Английская Википедия:Coal in Australia
Шаблон:Short description Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use Australian English
Coal is mined in every state of Australia. The largest black coal resources occur in Queensland and New South Wales.[1] About 70% of coal mined in Australia is exported, mostly to eastern Asia,[2] and of the balance most is used in electricity generation. In 2019-20 Australia exported 390 Mt of coal (177 Mt metallurgical coal and 213 Mt thermal coal) and was the world's largest exporter of metallurgical coal and second largest exporter of thermal coal.[3] While only employing 50,000 mining jobs nationally coal provides a rich revenue stream for governments.[4]
Coal mining in Australia has been criticized,[5][6] due to carbon dioxide emissions during combustion. This criticism is primarily directed at thermal coal, for its connection to coal-fired power stations as a major source of carbon dioxide emissions, and the link to climate change in Australia and worldwide.[7] Coal was responsible for 30% (164 million tonnes) of Australia's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, not counting methane and export coal, in 2019.[8] Coal as a fuel was responsible for 41% (160 million tonnes) of carbon dioxide emissions in Australia in 2020.[8]
The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme, which followed the draft report in the Garnaut Climate Change Review, placed a price on carbon emissions through a reducing cap and trade emissions trading scheme and incentivised against carbon pollution temporarily, before it was revoked in 2014. Despite a target to reduce GHG emissions Australia continues to open new coal mines.[9]
Forms of coal
Australian coal is either high-quality bituminous coal (black coal) or lower-quality lignite (brown coal).[10]
Bituminous coal is mined in Queensland and New South Wales. It is used for both domestic power generation and is exported. Mining is underground or open-cut. The coal is transported by rail to power stations or export shipping terminals.[11][12]
Lignite is mined in Victoria and South Australia,[13] and is of lower quality due to a lower thermal value largely caused by a high water content.[14] Ash content varies significantly but some Australian lignites have relatively low ash content.[15] In 2013 coal from three open cut lignite coal mines in Victoria was used for power generation.[13]
History
Australian coal was first discovered in New South Wales by shipwreck survivors in August 1797, at Coalcliff, north of Wollongong. George Bass discovered coal soon afterwards in the cliffs at Newcastle off of Point Solander.[16][17] Coal exports first left Newcastle in 1799,[18] with it being mined by convicts. Shipments left for India, marking Australia's first commodity export.[19] Mining in the area was initially small scale and used in domestic heating.[20]
In Queensland, coal mining began near Ipswich in 1825.[21] The following year coal was discovered at Cape Paterson in Victoria.[22] It wasn't until the 1850s that the deposits were mined, however it wasn't enough to sustain Victorian communities.[23] Coal was discovered in Tasmania at Plunkett Point in 1833.[24] In Western Australia, the first coal deposits were discovered in 1846 at Irwin River in what is known as the Coalseam Conservation Park.[22]
By 1901 Australia was exporting several million tonnes annually.[25] By the 1900s coal had become integral to the economy as it was used in locomotives on railways and in steam mills cutting logs, and grinding wheat.[20] In New South Wales development was particularly influenced by coal during the 20th century.[26] During the 1940s Australian coal mines experienced significant strikes.[20] The 1949 Australian coal strike lasted for seven weeks. The Joint Coal Board was formed to aid in the resolution of workers' disputes. Before WWII underground mines dominated. After WWII, Australia began exporting coking coal to Japan to aid in their production of steel.[20] Exports to South Korea and Taiwan soon followed. Australia became the number one coal exporter in 1984.[27] By 1986 Australia was supplying around half of all its exports to Japan.[27] As the Bowen Basin Coalfields were developed, open-cut mines became more common.[20] From the 1980s onwards the ratio of thermal coal exported to Asia increased significantly.[20] High-grade coking coal extracted from the Illawarra region has supported a steel and steel products market with exports leaving via Port Kembla harbour.[19] An anti-coal movement is a recent historical development.[26]
Production, exports and reserves
In 2016, Australia was the biggest net exporter of coal, with 32% of global exports (389 Mt out of 1,213 Mt total). It was the fourth-highest producer with 6.9% of global production (503 Mt out of 7,269 Mt total). 77% of production was exported (389 Mt out of 503 Mt total).[28]
At the end of 2019, Australia earned $63.9 billion from black coal.[22] The value of Australian coal exports reached $112 billion in the 2021-22 financial year.[29] This was the second time a commodity had reached $100 billion in exports for Australia, after iron ore.
