Английская Википедия:Climate of Spain
The climate of Spain is highly diverse and varies considerably across the country's various regions. Spain is the most climatically diverse country in Europe with 14 different Köppen climates.[1][2]
The five most dominant climates in the country include: The hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa), the warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb), the semiarid climate (BSh and BSk), the oceanic climate (Cfb), and the warm-summer continental climate (Dfb).[3]
The average annual temperature varies from less than Шаблон:Convert in the north of the Pyrenees, close to the border with France to more than Шаблон:Convert in a small region of the Mediterranean in the provinces of Almeria and Granada. The annual average precipitation ranges from more than Шаблон:Convert on the northwest of Galicia and in the Pyrenees near San Sebastian to less than Шаблон:Convert in southeastern Spain in Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park.[4]
In the Canary Islands, annual average temperature varies from less than Шаблон:Convert in the highest altitude area of Santa Cruz de Tenerife to more than Шаблон:Convert on lower areas of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, while the average annual precipitation ranges from more than Шаблон:Convert on the highest altitudes of La Palma to less than Шаблон:Convert in parts of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura.[4]
Spain, like other countries of the Mediterranean Basin, is vulnerable to climate change, with greater risk of heatwaves and dry weather.
Zones
Five main climatic zones can be distinguished, according to the country's Köppen-Geiger climate classification and orographic conditions:[5][6][7]
- The hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) which is also characterized by dry and warm/hot summers and cool to mild and wet winters. According to the Köppen climate classification, this climate is dominant on the Iberian Peninsula, particularly the variety with summer droughts, covering all but the far northern part of the country where the Oceanic climate predominates. The hot-summer Mediterranean climate is further divided into the "Standard Mediterranean" of lowland regions and continental Mediterranean climate of the interior, according to altitude and the mildness or harshness of the winter season. The Standard Mediterranean covers coastal areas (excluding the northern Atlantic coast) the Guadalquivir river basin and the lower reaches of the Tagus and Guadiana basins to the west of the country. The continental Mediterranean climate predominates in Spain's vast table lands, Meseta Central, of the interior.
- The warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Csb) which predominates in parts of northwestern Spain and mostly inland in central-northern Spain at altitudes above 900-1000 masl.
- The oceanic climate (Cfb) is located in the northern part of the country, especially in the regions of Galicia, Basque Country, Asturias, Cantabria, and Navarre. This region has regular snowfall in the winter months.
- The semiarid climate (BSh and BSk) is predominant in the south eastern part of the country (Almeria province in Eastern Andalusia, Murcia region and Alicante province in Southern Valencia) and in the middle reaches of the Ebro valley to the north east (Zaragoza province), reaching as far west as southern Navarre. It is also present in large areas of the central table lands (primarily in Madrid and in the La Mancha region which includes parts of Cuenca, Guadalajara, and Toledo provinces) and some of the driest areas of Extremadura. In contrast to the Mediterranean climate, the dry season continues beyond the end of summer and the vegetation is less dense.
- The warm-summer continental climate (Dfb) which can be found in many areas in north-eastern Spain, in areas starting with altitudes above 1000-1100 masl. It can be found also in some areas in the Cantabrian Mountains and the highest areas of the Sistema Ibérico mountain range in central-eastern Spain.
Apart from the five main climate zones, other noticeable sub-zones can be found, such as the humid subtropical climate in large areas in the northern half of Catalonia going down to Barcelona, the province of Huesca and northern Navarre. The dry continental climates all across Spain in the highest areas (notably in the Sierra Nevada and the highest areas in central-northern Spain), the alpine climate and the Subarctic climate in the higher areas of northern Spain's various mountain ranges (notably the Cantabrian Mountains and the Pyrenees), a tropical climate in the coastal areas of the Canary Islands and a hot desert climate in the Southeastern coastline and eastern parts of the Canary Islands, notably around Almeria and Las Palmas.[1][8]
Hot summer Mediterranean climate
The hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa) is found in many parts of Spain's Mediterranean coast, from the border with Portugal to the middle of the province of Granada. Then it starts in Calpe, and goes to the border with France (with some exceptions such as the city of Valencia). It also extends inland in Andalusia and Extremadura. It is characterized by hot, dry summers and mild winters with infrequent frosts.[9] The summers are hot, the winters are mild and most of precipitation falls in the autumn. Examples of cities with Csa climate are Málaga, Barcelona, Palma or Seville. Шаблон:Weather box
Warm summer Mediterranean climate
The Csb warm-summer Mediterranean climate is found in parts of Galicia and the western areas of Castilla y Leon. Coastal Mediterranean region is marked by Leveche winds: hot, dry, easterly or southeasterly air currents that originate over North Africa. Periods of these winds, which sometimes carry fine Saharan dust, are more common in spring and are associated with a sudden, usually short-lived, increase in temperature. A cooler easterly wind, the Levante, funnels between the Sistema Penibetico and the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. These easterly winds are the ones which most influence the Mediterranean climate.Шаблон:Citation needed The most populous city with Csb climate in Spain is Vigo. Other cities with this climate are Ávila, León and Salamanca.
