Английская Википедия:Cloverly Formation

The Cloverly Formation is a geological formation of Early and Late Cretaceous age (Valanginian to Cenomanian stage) that is present in parts of Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and Utah in the western United States. It was named for a post office on the eastern side of the Bighorn Basin in Wyoming by N.H. Darton in 1904.^[1]^[2] The sedimentary rocks of formation were deposited in floodplain environments and contain vertebrate fossils, including a diverse assemblage of dinosaur remains. In 1973, the Cloverly Formation Site was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.^[3]

Stratigraphy

The Cloverly Formation rests disconformably on the Morrison Formation and is conformably overlain by the Thermopolis Shale. It is subdivided into a variety of members, depending on the location.^[2]^[4] In the Bighorn Basin along the Montana-Wyoming border, Moberly (1960) divided the Cloverly into the following three members:

The Pryor Conglomerate lies at the base and contains abundant black chert. It is named from thick beds exposed on the west side of the Pryor Mountains.
The Little Sheep Member lies in the middle and is composed of pale-purple, gray to almost white, bentonitic mudstone.
The uppermost unit is the Himes Member, which contains some coarse-grained channel sandstone deposits, but consists primarily of brightly multicolored (variegated) mudstones.

In contrast, Ostrom (1970) divided the formation into four units, which he named Units IV-VII:

Unit IV equates to the Pryor Conglomerate of Moberly and consists of a conglomerate or conglomeratic sandstone.
Unit V, overlaying Unit IV, consists of a lower grey-to-purple claystone with abundant fist-sized chalcedony and barite concretions; the unit is highly bentonitic and contains occasional channel sands.
Unit VI is a discontinuous "salt and pepper" cross-stratified channel sandstone with occasional conglomerate, considered by Moberly to be part of the Himes Member.
Unit VII, the uppermost, is a maroon to orange claystone with occasional highly rounded and polished pebbles of silica.^[5]

Age

A stratigraphic revision of the Cloverly Formation using new uranium lead dates reinterpret the formation as spanning the Valanginian-Cenomanian stages of the Cretaceous period. The individual ages of the members are listed below:^[6]

Pryor Conglomerate; 140-130 Ma (Valanginian-Hauterivian)
Little Sheep Member; 130-124 Ma (marine section) (Hauterivian-Barremian) and 124-109 Ma (terrestrial section) (Barremian-Albian)
Himes Member; 109-98 Ma (Albian-Cenomanian)

Depositional environment

The sediments of the Cloverly Formation were deposited in alluvial and floodplain environments. The basal conglomerates probably represent braided river deposits, while the sandstones were deposited in fluvial channels. The mudstones that contain most of the fossils represent overbank, lacustrine, and pedogenic deposits.^[2]^[4]^[7]

Vertebrate fauna

Animals recovered include the dinosaurs Deinonychus, Microvenator, Tenontosaurus, Zephyrosaurus and Sauropelta as well as fragmentary remains of Titanosaurs, Ankylosaurs and Ornithomimids. As well, two genera of turtle Naomichelys and Glyptops and the lungfish Ceratodus.^[8] Dinosaur eggs have been found in Montana.^[9]

References for data: Ostrom 1970; Cifelli et al. 1998; Cifelli 1999; Nydam and Cifelli 2002. Possible goniopholidid remains are known from the formation.

Ornithischians

Ornithischians reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Aquilops^[10]	A. americanus	Montana	Cloverly VII; Himes Member^[10]		A basal neoceratopsian.	Файл:Aquilops NT small.jpg Aquilops Файл:Sauropelta jconway.png Sauropelta Файл:Tenontosaurus BW.jpg Tenontosaurus Файл:Zephyrosaurus in Copenhagen.jpg Zephyrosaurus
Sauropelta^[11]	S. edwardsorum^[11]	Montana^[11] Wyoming^[11]		Known from "several articulated skeletons" and common armor plates.^[11] Only one partial skull is known.^[12]	Articulated skeletons are often encased in carbonate caliche deposits that require acid to be removed safely.^[11]
Tatankacephalus^[13]	T. cooneyorum^[13]	Montana^[13]	Cloverly VII^[13]	Partial cranium, rib fragments, and osteoderms.^[13]	Originally described as an ankylosaurid but has since been reclassified as a nodosaurid.^[14]
Tenontosaurus^[11]	T. tilleti^[11]	Montana^[11] Wyoming^[15]		Its remains are the most common of any dinosaur of the formation.^[11]	Juvenile remains are sometimes found together, suggesting that young Tenontosaurus lived in sibling groups. Deinonychus teeth are sometimes associated with Tenontosaurus remains suggesting a predator–prey relationship between the two.^[11]
Zephyrosaurus^[11]	Z. schaffi^[11]	Montana^[11]	Himes Member	Its remains are "very rare."^[11]

Saurischians

Theropod eggshell fragments are known from the formation. Unidentifiable ornithomimid remains are present and most commonly represented by toe bones.^[11] Indeterminate allosauroid remains are known from the formation. Remains identified by John Ostrom as Ornithomimus are suspected by Jack Horner to be of a new ornithomimid genus.^[11] Possible remains of a microraptorian, a troodontid, and a basal tyrannosauroid similar to Moros have also been found here as well.

