Английская Википедия:Co-op City, Bronx

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Шаблон:Use mdy dates Шаблон:Infobox settlement Co-op City (short for Cooperative City) is a cooperative housing development located in the northeast section of the borough of the Bronx in New York City. It is bounded by Interstate 95 to the southwest, west, and north and the Hutchinson River Parkway to the east and southeast, and is partially in the Baychester and Eastchester neighborhoods. With 43,752 residents as of the 2010 United States Census,[1] it is the largest housing cooperative in the world.[2] It is in New York City Council District 12.

Co-op City was formerly marshland before being occupied by an amusement park called Freedomland U.S.A. from 1960 to 1964. Construction began in 1966 and the first residents moved in two years later, though the project was not completed until 1973. The construction of the community was sponsored by the United Housing Foundation and financed with a mortgage loan from New York State Housing Finance Agency.

The community is part of Bronx Community District 10 and its ZIP Code is 10475. Nearby attractions include Pelham Bay Park, Orchard Beach and City Island.

Description

Файл:Coop City Pelham Bridge jeh.JPG
Viewed from the Pelham Bridge

Co-op City's 15,372 residential units are composed of 35 high-rise buildings and seven clusters of townhouses, making it the largest residential development in the United States.[3] It sits on Шаблон:Convert, though only 20% of the land was developed, leaving many green spaces. The apartment buildings range from 24 to 33 floors. There are four types of buildings: 10 Triple Core (26 stories high with 500 apartment units per building), 10 chevron (24 stories, 414 units), 15 tower (33 stories, 384 units), and 236 town houses. The townhouses are three stories high and have a separate garden apartment and upper duplex apartment.[4]

This "city within a city" also has eight parking garages, three shopping centers, a Шаблон:Convert educational park, including a high school, two middle schools, and three grade schools. More than 40 offices are rented by doctors, lawyers, and other professionals, and there are 15 houses of worship. Spread throughout the community are six nursery schools and day care centers, four basketball courts, and five baseball diamonds. The adjacent Bay Plaza Shopping Center has a 13-screen multiplex movie theater, department stores, and a supermarket.

The development was built on landfill, and the original marshland still surrounds it. The building foundations extend down to bedrock through 50,000 pilings,[5] but the land surrounding Co-op's structures settles and sinks a fraction of an inch each year, creating cracks in sidewalks and entrances to buildings.[6]

Street names

Most streets in the community are named after notable historical personalities. Generally, streets in section one begin with the letter "D", section two begins with the letter "C", section three with the letter "A", section four with the letter "B" and section five with the letter "E".[7]

Other streets include:

History

Previous land use

Файл:Freedomland USA plaque IMG 2748 HLG.jpg
Plaque commemorating former Freedomland U.S.A. theme park

The land north of the Hutchinson River Parkway was a large swampy area known by residents as "the dump", and most of the land on the north side of the Hutchinson River was flat land used for recreation.

The land to the south of the Hutchinson River (now Section 5 of Co-op City) was swampland. A tidal estuary reached from the Hutchinson River at the New Haven Railroad along a route just north of Hunter and Boller Avenue to pass under the Hutchinson River Parkway. The estuary was the site of boat yards and canoe rental sites during the 1950s.

The northern portion of the site became the home of a 205-acre theme park named Freedomland U.S.A. Freedomland operated from June 19, 1960[9] until September 1964, when it closed after going bankrupt.[10][11] A small portion of the former park site at the northeast corner of Bartow and Baychester Avenues in Co-op City remains zoned as a C7 district,[12] reserved "for large open amusement parks".[13] The zoning district is a holdover from Freedomland's operation.[14][15]

Development

In February 1965, plans were announced for the residential Co-op City development, the world's largest housing cooperative, on the site.[16] The plans for Co-op City were announced in May 1965, with no provisions for an amusement park.[17] Construction on Co-op City began in May 1966.[18] While much of the Freedomland site and some of the surrounding land was infilled, several existing houses were retained along Givans Creek (near Section 5 of Co-op City) because of opposition from residents there. These houses received sewage and other utilities, though these projects were delayed. There was a controversy when Co-op City builders filled the land to grade, because the existing houses were located as much as Шаблон:Convert below grade, and filling for the main development caused storm runoff to flood the existing houses.[19]

Residents began moving in during December 1968,[20] and construction was completed in 1973. The project was sponsored and built by the United Housing Foundation, an organization established in 1951 by Abraham Kazan and the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, and was designed by cooperative architect Herman J. Jessor. The name of the complex's corporation itself was later changed to RiverBay at Co-op City.

