Английская Википедия:Climate of Sydney

Материал из Онлайн справочника
Перейти к навигацииПерейти к поиску

Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Australian English

Файл:Sony A7R + Sony FE 70-200mm f 4 G OSS (30922900204).jpg
A thunderstorm in Sydney

The climate of Sydney, Australia is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa),[1] shifting from mild and cool in winter[2][3][4] to warm and hot in the summer, with no extreme seasonal differences as the weather is moderated by proximity to the ocean,[5] although more contrasting temperatures are recorded in the inland western suburbs. Despite the fact that there is no distinct dry or wet season, rainfall peaks in the first few months of the year and is at its lowest just around the middle of the year, though precipitation can be erratic throughout the year.[6][7] Precipitation varies across the region, with areas adjacent to the coast being the wettest.[8] According to the Bureau of Meteorology, Sydney falls in the temperate climate zone which has warm to hot summersШаблон:Efn and no dry season.[9] Sydney's plant hardiness zone ranges from zone 11a to 9b throughout the metropolitan area.[10] Under the Holdridge Life Zones classification, eastern Sydney falls in the Subtropical Moist Forest zone and the western suburbs in the Subtropical Dry Forest zone.[11]

Sydney has 109.5 clear days and 127.2 cloudy days annually,[12] though it has over 300 days of visible sunshine if partly cloudy days or sunny breaks are counted.[13][14] Overall, Sydney has just about 66% of possible sun for Jun-Aug and around 54% for Dec-Feb, making winter sunnier than summer on average.[15] Sydney's heat is predominantly dry in spring, but usually humid in the summertime.[16] On some hot summer days, low pressure troughs increase humidity and southerly busters decrease temperatures by late afternoon or early evening.[17][18] In the warm season, particularly late summer and early autumn, troughs combined with a humid air mass can bring large amounts of rainfall,[19] and in late autumn to early winter, the city can be affected by east coast lows.[20] When the subtropical ridge is north of Sydney in late winter to early spring, the wind comes from the west or inland. As the ridge moves south in summer and autumn, the winds become easterly.[21][22][23]

Sydney experiences an urban heat island effect,[24] making certain parts of the city more vulnerable to extreme heat, particularly the west.[24] Efforts have been introduced to investigate and mitigate this heat effect, including increasing shade from tree canopies, adding rooftop gardens to high rise structures and changing pavement colour.[25][26] The El Niño Southern Oscillation, the Indian Ocean Dipole and the Southern Annular Mode[27][28] play an important role in determining Sydney's weather patterns: drought and bushfire on the one hand, and storms and flooding on the other. Sydney is prone to heat waves and drought, which have become more common in the 21st century.[29][30][31][32] Furthermore, the region of Sydney, and as well as the rest of the New South Wales coastline, is warmed by the East Australian Current.[33][34] In 2020, researchers at The Australia Institute discovered that Sydney was experiencing longer summers and shorter winters in recent decades, compared to those in the 1950s and 1960s.[35] In 2023, Sydney was placed at 9th place by Stars Insider for having the best weather in the world.[36]

Seasons

Summer

Файл:Bondi Beach 4.jpg
Beaches are a common visit among residents and tourists alike in a Sydney summer (Bondi Beach).

Summer in Sydney tends to vary, but it is generally warm to hot.[37] Though at times, sea breezes moderate the temperatures and raise humidity. Temperatures tend to be stable in late summer where temperature maximum rarely go below Шаблон:Convert or over Шаблон:Convert, unlike late spring and early summer where such extremes may occur.[12] Summer is often humid, particularly late summer – However, when temperatures soar over Шаблон:Convert, the humidity is generally low as such high temperatures are brought by searing winds from the Australian desert.[38][39] Sydney summers are characterised by rapid changes of weather, with humidity and rain not uncommon in the city although thunderstorms are more common in the west. The ultraviolet index rating in the summer averages at 12, but can reach 13 in the midst of the season, which may lead to skin damage among those having light skin.[40]

When temperatures reach over Шаблон:Convert, the relative humidity seldom exceeds 45%, although low pressure troughs can increase humidity in some hot days, especially in late summer, where they may provide afternoon thunderstorms that are usually accompanied by heavy rainfall and, at times, hail. Furthermore, most mornings and nights are muggy, with the 9am relative humidity ranging from 69% to 75%.[12][41] The average 3pm dewpoint temperature in the summer ranges from Шаблон:Convert at the coast, to Шаблон:Convert inland. Dewpoints are higher in late summer, reaching Шаблон:Convert, especially in the mornings and evenings, although they are usually lower in the heat of the day, dipping as low as Шаблон:Convert in the extremely hot day.[42]

In late spring and summer, Sydney can sometimes get northwesterly winds from the Outback, which are dry and hot, making the temperatures soar above Шаблон:Convert, with the relative humidity as low as 15%. This happens after the northwesterlies are carried entirely over the continental landmass, not picking up additional moisture from a body of water and retaining most of their heat. On these occasions, Sydney can experience the fury of the desert climate,[43] although they are often ended with a southerly buster, which is a windy, shallow cold front that sweeps up from the southeast abruptly cooling the temperature. At times, it may be accompanied by a thunderstorm and drizzle, and it may keep the temperatures cool the following few days as well.[44] These strong, hot, northwesterly winds from the interior always precede a vigorous, westerly cold front (which usually drags warm inland air towards the southern and eastern coasts).[45][46]