Major export markets for Australian coal
Australia exports the largest share of coal of any nation, at 54% of the total.[30] In 2020, exports of coal accounted for 1% of national revenue, with a total value of A$55 billion.[31]
| Country/area | Million tonnes coking | Million tonnes steaming | Million tonnes total | Rank | % of exports |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japan | 35.8 | 81.0 | 116.8 | 1 | 30.0 |
| China | 39.6 | 49.8 | 89.4 | 2 | 23.1 |
| India | 45.3 | 4.8 | 50.1 | 3 | 13.0 |
| Other | 30.3 | 19.5 | 49.8 | 4 | 12.9 |
| Korea (ROK) | 17.8 | 30.1 | 47.9 | 5 | 12.4 |
| Taiwan | 10.0 | 22.5 | 32.5 | 6 | 8.4 |
| Total | 178.8 | 207.7 | 386.5 |
Major coal export ports
Шаблон:Update section The Port of Newcastle, New South Wales, is the world's largest and most efficient coal handling operation through its two terminals: Carrington and Kooragang. Australia has nine major coal-export ports,[33] including:
| Port | State | Million tonnes 2009 |
Million tonnes 2008 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Newcastle[34] | NSW | 92.8 | 91.4 |
| Hay Point[35] | QLD | 82.4 | 80.4 |
| Gladstone[36] | QLD | 56.2 | 54.1 |
| Abbot Point[35] | QLD | 14.4 | 12.5 |
| Port Kembla[37] | NSW | 13.7 | 13.3 |
| Brisbane[36] | QLD | 6.3 | 5.5 |
| Total | 265.8 | 257.2 |
Table of Coal Mines in Australia
| Name | Alternate Names | State | Coordinates | Status | Commodities | Geological Province | Geological Age |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hume | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| White Mountain (Clyde Park) | Clyde Park | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Galilee Basin | |
| Cornwall | Blackwood No. 4 | Tasmania | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Tasmania Basin | |
| Byerwen | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Jax | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Dysart East | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Orion Downs | Inderi, Meteor Downs South | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Drake | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Abel | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Springsure Creek | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Newstan Lochiel | Awaba East | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Carmichael | Galilee (Linc Energy) | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Galilee Basin | |
| Broadmeadow | includes Wallanbah | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Thagoona | part of Jeebropilly | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Clarence-Moreton Basin | Mesozoic |
| Colton | Burrum, Maryborough | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Maryborough Basin | |
| Wallarah | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Canyon | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Wonthaggi | Victoria | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Gippsland Basin | ||
| Spring Mountain | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Ipswich Basin | Mesozoic | |
| Western No5 | Western Australia | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Collie Basin | ||
| Hazelwood | Victoria | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - brown | Gippsland Basin | ||
| Eastern Creek | Newlands | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Bayswater No.2 | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Blue Mountains | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Oakleigh Colliery | New Oakleigh | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Clarence-Moreton Basin | |
| Preston Extended | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Gunnedah Basin | ||
| Harrow Creek | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Smithfield | part of Jeebropilly | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Clarence-Moreton Basin | Mesozoic |
| Ewington | Ewington 1, Ewington 2 | Western Australia | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Collie Basin | |
| Ravensworth East | Swamp Creek | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Chicken Creek | Western Australia | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Collie Basin | ||
| Driffield | Victoria | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - brown | Gippsland Basin | Proterozoic | |
| Loy Yang Mine | Victoria | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - brown | Gippsland Basin | ||
| Cooranbong | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Ravensworth Narama | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Kandos No.3 | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Ensham | Yongala | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Gunnedah | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Gunnedah Basin | ||
| Cardiff Borehole | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| South Blackwater | Humboldt, Kenmare, Kennedy, Laleham No1, Terang, Togara | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Cumnock | Cumnock No1 | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Ashton | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Moolarben | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Cook and Cook North | Leichardt Colliery | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Riverside | Goonyella-Riverside | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Hillalong (MDL 324) | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Oakdale | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Bulga | Beltana, Saxonvale, South Bulga | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Leigh Creek | Copley Basin (Lobe A&E), North Field (Lobe C&D), Telford Basin (Lobe B) | South Australia | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Leigh Creek Basin | |
| Hazelwood Mine | Morwell, South East Field, West Field | Victoria | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - brown | Gippsland Basin | Cenozoic |
| Duralie | Gloucester, Wards River | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Gloucester Basin | |
| Springvale | Lamberts Gully | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Lake Vermont | Vermont | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Invincible | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Liddell | Liddell State | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Callide | includes EPC188 & Boundary Hill | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Callide Basin | |
| Goonyella Riverside | Broadmeadow, Cleanskin, Eureka, Goonyella-Riverside, Isaac, Redhill, Riverside | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Coppabella | Johnson Pit | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Bluff | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Wilpinjong | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Moranbah North | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Coal Cliff | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Mount Arthur | Bayswater No3, Hunter Valley, Mt Arthur North | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Muja | Western Australia | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Collie Basin | ||