Financing

Файл:APARTMENTS OF "CO-OP CITY," A VAST HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN THE BRONX, NOT FAR FROM PELHAM. THESE BUILDINGS STAND ON... - NARA - 549766.jpg
Co-op City in 1973; the lot in the foreground is a dump

The construction of the community was financed with a mortgage loan from New York State Housing Finance Agency (HFA). The complex defaulted on the loan in 1975 and has had ongoing agreements to pay back HFA.

Mismanagement, shoddy construction, and corruption led to the community's defaulting on its loan in 1975. The original Kazan board resigned, and the state took over control. Cooperators, faced with a 25-percent increase in their monthly maintenance fees, organized residents to refuse to pay their monthly maintenance fees. New York State threatened to foreclose on the property and evict the residents, which would mean the loss of their equity. However, cooperators stayed united and held out for 13 months (the longest and largest strike of its kind in United States history) before a compromise was finally reached, with mediation from then-Bronx Borough President Robert Abrams and then-New York Secretary of State Mario Cuomo. Cooperators would remit $20 million in back payments of maintenance fees, but they would get to take over management of the complex and set their own fees.[21]

The shares of stock that prospective purchasers bought to enable them to occupy Co-op City apartments became the subject of protracted litigation, culminating in a United States Supreme Court decision United Housing Foundation, Inc. v. Forman, 421 U.S. 837 (1975).[22] 57 residents sued because they had been charged for costs that were not described in a 1965 Information Bulletin seeking to attract residents for apartments in Co-op City. The Supreme Court held that federal courts have no jurisdiction of shares of stock that allow the purchaser to live in an apartment in Co-op City because they are not federally-regulated shares of commercial stock.[23]

In 2004, Co-op City was financially unable to continue payments to HFA due to the huge costs of emergency repairs. New York Community Bank helped RiverBay satisfy its $57 million mortgage obligation, except for $95 million in arrears, by refinancing the loan later that same year. This led to the agreement that Co-op City would remain in the Mitchell-Lama Housing Program for at least seven more years as a concession on the arrears and that any rehabilitation that Co-op City took on to improve the original poor construction (which happened under New York State's watch) would earn credit toward eliminating the debt. By 2008, RiverBay had submitted enough proof of construction repairs to pay off the balance of arrears to New York State.

Renovations

Файл:Co-op City spring.jpg
View from corner of Asch Loop/Co-op City Boulevard in 2006

Within the first decade of the 2000s, the aging development began undergoing a complex-wide $240 million renovation, replacing piping and garbage compactors, rehabilitating garages and roofs, upgrading the power plant, making facade and terrace repairs, switching to energy-efficient lighting and water-conserving technologies, replacing all 130,000 windows and 4,000 terrace doors (costing $57.9 million in material and labor) and all 179 elevators. The word "renaissance" is being used to describe this period in Co-op City history. Many of these efforts are also helping in the "greening" of the complex: the power-plant will be less polluting, the buildings will be more efficient and recycling efforts will become more extensive. The New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) awarded its largest ever grant—$5.2 million—to the community under its NY Energy $mart Assisted Multifamily Program.

In 2003, after a partial collapse in one garage, inspectors found 5 of the 8 garages to be unsafe and ordered them closed for extensive repairs. The other 3 garages were able to remain partially open during repairs. To deal with the parking crisis, New York City allowed angled parking in the community, the large greenways in the complex were paved over to make outdoor parking lots and agreements were made with nearby shopping centers to use their extra parking spaces. All garages were re-opened by January 2008, and work began to restore the greenways that had been paved.

Financial responsibility for these upgrades was the subject of a protracted dispute between RiverBay and the State of New York.[24] Co-op City was developed under New York's Mitchell-Lama Program, which subsidizes affordable housing. RiverBay charged that the state should help with the costs because of severe infrastructure failures stemming from the development's original shoddy construction, which occurred under the supervision of the state. The state countered that RiverBay was responsible for the costs because of its lack of maintenance over the years. In the end, a compromise had the state supplying money and RiverBay refinancing the mortgage, borrowing $480 million from New York Community Bank in 2004, to cover the rest of the capital costs.[25]

In 2007, the power plant was in the process of upgrading from solely managing the electricity brought in from Con Edison to a 40-megawatt tri-generation facility with the ability to use oil, gas or steam (depending on market conditions) to power turbines to produce its own energy. The final cost of this energy independence could be as much as $90 million, but it is hoped to pay for itself with the savings earned—with conservative estimates at $18 million annually—within several years. Also, whatever excess power generated after satisfying the community's needs will be sold back to the electrical grid, adding another source of income for RiverBay.