Шаблон:Paleobiota-key-compact

Saurischians reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Acrocanthosaurus^[16]	A. atokensis^[16]	Wyoming^[16]	Cloverly VII; Himes Member^[16]			Файл:Acrocantosaurus4.jpg Acrocanthosaurus Файл:Deinonychus ewilloughby.png Deinonychus Файл:Microvenator.jpg Microvenator Файл:Sauroposeidon proteles.jpg Sauroposeidon
Deinonychus^[11]	D. antirrhopus^[11]	Montana^[11] Wyoming^[15]		Its remains are "very rare."^[11]	Tenontosaurus remains have been recovered in association with Deinonychus teeth on several occasions suggesting a predator–prey relationship between the two.^[11]
Microvenator^[11]	M. celer^[11]	Montana^[11] Wyoming^[15]	Himes Member	Its remains are "extremely rare."^[11] Known only from a "[p]artial skeleton with partial skull."^[17] The specimen lacks feet and is catalogued as AMNH 3041.^[18]	The type specimen AMNH 3041^[11] was recovered by Barnum Brown from Cloverly strata in Montana in 1933.
Ornithomimus^[19]	O. velox^[19]	Montana^[9] Wyoming^[15]			Later found to be indeterminate ornithomimid remains.^[19]
Rugocaudia^[20]	R. cooneyi^[20]	Montana^[20]	Cloverly VII; Himes Member^[20]
Sauroposeidon^[21]	S. proteles	Wyoming^[16]	Cloverly VII; Himes Member^[16]

Mammals

Mammals reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Astroconodon	A. sp.^[22]				Previously referred as "Cloverly triconodont"	Файл:GobiconodonDB15.jpg Gobiconodon
cf. Atokatheridium	Indeterminate
Bryceomys	B. sp.
Corviconodon	C. montanensis
Gobiconodon	G. ostromi
Janumys	J. sp.
Montanalestes	M. keeblerorum
cf. Oklatheridium	Indeterminate
cf. Paracimexomys	Indeterminate
Spalacotheriidae	Indeterminate

Crocodyliforms

Crocodyliforms reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
cf. Atoposauridae	Indeterminate
cf. Bernissartidae	Indeterminate
cf. Goniopholididae	Indeterminate\|
cf. Pholidosauridae	Indeterminate

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Cryptodira	Indeterminate
"Glyptops"^[11]	"G". pervicax^[11]
Naomichelys^[11]	N. speciosa^[11]
Testudinata	Indeterminate

Lepidosaurs

Lepidosaurs reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Paramacellodus	P. keebleri
Paramacellodidae?	Indeterminate
Ptilotodon	P. wilsoni				Also known from the Antlers Formation
Teiidae	Indeterminate

Amphibians

Amphibians reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Albanerpeton	A. ektopistikon^[23]					Файл:Albanerpeton inexpectatum.jpg Albanerpeton
Anura	Indeterminate
Batrachosauroididae	Indeterminate
cf. Scapherpetontidae	Indeterminate
cf. Scotiophryne	Indeterminate

Bony fish

Osteichthyes reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes	Images
Ceratodus^[11]	C. frazieri^[11]					Файл:Ceratodus.jpg Ceratodus
Ceratodus^[11]	C. nirumbee^[24]
aff. Lepidotes	Indeterminate
aff. Pycnodontidae	Indeterminate
Vidalamiinae	Indeterminate

Cartilaginous fish

Chondrichthyes reported from the Cloverly Formation
Genus	Species	State	Stratigraphic position	Material	Notes
Egertonodus	E. sp.
Hybodus	H. parvidens
Lonchidion	L. sp.
Parvodus	P. sp.
Pseudohypolophus	P. sp.