In the Sydney central business district, an average of 15 days a year have temperatures of more than Шаблон:Convert and 3 days with temperatures over Шаблон:Convert.[12] In contrast, western suburbs such as Liverpool and Penrith have 41 and 67 days with temperatures above Шаблон:Convert, 10 and 19 days above Шаблон:Convert, and, 1 and 4 days above Шаблон:Convert, respectively.[41][47]

The highest recorded maximum temperature in Sydney was recorded at Penrith with a high of 48.9 °C (120 °F) on 4 January 2020.[48]

Autumn

Файл:Autumn Colors, Centennial Park Sydney Australia (3613606566).jpg
Autumn leaves observed in Centennial Park, Sydney

Late summer conditions usually continue until the first few weeks of April where maximum temperatures hover between Шаблон:Convert with the dewpoint being around Шаблон:Convert on average. Although, unlike late summer, the nights may be seemingly cooler and crispier. Most heavy rainfall events usually occur in late summer and early autumn as the subtropical ridge of high pressure, which rotates counterclockwise, is to the south of Australia and therefore give way for moist easterlies from the Tasman Sea and as well as low pressure systems to penetrate the region.[27][23]

The transition from late summer to autumn is gradual, with noticeably cooler and crisper conditions taking in effect by around mid-April. In mid-autumn, the highs typically average at a pleasant Шаблон:Convert, rarely going above Шаблон:Convert or below Шаблон:Convert. In May, the average highs are around Шаблон:Convert with cool and usually humid nights, that seldom dip below Шаблон:Convert. Wintry highs of Шаблон:Convert may be expected in the last week of autumn.[49]

Temperatures in autumn are usually consistent and stable, lacking any extremes that tend to be experienced in spring and summer. Due to moist easterlies that prevail in this season, foggy mornings should be expected. The average 9am relative humidity in autumn ranges from 72% to 80% in the Sydney region, the highest in the year.[41] The lowest maximum temperature in autumn is Шаблон:Convert, recorded on 24 May 1904.[12]

Winter

Файл:Sydneyfoggy.jpg
A foggy winter morning in the Sydney Harbour
Файл:Sydney frosty morning.jpg
Frosty morning in the Hawkesbury valley

Winter in central Sydney tends to be mild where the lows rarely drop below Шаблон:Convert, mainly due to proximity to the ocean.[12] Furthermore, Sydney CBD (Observatory Hill) has never recorded frost, whereas coastal cities in the country on similar latitudes, such as Perth, Esperance and Adelaide, and those further north of Sydney such as Coffs Harbour, Hervey Bay, Sunshine Coast, to as far north as Mackay, have recorded frost or temperatures below Шаблон:Convert.[12]

In the west (or inland suburbs), temperatures are typically around Шаблон:Convert in the day and Шаблон:Convert at nights.[41] In the far west (particularly in Richmond, Penrith and Camden), the diurnal range is relatively great, where temperatures, can be as high as Шаблон:Convert in the afternoon and as low as Шаблон:Convert[50]Шаблон:Efn at night or early morning, due to the distance from the ocean. With such low temperatures, frost can form in some mornings in the far western suburbs and sometimes and occasionally it can be chilly which also can be cold get around Шаблон:Convert it fairly common in daytime. [51]

In the west, Liverpool and Richmond have 4 and 38 nights, respectively, where temperatures dip below Шаблон:Convert. On average, only 1 night in Liverpool and 17 nights in Richmond have lows that go below Шаблон:Convert. Such cool lows in the far west are contributed to by a temperature inversion and a mountain breeze effect caused by the Blue Mountains, which impact the suburbs on their footsteps. The lowest maximum temperature in Liverpool was Шаблон:Convert, recorded on 28 July 1981. Similar low maximums have been recorded in the Sydney region in winter.[41] 9am humidity ranges from 61% to 74% across the Sydney region, with the more higher figures experienced in June mornings. Highs of Шаблон:Convert, whilst rare, are not unheard of in winter.[12][41]

Sydney receives around 15 days of fog annually,[52] which occurs in winter mornings, but more often in June when moist easterlies dominate. The inland suburbs generally receive radiation fog due to nocturnal cooling under a clear sky of humid maritime air that was brought inland by the previous day's sea breeze. The coastal suburbs mostly get an advective fog, which floats ashore from the meeting of warm water offshore and cold water nearby on the land. Heavier rain and cloudiness are also to be expected more in June, on average, than the latter winter months.[53]

During late winter, warm dry westerly winds which dominate may raise the maximum temperatures as high as Шаблон:Convert in some instances. As the subtropical ridge is north of Sydney in mid-to-late winter, it picks up dry westerlies from the continent's interior because of its anticlockwise rotation, thus producing more sunny days in the region,[27] hence why August has the highest sunshine percentage of any other month.[54] In early winter, the UV index averages at 2, which means it is safe to be outdoors unprotected, but it reaches 3 by the end of the season (therefore sun protection is required for the general population).[55]

The lowest recorded minimum at Observatory Hill was Шаблон:Convert on 22 June 1932,[12] while the coldest in the Sydney metropolitan area was Шаблон:Convert, in Richmond. The lowest recorded maximum temperature at Observatory Hill was Шаблон:Convert. Although not usually considered a suburb of Sydney, Picton, a town in the Macarthur Region of Sydney, recorded a low of Шаблон:Convert on 16 July 1970.[56]

Spring

Файл:Jacaranda at University of Sydney.jpg
Jacaranda trees bloom ostentatiously in springtime, where they attract sightseers and photographers (pictured: University of Sydney).[57]