In September 2007, a report by the New York Inspector General, Kristine Hamann, charged that the Division of Housing and Community Renewal (DHCR), which is responsible for overseeing Mitchell-Lama developments, was negligent in its duties to supervise the contracting, financial reporting, budgeting and the enforcement of regulations in Co-op City (and other M-L participants) during the period of January 2003 to October 2006. The report also chided Marion Scott management for trying to influence the RiverBay Board by financing election candidates and providing jobs and sports tickets to Board members and their family/friends—all violations of DHCR and/or RiverBay regulations. The DHCR was instructed to overhaul its system of oversight to better protect the residents and taxpayer money.[26]

In October 2007, a former board president, Iris Herskowitz Baez, and a former painting contractor, Nickhoulas Vitale, pleaded guilty to involvement in a kickback scheme. While on the RiverBay Board, Baez steered $3.5 million in subsidized painting contracts for needed work in Co-op City apartments, to Vitale's company, Stadium Interior Painting, in exchange for $100,000 in taxpayer money.[27] Herskowitz Baez was sentenced to 6 months in jail and 12 months' probation and given a $10,000 fine in March 2008.[28]

2010s to present

During January 2015, an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease sickened 8 people near Co-op City's cooling towers. Twelve people were diagnosed with Legionnaires' disease between December 2014 and the end of the outbreak in January 2015.[29] Another outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in 2018 sickened three people, one of whom died.[30][31][32]

As a result of the continued presence of the amusement park zoning lot at Bartow and Baychester Avenues, there were no restrictions on the heights of signs on that lot. In late 2017, the site's owner began erecting tall LED billboards on the lot, a move opposed by Co-op City residents since one of the billboards faced Co-op City, keeping residents awake at night.[33] The following year, residents proposed changing the lot's zoning to a standard commercial use.[34][15] A tall wind turbine was erected on the lot in December 2019.[35] The turbine toppled later that month, knocking down the billboard, but causing no injuries.[35][36]

Management

Файл:NOrtheasternBRONX.JPG
Co-op City in 2005
Файл:Corner of Mimosa Drive and Polar Drive, East Hills, Long Island, New York January 4, 2022 A.jpg
Co-op City in the distance in 2022, as seen from Harbor Hill, in the Village of East Hills, on Long Island.

RiverBay Corporation is the corporation that operates the community and is led by a 15-member board of directors. As a cooperative development, the tenants run the complex through this elected board. There is no pay for serving on the board. The corporation employs over 1000 people and has 32 administrative and operational departments to serve the development.

The complex has its own Public Safety Department with more than 100 sworn officers. In December 2007, the cable television company Cablevision gave RiverBay permission to use its fiber optic cables in order to install additional surveillance cameras throughout the complex to be viewed at the Public Safety Command Center. In 2008, trained supervisors were granted the power to write summonses for parking and noise violationsШаблон:Cn and Segways were acquired – along with bikes – to help the officers patrol during the warmer months.

Co-op City was managed by Marion Scott Real Estate, Inc. from October 1999 to November 2014. Before then the property was run by in-house general managers. The development is currently managed by Douglas Elliman Property Management.

There are two weekly newspapers serving the community: Co-op City Times (the official RiverBay paper) and City News.

Qualifications for resident application

As of September 4, 2019, people who applied to live in Co-op City must meet the following requirements.[37]

  • Applicants must not have any criminal convictions for producing methamphetamine in the home
  • Applicants must not be legally required to be a lifetime registrant on the state sex offender registry
  • Applicants must have a FICO credit score of at least 650 or, if no credit score, documentation of bills paid consistently
  • Applicants must be subject to a home visit during the application process
  • Applicants' children must attend school if age 5+

The following requirements depend on the number of rooms and number of residents.[37]

