridge at Kosti, Sudan.jpg
Trent Bridge widening	Nott­ingham	1926	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:TrentBridge2022.jpg
Chiswick Bridge	London	1933	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Chiswick-Bridge-15-540-3.jpg
Verrugas Bridge	Peru	1936	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Peru railroad steel bridge2.jpg
Howrah Bridge	India	1942	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Howrah bridge at night.jpg
Spit Bridge	Sydney	1958	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Spit Bridge open.jpg
Auckland Harbour Bridge	Auckland	1959	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Auckland Harbour Bridge (9380408897).jpg
Tamar Bridge	Saltash – Plymouth	1959	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Tamar Bridge from train.JPG
Forth Road Bridge (ACD)	Scotland	1964	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:The Forth Road Bridge (before all the trouble...) - panoramio.jpg
Severn Bridge (ABB)	UK	1966	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Old severn bridge small.jpg
Wye Bridge	UK	1968	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Wye Bridge - geograph-3877950-by-Lewis-Clarke.jpg
Bos­phorus Bridge	Turkey	1973	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Boğaziçi Köprüsü - Aerial view.jpg
Rio–Niterói Bridge	Brazil	1974	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Ilha de Mocanguê by Diego Baravelli (cropped).jpg
Balla­chulish Bridge	Scotland	1974	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Ballachulish, above Ballachulish Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 922007.jpg
Humber Bridge	Hessle	1981	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Humber Bridge2.png
Kessock Bridge	Inver­ness	1982	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Kessockbridge.jpg
Queen Elizabeth II Bridge	London	1991	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Queen Elizabeth II Bridge - geograph.org.uk - 122668.jpg
Tsing Ma Bridge	Hong Kong	1997	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Tsing Ma Bridge 2.jpg
Jiangyin Yangtze River Bridge	Jiangsu	1999	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Jiangyin Yangtze River bridge-2.jpeg
New Carquinez Bridge	San Fran­cisco	2003	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Alfred zampa memorial bridge.jpg
Rio–Antirrio Bridge	Gulf of Corinth	2004	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Rio-Antirio bridge.jpg
Wembley Stadium Arch	London	2005	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Wembley Stadium, illuminated.jpg
Infinity Bridge	Stockton on Tees	2009	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Infinity Bridge in Stockton.jpg
Twin Sails Bridge	Poole	2012	Шаблон:Convert	Файл:Twin sails bridge.jpg

External links

• Шаблон:Structurae firm
• A to Z of bridges built by Cleveland Bridge