Early spring is rapidly transitional. Cool conditions from late winter may continue in September with the maximum temperature dipping as low as Шаблон:Convert at the coldest, but due to the drastic transition, temperatures above Шаблон:Convert can also be expected in that month. By November, summery conditions begin, with temperatures normally ranging between Шаблон:Convert and as high as Шаблон:Convert, albeit with relatively low humidity.[58]

Because the subtropical ridge lies to the north of Sydney this time of the year, it will bring westerly winds from the interior that produce mostly sunny conditions,[27][23] at times warm, with the temperatures averaging between Шаблон:Convert with relatively low dewpoints, hovering between Шаблон:Convert. Some days may be windy due to the dry westerlies and nights may be relatively cool, where temperatures plummet down to around Шаблон:Convert in some suburbs. Hot air from the interior that soars temperatures to over Шаблон:Convert can be expected, especially in the months of October and November. These conditions are rare in September, but not unheard of.[51]

Extreme, changeable and inconsistent temperatures are much more prevalent in spring than other seasons. On some occasions, hot dry days are cooled down by a southerly buster, which eventually lowers the temperatures from Шаблон:Convert to as low as Шаблон:Convert.[59] Such extremes usually happen in mid-to-late spring. Other seasons seldom see such fluctuations in a day's span. Furthermore, the diurnal range is higher in this season than it is in autumn.[12]

The lowest maximum temperature in spring was Шаблон:Convert, recorded on 8 September 1869.[12] 9am relative humidity is the lowest in the year during spring, ranging from 58% to 68%, with early spring receiving lower figures.[41]

D'harawal seasons

The Sydney Basin is in the traditional lands of the Dharawal people. The Dharawal describe six seasons for their country which extends from the southern shores of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) to the northern shores of the Shoalhaven River, and from the eastern shores of the Wollondilly River system to the eastern seaboard.[60]

  • January–March (Burran): Hot and dry
  • April–June (Marrai'gang): Wet, becoming cooler
  • June–July (Burrugin): Cold, frosty, short days
  • July–August (Wiritjiribin): Cold and windy
  • September–October (Ngoonungi): Cool, getting warmer
  • November–December (Parra'dowee): Warm and wet

Warm and cool periods

Файл:Sydney harbour bridge duststorm.jpg
Sydney Harbour Bridge during the 2009 Australian dust storm

The Bureau of Meteorology reported in 2011 that 2002 to 2005 had been the warmest years in Sydney since records began in 1859. 2004 saw an average daily maximum temperature of Шаблон:Convert, 2005 of Шаблон:Convert, 2002 of Шаблон:Convert, and 2003 of Шаблон:Convert. The average daily maximum between 1859 and 2004 was Шаблон:Convert. Seven (of the ten) warmest years in 151 years of recordkeeping have occurred in the ten years between 2001 and 2010, with this decade being the warmest on record for minimum temperatures.[61][62]

The Bureau of Meteorology reported that the summer of 2007–08 was the coolest in 11 years, the wettest in six years, the cloudiest in 16 years, and one of only three summers in recorded history to lack a maximum temperature above Шаблон:Convert.[63] The Bureau of Meteorology reported that 2009 was a warm year. The average annual daytime temperature at Observatory Hill was Шаблон:Convert, which is Шаблон:Convert above the historical annual average. This ranks as the seventh highest annual average maximum temperature since records commenced in 1859.[64]

2010 was the equal fourth warmest year on record for Sydney, with an average maximum of Шаблон:Convert, which was Шаблон:Convert above the historical annual average. July 2017 to June 2018 in southeastern Australia proved to be the hottest financial year on record with maximum temperatures being the warmest on record and minimums above average.[65] The warmest year on record was 2016, with a mean temperature of Шаблон:Convert degrees.[66] Sydney's 2017 mean temperature of Шаблон:Convert degrees was Шаблон:Convert degrees above the long term average and the second highest value in 158 years of records.

The 2020-21 summer was the coolest in a decade due to La Nina's influence.[67]

Microclimate

Шаблон:Multiple image The region of Sydney is subject to phenomena typical of a microclimate, namely in late spring and summer, where the western suburbs are hotter than the Sydney CBD by Шаблон:Convert[68] due to urban sprawl exacerbating the urban heat island effect and less exposure to mitigating sea breezes which cool down Sydney's eastern edge and fail to move Шаблон:Convert inland. The dramatic temperature difference between coastal and inland areas is caused by a combination of desert-warmed air from central Australia reaching the west, and as well as density of housing, lack of vegetation or open spaces, and the Blue Mountains which help trap the hot air.[69][70]

When it is Шаблон:Convert at Bondi for instance, the temperature will be around Шаблон:Convert just west of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, around Шаблон:Convert near Parramatta and as much as Шаблон:Convert Шаблон:Convert inland. Such extreme temperature differences in the Sydney metropolitan area usually occur in late spring when the western Pacific Ocean is still quite cool and the inland air is warm.[71] Furthermore, within the CBD, heat maps show the area around Central Station (in Haymarket) is Шаблон:Convert warmer than Circular Quay and surrounds, making it the hottest place in the CBD.[72]

According to ecologist Sebastian Pfautsch from the University of Freiburg, in Sydney's hot days there could be discrepancies of up to 22 more days above Шаблон:Convert recorded in urban space compared to a weather station from the Bureau of Meteorology.[73] Because Шаблон:Convert was recorded in Penrith (on 4 January 2020), it will nott be unusual to have a Шаблон:Convert reading somewhere nearby, especially if it lacked green space and retained heat to intensify heatwave temperatures.[69] Richmond has the second largest overall temperature range recorded in Australia, after Mitchell, Queensland; Шаблон:Convert.[74][75]