Number
of rooms		 Minimum
residents		 Maximum
residents		 Sales price Monthly
maintenance
payment		 Minimum
annual income
(age 18–61)		 Minimum
annual income
(age 62+)		 Maximum
annual income
(1–3 residents)		 Maximum
annual income
(4+ residents)
3 1 2 $22,500 $751 $26,778 $23,093 $72,964 —
3.5 1 2 $26,250 $876 $31,137 $26,971 $83,681 —
4 1 2 $30,000 $1002 $35,523 $30,490 $96,423 —
4.5 2 4 $33,750 $1,128 $40,026 $34,659 $107,768 $116,388
5 2 4 $37,750 $1,251 $42,764 $38,487 $112,939 $127,884
6 4 6 $45,000 $1,504 $53,317 $- $135,030 $154,857
6.5 4 6 $48,750 $1,618 $57,806 $50,053 $145,410 $167,225

Demographics

Файл:Coopcityhutch.JPG
Co-op City in 2007, from the east

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Co-Op City was 43,752, an increase of 3,076 (7.6%) from the 40,676 counted in 2000. Covering an area of Шаблон:Convert, the neighborhood had a population density of Шаблон:Convert.[1] The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 8.5% (3,723) White, 60.5% (26,452) African American, 0.2% (108) Native American, 1.2% (522) Asian, 0.0% (7) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (125) from other races, and 1.6% (681) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 27.7% (12,134) of the population.[38]

The entirety of Community District 10, which comprises City Island, Co-op City, Country Club, Pelham Bay, Schuylerville, Throgs Neck and Westchester Square, had 121,868 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.1 years.[39]Шаблон:Rp This is about the same as the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[40]Шаблон:Rp[41] Most inhabitants are youth and middle-aged adults: 20% are between the ages of between 0–17, 26% between 25–44, and 27% between 45–64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 18% respectively.[39]Шаблон:Rp

As of 2017, the median household income in Community District 10 was $59,522.[42] In 2018, an estimated 14% of Community District 10 residents lived in poverty, compared to 25% in all of the Bronx and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 13% in the Bronx and 9% in New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 45% in Community District 10, compared to the boroughwide and citywide rates of 58% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, Шаблон:As of, Community District 10 is considered high-income relative to the rest of the city and not gentrifying.[39]Шаблон:Rp

Because of its large senior citizen block—well over 8,300 residents above the age of sixty as of 2007[43]—it is considered the largest naturally occurring retirement community (NORC) in the nation and its Senior Services Program has extensive outreach to help its aging residents, most of whom moved in as workers and remained after retiring.[44]

Co-op City was home to a large Jewish community during its early years, as well as Italian Americans and Irish Americans; many of them had relocated from other areas of the Bronx, such as the Grand Concourse. With African Americans making up a large minority, the community became known for its ethnic diversity. As early tenants grew older and moved away, the newer residents reflected the current population of the Bronx, with African American and Hispanic residents comprising the majority of residents by 1987.[45] In the 1990s, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the neighborhood received an influx of former Eastern Bloc émigrés, especially from Russia and Albania.[46]

Public safety

Police and crime

Community District 10 is patrolled by the 45th Precinct of the NYPD, located at 2877 Barkley Avenue in Throggs Neck.[47] The 45th Precinct ranked 28th safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010.[48] Шаблон:As of, with a non-fatal assault rate of 53 per 100,000 people, Community District 10's rate of violent crimes per capita is less than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rate of 243 per 100,000 people is lower than that of the city as a whole.[39]Шаблон:Rp

The 45th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 67% between 1990 and 2022. The precinct reported five murders, 13 rapes, 235 robberies, 265 felony assaults, 108 burglaries, 609 grand larcenies, and 323 grand larcenies auto in 2022.[49]

Public Safety Department

Файл:Co-op City Department of Public Safety IMG 2275 HLG.jpg
Co-op City Department of Public Safety at the 2017 Co-op City National Night Out

The Co-op City Department of Public Safety is a privately owned and operated security force that protects the residents, visitors and property of Co-op City. The Co-op City Department of Public Safety currently employs more than 100 Public Safety officers and 10 civilian employees.[50][51][52]

Fire safety

Co-op City is served by the New York City Fire Department (FDNY)'s Engine Co. 66/Ladder Co. 61 fire station at 21 Asch Loop.[53][54]