It is characterised by year-round mild temperatures with drier summer months, often resulting in moderate drought conditions with at least one month per year usually recording less than Шаблон:Convert. This is a characteristic which distinguishes Galicia from a typical Cfb climate. Annual rainfall is higher than in the eastern and southern regions, usually ranging from Шаблон:Convert.[10] Not all Galicia has a Csb climate, most of the north and central mountains have a typical oceanic Cfb. Some valleys in the south are classified as Hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa), like the comarca of O Condado, the city of Ourense or O Ribeiro.[11]
In North-West Castile, the climate is classified also as Csb because the temperatures of summer are cooler due to the altitude.Шаблон:Weather box
Oceanic climate
An oceanic climate prevails from the Pyrenees to Galicia, area which is sometimes called "Green Spain", characterized by relatively mild winters and warm summers. The climate and landscape are determined by the Atlantic Ocean winds whose moisture gets trapped by the mountains circumventing the Spanish Atlantic coast. Because of the Foehn effect, the southern slopes fall inside the rain shadow zone and so Green Spain contrasts starkly with the rest of Spain. The rainfall is generally abundant, exceeding Шаблон:Convert and is fairly evenly spread out over the year, with the driest month above Шаблон:Convert, which is the minimum criteria for an oceanic climate according to Köppen. Although Köppen officially limits the oceanic domain to the Asturias and the Basque Country region, certain authors such as Trewartha prefer to extend this climatic zone to the north-west part of the peninsula to Galicia, due to the moderate summer temperatures.
Temperatures vary only slightly, both on a diurnal and a seasonal basis, and averages range from Шаблон:Convert in January to Шаблон:Convert in July. The moderating effects of the sea are less prominent further inland, where temperatures are more extreme than those on the coast. Distance from the Atlantic Ocean also has an effect on precipitation levels, so there is less rainfall in the east than in the west. Autumn (October to December) is the wettest season, while July is the driest month. The high humidity and the prevailing off-shore winds make fog and mist common along the north west coast; this phenomenon is less frequent a short distance inland because the mountains form a barrier to the maritime moisture.Шаблон:Weather box
Humid subtropical climate
The humid subtropical climate exists in large areas of north-eastern Spain, mostly in the northern half of Catalonia and the province of Huesca. This climate is also found across northern Navarra and the northern areas of the province of Guadalajara. The largest city with this climate in Spain is Girona.Шаблон:Weather box
Semi-arid climates
The semiarid climate (BSk and BSh in the Köppen climate classification) is predominant in south-eastern Spain (covering most of Alicante, Murcia and Almería provinces), and in certain parts of the Ebro Valley. It is also present in parts of the centre (Madrid, Toledo, Ciudad Real and Albacete provinces), south and west of the country which borders between a Mediterranean and semi-arid climate. It is very hot during the summer (temperatures can exceed Шаблон:Convert) and the drought usually extends into the autumn. Rainfall in these areas are usually between 280 mm and 420 mm.[12]Шаблон:Weather box
Desert climate
The desert climate exists in a few zones of the south-eastern coast of Spain and in much parts of the Canary Islands. Within mainland Spain, it appears predominantly in Almería, with the city of Almería bordering a hot desert climate categorization (Köppen: BWh) as the average temperature is Шаблон:Convert and the average precipitation is approximately 200mm.[13] This area extends to the Andarax and Almanzora river valleys and the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, which are also known for having also a hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), with a precipitation amount of Шаблон:Convert per year[14] which is reportedly the driest place in Europe.[15] The desert climate exists in other areas of the southeast, such as the Tabernas Desert, which has an annual average temperature of Шаблон:Convert placing it just Шаблон:Convert below under the categorization of hot desert climate (Köppen: BWh), so it has a cold desert climate (Köppen: BWk). It also exists in areas of Murcia and specific points inland of the province of Alicante.[16]Шаблон:Weather box
Other types
Besides the above three major climate zones, there are four other climate types in Spain:
- The mountainous climate is present in the Picos de Europa, Sistema Central, Sistema Ibérico, Pyrenees and Sierra Nevada, qualified as an Alpine climate, Spain's major mountain systems.