Urban heat island

A study by the University of Western Australia and RMIT indicated that the western suburbs have a much stronger urban heat island effect than those east of the CBD and that hotter temperatures in the west are human contributed due to solar radiation absorbing materials in black asphalt and dark roofs, anthropogenic heat from cars and less natural environments, thereby creating a "heat dome" that blocks the cooler air from the sea. Greening Australia stated that January mean maximum temperatures in the west have risen at a pace of 0.65 °C per decade, over twice as much as eastern Sydney's 0.28 °C per decade.[76] The OEH warned that further development could cause more exceedingly hot days in the west by 2030.[70]

Urban heat island of the CBD has been efficaciously blocking the cooler air from reaching the inland suburbs because the CBD's "high temperature, is like a wall that stops the sea breeze in its tracks. Over Sydney’s CBD is a heat dome because of the high density of concrete and asphalt. If we want to cool western Sydney and demolish this wall, we need to cool the CBD first", Professor Mattheos Santamouris from UNSW states. He explained that cooling the CBD would reduce the temperature by 1.5 °C in the west and tree coverage could cool down suburban streets by as much as 10 °C (18 °F) in hot days since high-density housing developments and scarce trees trap heat.[72][77] Waterbodies and open spaces also provide cooling benefits in urban areas.[78]

According to climate researchers, relatively easy modifications such as constructing fountains and water playgrounds could also lower temperatures in the western suburbs. The city now has 3.6% more trees in 2016 than it did in 2009 and Penrith City Council had planned to plant 100,000 trees from August 2018, in addition to planning a large city park, creating a water-sensitive urban design, street shading, and the use of cool materials in its building developments.[79] Furthermore, Parramatta City Council has installed 20 temperature sensors among different tree species in its suburbs to compare how different species can help reduce urban heat.[80][81]

Precipitation

Шаблон:See also

Rainfall seasonality

Файл:Parramatta Wharf bridge flooding 2021 at Phillip Street.png
Parramatta ferry wharf bridge flooded during the 2021 Eastern Australian floods

Rainfall is slightly higher or dominant during the first half of the year, particularly in late summer and early autumn, when the ocean has peaked its warmth.[82] At this time of the year, the subtropical ridge is to the south of the continent, thereby directing easterly winds towards the east coast.Шаблон:Efn Rainfall will tend to be lower in the second half of the year when the subtropical ridge is just to the north of the city where it picks up dry winds from the continent's interior towards Sydney (as it rotates counter-clockwise) and this will be when clockwise-rotating low pressure systems are to the south of the continent.[23][83][84]

Due to the unpredictability of rain, the wettest and driest months change on a yearly basis. The "wet" and "dry season" is more pronounced in the inland suburbs with late winter to early spring (July–September) having a drying trend and late summer to early autumn being wetter and greener (February–March), making the region more close to the humid subtropical subtype Cwa.[85] The drier winters are due to its rain shadow position on the leeward (eastern) side of the Great Dividing Range, which shield the region from south-westerly cold fronts that arrive from the Southern Ocean.[86][87]

The annual evaporation rate for Sydney is Шаблон:Convert,[88] with the rate in the summer being Шаблон:Convert[89] and in winter Шаблон:Convert.[90]

Rainfall amount

Within the city and surrounds, rainfall varies, from around Шаблон:Convert at Badgerys Creek[91] (in the west) to Шаблон:Convert at Turramurra (the northeast) in the Northern Suburbs, which create an orographic rainfall.[92] Even in its months of highest rainfall, Sydney has relatively few rainy days, with an average mean of 7 to 8 rainy days per month on the Шаблон:Convert threshold, despite having a moderate to high amount of annual rainfall at around Шаблон:Convert to Шаблон:Convert (depending on the area) – This illustrates that Sydney generally receives short-lived, heavy rainfall day events, usually not lasting more than 2 or 3 days, which give away to mostly propitious conditions for many weeks to months even, especially during an El Niño period (though during a La Niña event, rainfall may be intermittent for many days or weeks).[93]

In 2022, Sydney recorded its wettest March on record with the rain gauge picking up Шаблон:Convert of rain, beating Шаблон:Convert from 1942 – this also brought Sydney's annual total up to Шаблон:Convert, which is the highest January-to-March total in records that date back to 1859. The high amount of rainfall was caused by a combination of the La Nina phase, an anomalously warm Tasman Sea, and a consistently positive Southern Annular Mode (SAM).[94][95] In April that year, Sydney CBD exceeded its long-term annual average rainfall of Шаблон:Convert, which set a new record for the fastest time to accumulate a year's worth of rain in the CBD. This surpassed the previous record by a month – The old record was 3 May in 1990 and the following record was 6 May in 1890.[96] Sydney also recorded its wettest July on record that year where Шаблон:Convert of rain fell during the month, surpassing the July 1950 record.[97] 2022 ultimately recorded Шаблон:Convert of rainfall, the wettest year on record, surpassing the previous record of Шаблон:Convert in 1950.[98]