| Cordeaux | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| New Oakleigh | Oakleigh Colliery, Rosewood | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Clarence-Moreton Basin | Mesozoic |
| Mangoola | Anvil Hill, Great Northern, Hunter Great Northern | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Maxwell (Drayton) | Saddlers Creek | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Anglesea | Angahook, Jan Juc | Victoria | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - brown | Otway Basin | Cenozoic |
| Wilkie Creek | Braemar, Macalister, Tarcoola | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Surat Basin | |
| Westside | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Baal Bone | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Duncan | Blackwood Mt Nicholas | Tasmania | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Tasmania Basin | |
| Mount Pleasant (MACH Energy Pty Limited) | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Rocglen | Belmont | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Gunnedah Basin | |
| Daunia | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Jeebropilly | 7 Mile, Jeebropilly North, Jeebropilly West, Smithfield, Thagoona, West Moreton | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Clarence-Moreton Basin | Mesozoic |
| Mannering | Wyee, Wyee State | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Collinsville | McNaughton, Wollombi | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Crinum | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Berrima | Medway Colliery | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Stratford | Bowens Road North | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Gloucester Basin | |
| Tasman | O'Donnell | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Mount Thorley | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Curragh | includes Curragh West | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Warkworth | Warkworth No.1 | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Capcoal underground | Aquila, Bundoora, German Creek, Grasstrees, Oak Park, Southern Colliery | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Blair Athol | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Avon | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Grosvenor | Moranbah | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Cullen Valley | Feldmast | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Under Development | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Ulan | Ulan No.2, Ulan West | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Kogan Creek | Brigalow, Kogan | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Surat Basin | |
| Awaba | Awaba State | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| North Cliff | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| United | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Wambo | Homestead, Wambo Complex, Wollemi | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Premier | Collie Operations, Premier | Western Australia | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Collie Basin | |
| Teralba | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Nattai | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Newlands, Suttor, Eastern (RCM), Newlands OC | Eastern Creek | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Poitrel | Mavis Downs, Wotoga and Morambah, includes Winchester | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Cullenswood | Tasmania | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Tasmania Basin | ||
| Foxleigh | includes Foxleigh East | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Bengalla | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Rolleston | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| West Wallsend | includes Lachlan proposal | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Minyango | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Yarrabee | Yarrabee North | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Airly | Airly Mountain | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Dawson | Dawson Complex, Moura | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Mount Owen | Glendell, Ravensworth East | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Dartbrook | Kayuga | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Phillipson | Corner Gate, Ingomar, Lake Phillipson, Penrhyn | South Australia | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Arckaringa Basin | |
| Munmorah | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Metropolitan | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Isaac Plains | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Mandalong | Cooranbong Extension, Mandalong South | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Canyon Mine | Whitehaven | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Gunnedah Basin | |
| Russell Vale (NRE 1) | Balgownie No1, Bellambi West, Bellpac No1, Gibsons, Russell Vale, South Bulli | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Blackwater | Stewarton, Tannyfoil, Taurus, Wilpeena | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Moorvale | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Kestrel | Gordonstone, Kestrel West, Ti Tree | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Clermont | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Baralaba | Dawson Valley | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Hunter Valley Operations | Carrington, Chestnut, Howick, Hunter Valley No 1 & No 2, Lemington, Riverview | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Myuna | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Jellinbah East | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Charbon | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Tower | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Peak Downs | Caval Ridge, Isaac River | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Angus Place | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Newstan | Newstan Extension, Newstan Lochiel | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Brimstone | Brimstone No1 and No2 | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Bloomfield | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Maules Creek | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Gunnedah Basin | ||