Health

Шаблон:As of, preterm births are more common in Community District 10 than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers are less common. In Community District 10, there were 110 preterm births per 1,000 live births (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide), and 10.3 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).[39]Шаблон:Rp Community District 10 has a low population of residents who are uninsured. In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 7%, lower than the citywide rate of 14%, though this was based on a small sample size.[39]Шаблон:Rp

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, in Community District 10 is Шаблон:Convert, the same as the city average.[39]Шаблон:Rp Fourteen percent of Community District 10 residents are smokers, which is the same as the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[39]Шаблон:Rp In Community District 10, 24% of residents are obese, 13% are diabetic, and 37% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.[39]Шаблон:Rp In addition, 25% of children are obese, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[39]Шаблон:Rp

Eighty-seven percent of residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is the same as the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 77% of residents described their health as "good," "very good," or "excellent," about the same as the city's average of 78%.[39]Шаблон:Rp For every supermarket in Community District 10, there are 7 bodegas.[39]Шаблон:Rp

The nearest large hospitals are Calvary Hospital, Montefiore Medical Center's Jack D. Weiler Hospital, and NYC Health + Hospitals/Jacobi in Morris Park. The Albert Einstein College of Medicine campus is also located in Morris Park.[55]

Post offices and ZIP Code

Co-op City is located within ZIP Code 10475.[56] The United States Postal Service operates three post offices in Co-op City:

  • Co-op City Station – 3300 Conner Street[57]
  • Dreiser Loop Station – 179 Dreiser Loop[58]
  • Einstein Station – 127 Einstein Loop[59]

Parks

The largest open space in Co-op City itself is the Greenway, which is located in the superblock connecting all of the buildings.[60] The majority of Co-op City was built atop Rattlesnake Creek, a small stream that emptied into the Hutchinson River to the east. A small nature preserve called the Givans Creek Woods is located at the northern portion of Co-op City, near the intersection of Baychester Avenue and Co-op City Boulevard.[61] Despite its name, which is derived from Scottish immigrant Robert Givan, it is located above Rattlesnake Creek.[62]

Co-op City Field, located on the waterfront of Hutchinson River at Co-op City Boulevard north of Bellamy Loop North, contains two baseball fields.[63] Directly to the south is a proposed Шаблон:Convert waterfront park, which was announced in 2017[64][65] and is still in the planning stages.[66]

Education

Файл:Aerial Image of Harry S Truman High School and Co-Op City Area.jpg
Aerial view in 2009, with Harry S Truman High School in foreground

Community District 10 generally has a lower rate of college-educated residents than the rest of the city Шаблон:As of. While 34% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, 16% have less than a high school education and 50% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 26% of Bronx residents and 43% of city residents have a college education or higher.[39]Шаблон:Rp The percentage of Community District 10 students excelling in math rose from 29% in 2000 to 47% in 2011, and reading achievement increased from 33% to 35% during the same time period.[67]

Community District 10's rate of elementary school student absenteeism is slightly higher than the rest of New York City. In Community District 10, 21% of elementary school students missed twenty or more days per school year, a little more than the citywide average of 20%.[40]Шаблон:Rp[39]Шаблон:Rp Additionally, 75% of high school students in Community District 10 graduate on time, the same as the citywide average of 75%.[39]Шаблон:Rp

Schools

The New York City Department of Education operates the following public schools in Co-op City:[68]

Library

Файл:NYPL Bronx Baychester Library Co-op City (27173166852).jpg
New York Public Library, Baychester branch

The New York Public Library (NYPL)'s Baychester branch is located at 2049 Asch Loop North. The one-story branch building opened in 1973 and was renovated in 2003.[77]

Transportation

Co-op City is served by several MTA Regional Bus Operations routes. (Note that sections 1-2-3-4-5 corresponds to Dreiser, Carver, Bellamy, Asch, and Einstein Loops, respectively; buses pull into Asch and Dreiser Loops directly.)[78]

Currently, there are no subway or Metro-North commuter rail stations in Co-op City (a plan to extend the IRT Pelham Line to Co-op City as part of the 1968 Program for Action ran out of money[79]). However, as part of the Penn Station Access project to extend Metro-North service to Pennsylvania Station, the MTA plans to build the Co-op City station, an idea that has been proposed since the 1970s.[80]

Notable residents

Файл:Queen Latifah 2018.jpg
Queen Latifah
Файл:Sonia Sotomayor in SCOTUS robe.jpg
Sonia Sotomayor