- The low-lying areas of the Canary Islands have a tropical climate in terms of temperature, this being mild and stable (Шаблон:Convert) throughout the year. Most of the islands have hot desert climates or hot semi-arid climates, and a low altitude areas have tropical semi-arid climates, like the cities of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria or La Palma which surpass Шаблон:Convert in the coldest month, meeting the requirements for tropical climates under the Köppen climate classification.[17] In terms of precipitation, the eastern islands are semiarid while the westernmost ones receive more rainfall, with some very wet areas in the mountains of La Gomera, La Palma and Tenerife, home to the cloud forest known as laurisilva. The easternmost islands are arid with Saharan climate moderated by the Atlantic Ocean.
The southernmost coast of Spain (Málaga and Granada's coastal strip) has the warmest winters across Europe, with very sunny and mostly warm days with total absence of winter frosts allowing for the prolific cultivation of tropical fruits such as mango, papaya, cherimoya, pitaya and the carambola, amongst others.[18] The benign winter, with minimum night temperatures in January rarely falling below 5 °C (46 °F) is due to the microclimate created by the Sierra Nevada mountains to the north of this coastal strip, preventing cooler north winds from reaching the area.
Parts of the south East coast also have a Hot Arid climate, with annual average temperatures above 18 °C and annual rainfall below 250mm. Almeria and Murcia provinces are the only areas in Europe within this climatic zone.[19]
Climate change
Temperature averages for Spanish mainland cities
Atlantic (Northern) Spain
| Location | Coldest month |
April | Warmest month |
October |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Coruña | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Bilbao | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Gijón | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Oviedo | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Santander | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Vigo | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Vitoria | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
Continental Spain
| Location | Coldest month |
April | Warmest month |
October |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albacete | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Córdoba | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Madrid | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Murcia | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Seville | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Valladolid | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Zaragoza | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
Mediterranean Spain
| Location | Coldest month |
April | Warmest month |
October |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alicante | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Almería | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Barcelona | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Castellón | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Málaga | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Valencia | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
Temperature averages for Spanish non-mainland cities
| Location | Coldest month |
April | Warmest month |
October |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| El Hierro Airport | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Gran Canaria | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| La Laguna | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Los Cancajos | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Santa Cruz | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Location | Coldest month |
April | Warmest month |
October |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ibiza | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Palma | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Menorca Airport | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
Extreme temperature records in selected cities
Nationally, the lowest temperature ever reported in Spain is Шаблон:Convert in Estany Gento, Province of Lleida on 2 February 1956.[21] Conversely, the highest, officially, is Шаблон:Convert at La Rambla, Cordoba on 14 August 2021.[22]
| Location | Record highs | Record lows |
|---|---|---|
| Mediterranean | ||
| La Rambla, province of Cordoba[23] | Шаблон:Convert | |
| Murcia[24] | Шаблон:Convert | — |
| Seville[25] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Cordoba[26] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Málaga[27] | Шаблон:Convert | — |
| Granada[28] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Continental | ||
| Zaragoza[29] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Valladolid[30] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Teruel[31] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Albacete[32] | — | Шаблон:Convert |
| Northern Atlantic | ||
| Bilbao[33] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Oviedo[34] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| A Coruña[35] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Vigo[36] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
| Ourense[37] | Шаблон:Convert | Шаблон:Convert |
Sea temperature
See also
- Climate of Barcelona
- Climate of Valencia
- Climate of Madrid
- Climate of Bilbao
- Climate of Gibraltar
- Wave height
- Western Mediterranean oscillation
Notes
References
Шаблон:Europe topic Шаблон:Spain topics
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Bilbao Climate – weather2travel.com
- ↑ Barcelona Climate – weather2travel.com
- ↑ Valencia Climate – weather2travel.com
- ↑ Alicante Climate – weather2travel.com
- ↑ Gibraltar Climate – weather2travel.com
- ↑ Las Palmas Climate – weather2travel.com