Storms

Файл:Sydneyhail.jpg
Heavy hailstorm in Pagewood, April 2015

East coast lows, which strike from the southeast in the Tasman Sea, provide heavy rainfall typically in autumn to early winter with Sydney CBD being greatly impacted due to its location on the coast. They can make landfall at any time of the year, typically usually during a positive SAM phase.[99] The precipitation of the low comes from a nimbostratus cloud that dumps as much as Шаблон:Convert of rain for as much as two days, though when the cloud is thick enough Шаблон:Convert of rain can fall in three hours as was the rare case in August 1986.[100] Other rainfall drivers include Black nor'easters (in the warm months), upper-level lows (all year round), Australian northwest cloudbands (autumn-spring) and as well as, albeit rarely, tropical cyclone remnants (warm months) and cut-off lows (cool months).Шаблон:Fact

Due to onshore winds, the CBD is susceptible to some light rain and drizzle – These conditions usually do not penetrate the inland suburbs. However, the western suburbs are more inclined to receive thunderstorms in summer due to the stabilizing effect of a sea breeze in the afternoon near the CBD and Eastern Suburbs, however the stabilizing effect does not always occur as was the case during the 1947 event as according to Newmans report there was a sea breeze on the day it occurred.[101]

On some days, rain may come in drizzle form, though this is rare as most rain comes mostly from major storms. In the warm months, isolated convective showers form when a cold pool arrives from the southwest, particularly on hot and sultry days.[102] These showers usually come in heavy downpours and can include hail, squalls, and drops in temperature whereby offering some respite, but they generally pass very quickly with a clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather.[103] Black nor'easters may provide persistent rainfall for a few consecutive days.[104][12][41]

The city is rarely affected by cyclones, although remnants of ex-cyclones do affect the city.[105] The city is prone to severe hail storms, such as the 1947 Sydney hailstorm, wind storms, and flash flooding from rain caused either by East Coast Lows (such as the major storm in early June 2007) or ex-tropical cyclone remnants. Scientists have predicted that rainfall will become more unpredictable and temperatures will be on the rise.[106][107] Parts of western Sydney were substantially flooded during the New South Wales 2021 floods, with many areas around Richmond and Windsor submerged in floodwaters.[108] In early 2022, Sydney recorded its wettest start to a year on record with the running annual total being Шаблон:Convert, topping Шаблон:Convert to the same date in 1956 and Шаблон:Convert in 1990, respectively (rainfall data at Sydney Observatory Hill dates back to 1858).[109]

Snowfall

Файл:Sydney 2008 "snow" (graupel).jpg
Fall of graupel (July 2008)

Snow is extremely rare in Sydney, with significant snowfall being last reported in the Sydney area on 28 June 1836. On that date, it was reported that convicts and British settlers in Hyde Park woke up to snow "nearly Шаблон:Convert deep", with the meteorological table in The Sydney Herald recording that on the morning of the snow the temperature dropped to Шаблон:Convert. The snow event affected trading where sellers were unable to transport goods to markets in the colony. The snowfall occurred at the end of the dalton minimum, a solar cycle period representing low solar activity, where colder temperatures were recorded globally.[110] A keeper of weather observations during that period, T. A. Browne noted:[111]

Шаблон:Blockquote

The Sydney Morning Herald reported on the event, saying:

Шаблон:Blockquote

The Sydney Monitor reported:[112]

Шаблон:Blockquote Scant snowfall has been recorded in latter dates:

  • On 22 June 1951, light snowflakes (which melted into rain) were reported in the suburbs of Liverpool, Pymble and Kingsgrove.[113]
  • On 18 July 1965, very light snow fell in Berowra Heights and Hornsby.[114]
  • On 21 June 1972, settling snow was allegedly observed in what is now Kellyville Ridge, although it may have been soft hail or ice pellets.[115]
  • On 25 July 1986, melting snow was observed in metropolitan Sydney, in addition to some settling snow being reported in North Ryde.[116][117]
  • On 27 July 2008, a fall of graupel or soft hail (which was mistaken for snow by residents), blanketed Lindfield, Roseville and Killara in white. Owing to this event, a senior forecaster from the Bureau of Meteorology doubted the 1836 snow account, stating that weather observers in that time period lacked the technology and skill to distinguish snow from soft hail.[118]

Blue Mountains

The Blue Mountains, a temperate oceanic region bordering on Sydney's metropolitan area, have a reputation for snow in winter, with places such as Katoomba, Leura and Blackheath receiving the most snow due to their higher elevation. Despite the reputation, there are only around five snowy days per year in the upper mountains area with two settled falls per season, and another five to ten days of light snow showers or sleet. Settled snow has become less common in recent decades.[119] It is extremely rare to see snow below Lawson.[120]

Drought

Шаблон:See also Sydney's climate appears to be becoming drier; The city has had fewer rain days in recent years than shown in the long-term climate table above. In summer, Sydney can go for long periods without rainfall. The other phenomenon that arises from these long, dry and hot periods is bushfires, which occur frequently in the areas surrounding the city. Water supply is a recurring concern for the city during drought periods.

In 2005 the reservoirs reached an all-time low. Many areas of the city bordering bushland have experienced bushfires, notably in 1994 and 2001–02 — these tend to occur during the spring and summer. Heatwaves, which are regularly occurring in recent years, usually lead to water restrictions and a high risk of bushfires, which sometimes bring a smoky haze to the city. Smog is noticeable on hot days, even without bushfires.[121][122][123] The years 2009 and 2010 had dry conditions, according to Bureau of Meteorology.[124]

In September 2013, the combination of dry weather, warm temperatures and strong winds brought early-season bushfires. The summer of 2013-14 was the driest in 72 years. The widespread bushfires in December 2019 affected the western periphery of the city, and the Sydney metropolitan area suffered from dangerous smoky haze for several days throughout the month[125][126][127][128] 2019 was one of Sydney's warmest in 161 years and the driest since 2005, which had a few days of raised dust and as well as declining dam levels.