Footnotes

Шаблон:Reflist

References

Шаблон:Commons category

Burton, D., Greenhalgh, B.W., Britt, B.B., Kowallis, B.J., Elliott, W.S., and Barrick, R. 2006. New radiometric ages from the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah and the Cloverly Formation, Wyoming: implications for contained dinosaur faunas. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 38(7): 52.
Chen, Z.-Q. and Lubin, S. 1997. A fission track study of the terrigenous sedimentary sequences of the Morrison and Cloverly Formations in northeastern Bighorn Basin, Wyoming. The Mountain Geologist 34:51-62.
Cifelli, R.L. 1999. Tribosphenic mammal from the North American Early Cretaceous. Nature 401:363-366.
Cifelli, R.L., Wible, J.R., and Jenkins, F.A. 1998. Triconodont mammals from the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous), Montana and Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 18: 237-241.
Horner, John R. Dinosaurs Under the Big Sky (Cloverly Formation). Mountain Press Publishing Company. pp. 93–100. Шаблон:ISBN.
Nydam, R.L., and Cifelli, R.L. 2002. Lizards from the Lower Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian) Antlers and Cloverly Formations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 286-298.
Ostrom, J. H. 1970. Stratigraphy and paleontology of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Bighorn Basin area, Wyoming and Montana. Peabody Museum Bulletin 35:1-234
Varricchio, D. J. 2001. Late Cretaceous oviraptorosaur (Theropoda) dinosaurs from Montana. pp. 42–57 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana.
Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. Шаблон:ISBN.

Шаблон:Authority control

↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Darton не указан текст
↑ ^2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 Шаблон:Cite web
↑ Шаблон:Cite web
↑ ^4,0 ^4,1 Moberly, R.M., Jr., 1960, Morrison, Cloverly, and Sykes Mountain formations, northern Bighorn basin, Wyoming and Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 71, no. 8, p. 1137-1176.
↑ Шаблон:Cite book
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ May, M.T. 1992. Intra- and extrabasinal tectonism, climate and intrinsic threshold cycles as possible controls on Early Cretaceous fluvial architecture, Wind River basin, Wyoming. In: Sundell, K.A., and Anderson, T.C., eds., Rediscover the Rockies: Wyoming Geological Association Field Conference Guidebook, 43rd Annual Field Conference, Casper, WY, September 12–19, 1992, no. 43, p. 61-74.
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ ^9,0 ^9,1 "3.11 Montana, United States; 1. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
↑ ^10,0 ^10,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ ^11,00 ^11,01 ^11,02 ^11,03 ^11,04 ^11,05 ^11,06 ^11,07 ^11,08 ^11,09 ^11,10 ^11,11 ^11,12 ^11,13 ^11,14 ^11,15 ^11,16 ^11,17 ^11,18 ^11,19 ^11,20 ^11,21 ^11,22 ^11,23 ^11,24 ^11,25 ^11,26 ^11,27 ^11,28 ^11,29 ^11,30 ^11,31 ^11,32 Horner. Pp. 93-100.
↑ "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 365.
↑ ^13,0 ^13,1 ^13,2 ^13,3 ^13,4 Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ ^15,0 ^15,1 ^15,2 ^15,3 "3.12 Wyoming, United States; 2. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
↑ ^16,0 ^16,1 ^16,2 ^16,3 ^16,4 ^16,5 Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 167.
↑ "Table 5.1," in Varricchio (2001). Page 44.
↑ ^19,0 ^19,1 ^19,2 "3.11 Wyoming, United States; 1. Cloverly Formation" and "3.12 Montana, United States; 2. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.
↑ ^20,0 ^20,1 ^20,2 ^20,3 Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ D'Emic, M.D., and B.Z. Foreman. (2012). The beginning of the sauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America: insights from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(4):883–902.
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
↑ Frederickson J.A. and Cifelli R.L. (2016) New Cretaceous lungfishes (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from western North America. Journal of Paleontology.

[Darton-1] Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег <ref>; для сносок Darton не указан текст

[USGS-2] 2,0 ^2,1 ^2,2 Шаблон:Cite web

[3] Шаблон:Cite web

[Moberly-4] 4,0 ^4,1 Moberly, R.M., Jr., 1960, Morrison, Cloverly, and Sykes Mountain formations, northern Bighorn basin, Wyoming and Montana: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 71, no. 8, p. 1137-1176.

[5] Шаблон:Cite book

[6] Шаблон:Cite journal

[7] May, M.T. 1992. Intra- and extrabasinal tectonism, climate and intrinsic threshold cycles as possible controls on Early Cretaceous fluvial architecture, Wind River basin, Wyoming. In: Sundell, K.A., and Anderson, T.C., eds., Rediscover the Rockies: Wyoming Geological Association Field Conference Guidebook, 43rd Annual Field Conference, Casper, WY, September 12–19, 1992, no. 43, p. 61-74.

[8] Шаблон:Cite journal

[cloverly-mt-9] 9,0 ^9,1 "3.11 Montana, United States; 1. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.

[:0-10] 10,0 ^10,1 Шаблон:Cite journal

[cloverlybigsky-11] 11,00 ^11,01 ^11,02 ^11,03 ^11,04 ^11,05 ^11,06 ^11,07 ^11,08 ^11,09 ^11,10 ^11,11 ^11,12 ^11,13 ^11,14 ^11,15 ^11,16 ^11,17 ^11,18 ^11,19 ^11,20 ^11,21 ^11,22 ^11,23 ^11,24 ^11,25 ^11,26 ^11,27 ^11,28 ^11,29 ^11,30 ^11,31 ^11,32 Horner. Pp. 93-100.