See also

References

Шаблон:Reflist

External links

Шаблон:Commons category

Шаблон:Bronx

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 Table PL-P5 NTA: Total Population and Persons Per Acre - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Шаблон:Webarchive, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, February 2012. Accessed June 16, 2016.
  2. ↑ "Urban Mass: A Look at Co-op City" Шаблон:Webarchive, The Cooperator. Accessed December 2006.
  3. ↑ A Walk Through the Bronx Шаблон:Webarchive, WNET. Accessed June 18, 2007. "Co-op City is a middle income cooperative located in the northeastern corner of the Bronx and is the largest single residential development in the United States. Completed in 1971, it consists of 15,372 residential units, in thirty-five high-rise buildings and seven clusters of townhouses."
  4. ↑ Cheslow, Jerry. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Co-op City; A City, Bigger Than Many, Within a City" Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Times, November 20, 1994. Accessed September 28, 2017. "There are four building styles in Co-op City: the 26-story Triple Core, which has three entrances and 500 units; the 24-story Chevron, with 414 units; the 33-story, 384-unit Tower, and the three-story town-house buildings, with one-bedroom apartments on the ground floor and three-bedroom units on the other floors. In all, there are 35 high-rise buildings and seven town-house clusters, some of which have two, some three, buildings."
  5. ↑ Cheslow, J. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Co-op City Шаблон:Webarchive" New York Times, November 20, 1994.
  6. ↑ Puza, D, and Breslin, R, "Saving a Sinking City" Civil Engineering—ASCE, Vol. 67, No. 2, February 1997, pp. 48–51
  7. ↑ 7,00 7,01 7,02 7,03 7,04 7,05 7,06 7,07 7,08 7,09 7,10 7,11 7,12 7,13 7,14 7,15 7,16 7,17 7,18 7,19 7,20 7,21 7,22 7,23 Шаблон:Cite book
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  22. ↑ Шаблон:Cite court
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite court
  24. ↑ "Co-op City secures $480m loan to pay mortgage, finance repairs" Шаблон:Webarchive New York Times. Accessed September 15, 2004. "Many of the needed repairs stem from construction-related defects, and Co-op City residents and state officials have been arguing for years over who should pay for them."
  25. ↑ "Residential Real Estate; Co-op City Hires Outside Managers" Шаблон:Webarchive The New York Times. Accessed November 5, 1999
  26. ↑ "An In-Depth Review of the Division of Housing and Community Renewal's Oversight of the Mitchell-Lama Program" Шаблон:Webarchive. State of New York Office of the Inspector General. September 2007
  27. ↑ Cornell, Kati. "PAINT MISBEHAVIN' AT CO-OP" Шаблон:Webarchive, The New York Post, October 19, 2007. Accessed January 20, 2008.
  28. ↑ "FORMER CO-OP CITY BOARD PRESIDENT SENTENCED TO JAIL TIME FOR ACCEPTING KICKBACK PAYMENTS" Шаблон:Webarchive, United States Attorney Southern District of New York, MARCH 2008
  29. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  30. ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
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  36. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  37. ↑ 37,0 37,1 "Application for Co-op City Шаблон:Webarchive". Riverbay Corporation. September 4, 2019.
  38. ↑ Table PL-P3A NTA: Total Population by Mutually Exclusive Race and Hispanic Origin - New York City Neighborhood Tabulation Areas*, 2010 Шаблон:Webarchive, Population Division - New York City Department of City Planning, March 29, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2016.
  39. ↑ 39,00 39,01 39,02 39,03 39,04 39,05 39,06 39,07 39,08 39,09 39,10 39,11 39,12 39,13 39,14 Шаблон:Cite web
  40. ↑ 40,0 40,1 Шаблон:Cite web
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  43. ↑ "Identifying Risks to Healthy Aging in New York City's Varied NORCs – NORC Program Characteristics, 2007" Шаблон:Webarchive "Fredda Vladeck and Rebecca Segel, United Hospital Fund". Accessed August 14, 2013
  44. ↑ "Haven for Workers in Bronx Evolves for Their Retirement" The New York Times. Accessed August 5, 2002
  45. ↑ "Co-op City Sets New Goal: Attract More Whites" Шаблон:Webarchive The New York Times. November 30, 1987.
  46. ↑ "Urban Mass: A Look at Co-op City" Шаблон:Webarchive The Cooperator: The Co-op & Condo Monthly. December 2006
  47. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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