Wind

Файл:Todd Weather Folios Synoptic chart 1883 Nov 10.jpg
The Roaring forties as they shift towards southeastern Australia

Averaging at Шаблон:Convert, November is the windiest month, whilst March is the calmest at Шаблон:Convert in the CBD.[12] As a whole, the Sydney region is generally the windiest from October to January and calmest from March to June. The windier locations are those by the coast, such as the eastern suburbs. The prevailing wind annually is northeasterly. In the warm months, only 40% of the time Sydney gets wind directions from the northwest or southwest, which are the dry winds flown from the heated interior of Australia.[129]

Northeasterlies and easterly sea breezes are dominant from early summer to early autumn, because the anticlockwise-rotating subtropical ridge is to the south of the city where it allows winds from the sea to penetrate. Westerlies are dominant in late winter to mid-spring as the subtropical ridge is just to the north of the city, picking up winds from the interior and blocking easterlies from the sea.[23] Westerly winds in Sydney are intensified when the Roaring forties contract towards the southeastern Australia.[130]

Southerly busters are expected from October to the end of March. They typically look like as if a sheet of cloud is rolled up like a scroll by the advancing wind. The change of wind (in the warm months) is sometimes very sudden, where it may be fresh northeasterly and in ten minutes a southerly gale. Katabatic winds are light, south-westerly drainage winds, akin to land breezes, that occur when air of higher density in the Blue Mountains descends under gravity force into the Sydney metropolitan area and the Hawkesbury Basin, usually during a winter night.[131][132][133]

Wind direction in Sydney from 2002 to 2012 (average values)
North Northeast East South East Southern Southwest West Northwest
5.9% 16.9% 14.1% 14.6% 24.9% 4.1% 11.9% 7.6%
Source: world-weather.info

Air masses

Sydney is affected by five air mass types throughout the year:[134]

Файл:Todd Weather Folios Early synoptic chart 1882 May 29.jpg
The region of Sydney being affected by the Subtropical continental (ST) airmass
  • Tropical continental (CT): Very hot, dry air from northern half of central Australia that can bring extreme heat, typically from late spring to summer (i.e. brickfielder)
  • Tropical maritime Tasman (MT): Mild to warm, moist airmass from the northern Tasman Sea that brings overcast, showery conditions and sometimes heavy rain at any time of the year (i.e. east coast lows, black nor'easters)
  • Subtropical continental (ST): Mild to warm, dry air from southern central Australia that is more dominant in late winter to early spring (i.e. the Australian High)
  • Southern maritime (SM): Mild to cool, moist air from the Southern Ocean that brings drizzle and cloud cover at any time of the year (i.e. southerly busters)
  • Modified polar maritime (MP): Cool, sometimes cold, generally dry airmass, typically occurring in winter, that can be windy when it arrives from the southwest (i.e. southeast Australian foehn)Шаблон:Efn

Föhn effect

Шаблон:Further

Файл:Sunny Sydney Skyline.jpg
Sunny winter days in Sydney are usually a result of the foehn effect.

Since Sydney is located on the Great Dividing Range's eastern side, and is thus in its rain shadow,Шаблон:Efn it experiences a föhn-like type of wind, particularly between late autumn and spring, which is a dry south-westerly that raises the air temperature and provides clear to partly cloudy conditions in the lee of the mountains (in this case, the Sydney Basin). During the phenomena, atmospheric moisture is reduced due to the partial orographic obstruction of comparatively damp low-level air and the subsiding of drier upper-level air in leeward of the mountains.[135][4]

In the cool season, these föhn-like winds can be particularly damaging to homes and affect flights, in addition to being uncomfortable, as the wind chill factor usually makes the temperatures feel cooler than what they are.[136][137]

Conversely, the foehn effect is one the few reasons why Sydney and other places in the coastal plain register high temperatures in the warm season but seldom attain cold maximum temperatures in the winter,[138] and also the reason why late winter and early spring have the most clear days in the year, as the Great Dividing Range shelters the region from vigorous westerly cold fronts that arrive from the Southern Ocean.[139][140]

Historical descriptions

In 1819, British explorer William Wentworth described Sydney's climate as:[141]

Шаблон:Blockquote

Below, Wentworth describes Sydney'sШаблон:Efn seasonal and annual weather patterns in analytical detail:[141]

Файл:Arthur Streeton - The railway station, Redfern - Google Art Project.jpg
A rainy day in Redfern (Arthur Streeton, 1893)

Шаблон:Quote frame

In the February 1938 issue of The Home, journalist Basil Burdett wrote, "...Even Melbourne seems like some grey and stately city of Northern Europe compared with Sydney's sub-tropical splendours."[142]

Classifications

Шаблон:Schemebox

Climate data

Шаблон:Climate chart Шаблон:Ref

Файл:SydneyObservatory1 gobeirne.jpg
The weather of the Sydney CBD is recorded at Observatory Hill.

Шаблон:Sydney weatherbox

Файл:Sydney Airport (2004) By Air.jpg
Sydney's second official weather station is located at Kingsford Smith Airport.