[table-17-1-365-12] "Table 17.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 365.

[Tatankacephalus-13] 13,0 ^13,1 ^13,2 ^13,3 ^13,4 Шаблон:Cite journal

[ThompsonEtAl-14] Шаблон:Cite journal

[cloverly-wy-15] 15,0 ^15,1 ^15,2 ^15,3 "3.12 Wyoming, United States; 2. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.

[acro-16] 16,0 ^16,1 ^16,2 ^16,3 ^16,4 ^16,5 Шаблон:Cite journal

[table-8-1-167-17] "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 167.

[table-5-1-44-18] "Table 5.1," in Varricchio (2001). Page 44.

[both-19] 19,0 ^19,1 ^19,2 "3.11 Wyoming, United States; 1. Cloverly Formation" and "3.12 Montana, United States; 2. Cloverly Formation," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 556.

[Rugocaudia-20] 20,0 ^20,1 ^20,2 ^20,3 Шаблон:Cite journal

[sauro-21] D'Emic, M.D., and B.Z. Foreman. (2012). The beginning of the sauropod dinosaur hiatus in North America: insights from the Lower Cretaceous Cloverly Formation of Wyoming. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32(4):883–902.

[22] Шаблон:Cite journal

[23] Шаблон:Cite journal

[24] Frederickson J.A. and Cifelli R.L. (2016) New Cretaceous lungfishes (Dipnoi, Ceratodontidae) from western North America. Journal of Paleontology.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты	Обмен криптовалют - www.bestchange.ru Криптовалютная биржа CoinEx Криптовалютная биржа Binance HIVE OS - операционная система для майнинга e4pool - Мультивалютный пул для майнинга.
Магазины	AliExpress — глобальная виртуальная (в Интернете) торговая площадка, предоставляющая возможность покупать товары производителей из КНР; computeruniverse.net - Интернет-магазин компьютеров(Промо код 5 Евро на первую покупку:FWWC3ZKQ);
Хостинг	DigitalOcean - американский провайдер облачных инфраструктур, с главным офисом в Нью-Йорке и с центрами обработки данных по всему миру;
Разное	Викиум - Онлайн-тренажер для мозга Like Центр - Центр поддержки и развития предпринимательства. Gamersbay - лучший магазин по бустингу для World of Warcraft. Ноотропы OmniMind N°1 - Усиливает мозговую активность. Повышает мотивацию. Улучшает память. Санкт-Петербургская школа телевидения - это федеральная сеть образовательных центров, которая имеет филиалы в 37 городах России. Lingualeo.com — интерактивный онлайн-сервис для изучения и практики английского языка в увлекательной игровой форме. Junyschool (Джунискул) – международная школа программирования и дизайна для детей и подростков от 5 до 17 лет, где ученики осваивают компьютерную грамотность, развивают алгоритмическое и креативное мышление, изучают основы программирования и компьютерной графики, создают собственные проекты: игры, сайты, программы, приложения, анимации, 3D-модели, монтируют видео. Умназия - Интерактивные онлайн-курсы и тренажеры для развития мышления детей 6-13 лет SkillBox - это один из лидеров российского рынка онлайн-образования. Среди партнеров Skillbox ведущий разработчик сервисного дизайна AIC, медиа-компания Yoola, первое и самое крупное русскоязычное аналитическое агентство Tagline, онлайн-школа дизайна и иллюстрации Bang! Bang! Education, оператор PR-рынка PACO, студия рисования Draw&Go, агентство performance-маркетинга Ingate, scrum-студия Sibirix, имидж-лаборатория Персона. «Нетология» — это университет по подготовке и дополнительному обучению специалистов в области интернет-маркетинга, управления проектами и продуктами, дизайна, Data Science и разработки. В рамках Нетологии студенты получают ценные теоретические знания от лучших экспертов Рунета, выполняют практические задания на отработку полученных навыков, общаются с экспертами и единомышленниками. Познакомиться со всеми продуктами подробнее можно на сайте https://netology.ru, линейка курсов и профессий постоянно обновляется. StudyBay Brazil – это онлайн биржа для португалоговорящих студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт. Автор24 — самая большая в России площадка по написанию учебных работ: контрольные и курсовые работы, дипломы, рефераты, решение задач, отчеты по практике, а так же любой другой вид работы. Сервис сотрудничает с более 70 000 авторов. Более 1 000 000 работ уже выполнено. StudyBay – это онлайн биржа для англоязычных студентов и авторов! Студент получает уникальную работу любого уровня сложности и больше свободного времени, в то время как у автора появляется дополнительный заработок и бесценный опыт.