Шаблон:Weather box

Шаблон:Weather box Шаблон:Weather box Шаблон:Weather box Шаблон:Weather box Шаблон:Break Шаблон:Weather box Шаблон:Weather box Шаблон:Weather box Шаблон:Break Шаблон:Smaller

Miscellaneous data

Шаблон:Weather box

Sea temperature
Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year
Average sea temperature °C (°F) 23.3
(73.9) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.4
(74.1) 		22.7
(72.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		19.3
(66.8) 		19.1
(66.4) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.5
(65.3) 		19.2
(66.5) 		20.6
(69.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		20.9
(69.6)
Source: Metoc (sea temperature) [143]

See also

Notes

Шаблон:Notelist

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Sydney Шаблон:Australian climate

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  3. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  5. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  12. ↑ 12,00 12,01 12,02 12,03 12,04 12,05 12,06 12,07 12,08 12,09 12,10 12,11 12,12 Шаблон:Cite web
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  18. ↑ Batt, K, 1995: Sea breezes on the NSW coast, Offshore Yachting, Oct/Nov 1995, Jamieson Publishing.
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 23,2 23,3 23,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
  24. ↑ 24,0 24,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  25. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  26. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  27. ↑ 27,0 27,1 27,2 27,3 Шаблон:Cite web
  28. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  31. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  32. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  33. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  34. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  35. ↑ Summers are now twice as long as winters in all Australian capital cities, report finds by Liv Casben from ABC News Australia. 2 March 2020. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  38. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  39. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  41. ↑ 41,0 41,1 41,2 41,3 41,4 41,5 41,6 41,7 Шаблон:BoM Aust stats
  42. ↑ Torok, S. and Nicholls, N. 1996. A historical annual temperature dataset for Australia. Aust. Met. Mag., 45, 251–60.
  43. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  44. ↑ Winds of Australia Шаблон:Webarchive by Weatherzone. Accessed 1 July 2023.
  45. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  46. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  48. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  49. ↑ Power, S., Tseitkin, F., Torok, S., Lavery, B., Dahni, R. and McAvaney, B. 1998. Australian temperature, Australian rainfall and the Southern Oscillation, 1910–1992: coherent variability and recent changes. Aust. Met. Mag., 47, 85–101
  50. ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок penrith не указан текст
  51. ↑ 51,0 51,1 Шаблон:Cite web
  52. ↑ The Great Australian Weather Debate! Which Australian City has the best weather? Шаблон:Webarchive Gungahlin Weather Centre - March 2002. Retrieved 28 November 2029
  53. ↑ Russell, H. C. 1877. Climate of New South Wales: Descriptive, Historical, and Tabular. C. Potter, Sydney, Australia.
  54. ↑ Evans, J. P., Ji, F., Lee, C., Smith, P., Argüeso, D., and Fita, L. (2014) A regional climate modelling projection ensemble experiment – NARCliM, Geoscientific Model Development, 7(2), 621-629, Шаблон:Doi.
  55. ↑ Finding out the UV radiation levels in your area Шаблон:Webarchive by Cancer Council Australia
  56. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  57. ↑ It's peak jacaranda season: Here’s where to see them Шаблон:Webarchive by Wilson Smith, The Daily Telegraph, 25 October 2018
  58. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  59. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  60. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  61. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  62. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  63. ↑ Sydney has coolest summer in 11 years Шаблон:Webarchive in Sydney Climate Summary — NSW Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 25 March 2008.
  64. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  65. ↑ Hottest financial year on record BOM data shows Шаблон:Webarchive By Kate Doyle (ABC News)
  66. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  67. ↑ Troubling detail in Aussie weather data Шаблон:Webarchive by Benedict Brook from News.com.au. 3 March 2021. Retrieved 23 May 2021.
  68. ↑ First western Sydney microclimate maps reveal extent of heat variation in region Шаблон:Webarchive by Mirage News. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  69. ↑ 69,0 69,1 Extreme measures: An ecologist’s urban sensors show us just how hot Western Sydney is getting Шаблон:Webarchive by Foreground.com.au. Retrieved 25 November 2020
  70. ↑ 70,0 70,1 Sydney weather: How urbanisation creates hot microclimates in our suburbs Шаблон:Webarchive by The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 November 2020
  71. ↑ 16-degree temperature difference in Sydney suburbs on Friday: Why? Шаблон:Webarchive by Anthony Sharwood from Weatherzone
  72. ↑ 72,0 72,1 ‘Heat dome’ surrounding Australian CBDs leave suburbs to scorch Шаблон:Webarchive by Benedict Brook from News.com.au. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  73. ↑ Tiny sensors and giant temperature map could help cool Western Sydney Шаблон:Webarchive by Wendy Frew from The Fifth State. Retrieved 28 November 2020
  74. ↑ Climatic Extremes Шаблон:Webarchive by Geoscience Australia from the Australian Government
  75. ↑ Climate statistics for Mitchell Post Office Шаблон:Webarchive Bureau of Meteorology
  76. ↑ How the west got hot Шаблон:Webarchive by Joshua Kindl, Georgina Goddard, Zac Gay & Lachlan Moffet Gray from the University of Technology Sydney. Retrieved 26 November 2020
  77. ↑ Urban Heat Шаблон:Webarchive by the NSW government. Retrieved 25 November 2020
  78. ↑ These two Western Sydney streets are completely different temperatures — here's why Шаблон:Webarchive By Mridula Amin from ABC News. Retrieved 28 November 2020
  79. ↑ Sydney’s New Suburbs Are Too Hot for People to Live In Шаблон:Webarchive by Emily Cadman from Bloomberg News. Retrieved 26 November 2020
  80. ↑ During its hottest summer, Penrith calls on the experts to help it cool down Шаблон:Webarchive by The Fifth State. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  81. ↑ How Western Sydney is tackling the mysterious 'heat island' effect behind rising temperatures Шаблон:Webarchive By Yasmin Parry from ABC News. Retrieved 25 November 2020
  82. ↑ Australia's new seasonal rainfall zones Шаблон:Webarchive by ABC News, 25 February 2016
  83. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  84. ↑ Australia > New South Wales > Sydney Шаблон:Webarchive
  85. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  86. ↑ Rain Shadows Шаблон:Webarchive by Don White. Australian Weather News. Willy Weather. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  87. ↑ And the outlook for winter is … wet Шаблон:Webarchive by Kate Doyle from The New Daily. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  88. ↑ Average pan evaporation - Average annual, monthly and seasonal evaporation Шаблон:Webarchive Bureau of Meteorology
  89. ↑ Average pan evaporation - Summer Шаблон:Webarchive Bureau of Meteorology
  90. ↑ Average pan evaporation - Winter Шаблон:Webarchive Bureau of Meteorology
  91. ↑ Шаблон:BoM Aust stats
  92. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  93. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  94. ↑ Perth's dry start to 2022 continues Шаблон:Webarchive Ben Domensino from Weatherzone. 31 March 2022.
  95. ↑ Wettest March on record rewrites Sydney's climatology Шаблон:Webarchive Ben Domensino from Weatherzone. 30 March 2022.
  96. ↑ Sydney breaks record for fastest annual average rainfall Шаблон:Webarchive by Ben Domensiono from Weatherzone. 7 April 2022.
  97. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  98. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  99. ↑ Southern Annular Mode and the Australian climate – The Southern Annular Mode in winter Шаблон:Webarchive Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 23 January 2021
  100. ↑ The climate of Sydney, Australia Шаблон:Webarchive E. Linacre and B. Geerts. November 1998
  101. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  102. ↑ Temperatures plummet after freak thunderstorm hits Sydney Шаблон:Webarchive By Savannah Meacham from 9 News Sydney. 12 December 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
  103. ↑ Australian Rainfall & Runoff PROJECT 1 Development of Intensity Frequency-Duration Information across Australia Шаблон:Webarchive Climate Change Research Plan Project, Engineers Australia, December 2015
  104. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  105. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  106. ↑ Шаблон:Cite newsШаблон:Dead link
  107. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  108. ↑ Sydney weather live: Evacuation warnings across Western Sydney and Mid-North Coast as Warragamba Dam overflows Шаблон:Webarchive by ABC News. 21 March 2021
  109. ↑ Sydney's wettest start to a year on record as flooding worsens over eastern NSW Шаблон:Webarchive Ben Domensino from Weatherzone. 8 March 2022.
  110. ↑ 1836: Snow in Sydney Шаблон:Webarchive CLIMATE HISTORY AUSTRALIA
  111. ↑ MacDonnell, Freda. Thomas Nelson (Australia) Limited, 1967. Before King's Cross
  112. ↑ Sydney weather: Winter of 1836 remembered, the day it snowed in the Harbour City Шаблон:Webarchive by Nick Sas, 11 May 2018. ABC News Australia. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
  113. ↑ Snow Reported in Sydney; Heavy Falls In Mountains Шаблон:Webarchive Trove Partners
  114. ↑ Has It Ever Actually SNOWED On The Coast? The last time might surprise you! Шаблон:Webarchive 2DayFM. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  115. ↑ Kellyville Property Focus Шаблон:Webarchive ResponseRE. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  116. ↑ Antarctic Wind Brings Snow, Sleet to Southeast Australia Шаблон:Webarchive Los Angeles Times. 27 July 1986. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  117. ↑ Why it rarely snows in Australia’s major cities Шаблон:Webarchive New.com.au. 14 June 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  118. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  119. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  120. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  121. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  122. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  123. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  124. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  125. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  126. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
  127. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  128. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  129. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  130. ↑ Roaring Forties' shift south means more droughts for southern Australia Шаблон:Webarchive by Helen Davidson from The Guardian. 12 May 2014. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  131. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  132. ↑ The climate of Sydney, Australia Шаблон:Webarchive by E. Linacre and B. Geerts, November 1998. Retrieved 18 April 2020
  133. ↑ Appendix D Western Sydney Airport Usability Report Шаблон:Webarchive Pages 4 & 15, Head of Aviation and Defence Weather Services, Bureau of Meteorology, 8/04/2015. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  134. ↑ Air masses influencing Australian weather NSW Department of Primary Industries, May 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2024.
  135. ↑ Drechsel, S., Mayr, G.J. (2008) Objective forecasting of foehn winds for a subgrid-scale alpine valley. Weather and Forecasting, 23, 205-218.
  136. ↑ Cold, damaging winds blast Sydney Шаблон:Webarchive by The Leader, 9 August 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2020
  137. ↑ BOM warns NSW to brace for worse weather as strong winds tear roof off Newcastle nursing home Шаблон:Webarchive by ABC News Australia, 9 August 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
  138. ↑ Was Penrith the hottest place on Earth on Sunday? Шаблон:Webarchive by Ben Domensino, 8 January 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  139. ↑ Weather Glossary - F Шаблон:Webarchive Farmonline Weather
  140. ↑ Local climate processes in the Illawarra Шаблон:Webarchive by Edward A. Bryant, Department of Geography, University of Wollongong, 1982
  141. ↑ 141,0 141,1 Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of NSW Шаблон:Webarchive by William Charles Wentworth, 1819
  142. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  143. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
Источник — http://wikihandbk.com/ruwiki/index.php?title=Английская_Википедия:Climate_of_Sydney&oldid=13991710