| Muswellbrook | Sandy Creek | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Millennium | West Poitrel | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Integra (Glennies Creek) | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| South Walker Creek | Kemmis-Walker | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Minerva | Athena | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Burton | Burton Downs, Kerlong, Plumtree | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Saraji | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Ravensworth UG | Nardell Colliery, Newpac Colliery | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Rixs Creek | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Middlemount | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Maddingley | Victoria | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - brown | Otway Basin | Cenozoic | |
| Dendrobium | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Ironbark No.1 (prev. Ellensfield) | Ironbark No. 1 | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Ravensworth North | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Great Greta | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Cameby Downs | 50259, 50260, 50269, ML50258 | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Surat Basin | Mesozoic |
| Ivanhoe North | Ivanhoe No2 | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| West Cliff | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Gregory | Gregory-Crinum | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Bloodwood Creek | Underground Coal Gasification | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Surat Basin | |
| Maxwell | CL229, CL395, Drayton South, EL5460, ML1531, Mount Arthur South, Saddlers Creek | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Tahmoor | Bargo, Tahmoor North | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Curragh North | Pisces | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Saraji South | Norwich Park | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Glendell | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Donaldson | Abel | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Stanhope | Merrywood | Tasmania | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Tasmania Basin | |
| Boggabri | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Gunnedah Basin | ||
| Wongawilli Colliery (NRE) | Elouera, Nebo | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Hail Creek | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Oaky Creek | Includes Alliance, Oaky No1, Oaky North | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Chain Valley | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Commodore | Millmerran | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Clarence-Moreton Basin | |
| New Acland | Acland, Glen Roslyn, Manningvale East, Manningvale West, Sabine | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Clarence-Moreton Basin | |
| North Goonyella - Eaglefield | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Yallourn | East Field, Maryvale Field, Yallourn East, Yallourn Township | Victoria | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - brown | Gippsland Basin | Cenozoic |
| Clarence | includes Blue Mountains | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Austar | Bellbird, Pelton-Ellalong, Southland | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Sonoma | Cows | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Eagle Downs | Peak Downs East | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Narrabri | Narabri South, Narrabri North | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Gunnedah Basin | |
| Sunnyside | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Gunnedah Basin | ||
| Carborough Downs | Broadlea North | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | |
| Western Main | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Avondale NRE | Avondale | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Pine Dale | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Tarrawonga | East Boggabri | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Gunnedah Basin | |
| Werris Creek | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Gunnedah Basin | ||
| South Bulli | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Burgowan | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Maryborough Basin | ||
| Moonee | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Fingal | Duncan | Tasmania | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Tasmania Basin | |
| New Wallsend No2 | Gretley | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Washpool | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| New Hill | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Ipswich Basin | ||
| Tarong (Meandu) | Tarong | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Tarong Basin | |
| Endeavour | Newvale No2 | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Historic Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Enhance Place | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | ||
| Capcoal - Aquila | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Care And Maintenance | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Wollombi | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Gloucester | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Gloucester Basin | ||
| Swanbank | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Closed | Coal - black | Ipswich Basin | Mesozoic | |
| Appin | Appin (Bulli seam)and Dendrobium (Wongawilli seam) mines | New South Wales | Шаблон:Coord | Operating Mine | Coal - black | Sydney Basin | |
| Wilton | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Bowen Basin | ||
| Fairhill | Queensland | Шаблон:Coord | Feasibility | Coal - black | Bowen Basin |
Major coal mining companies
Шаблон:Main The largest coal producers in Australia are BHP, Glencore, Yancoal, Peabody, Anglo American and Whitehaven Coal.[39] As at June 2023, coal companies in Australia were making windfall profits due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[40] However, Western sanctions against Russia and the energy transition in Europe are also forcing Russia to direct its coal exports eastward, creating more competition with Australian exports in the long term.[41]
Future planned coal mining
Several new coal mines are planned for development in Australia. This includes Olive Downs mine, to be operated by Pembroke Resources, near Coppabella, Queensland.[42] In 2021, the federal government agreed to loan the project A$175 million to begin the first stages of its development.[43] In April 2022, the construction of the mine commenced. Production is expected to begin in 2023.[44]
Divestment from coal
Several mines have announced plans to wind-down operations in coal within set timeframes, alongside planned closures of coal power plants in Australia. This includes Werris Creek (2025).[45]
In 2016, Glencore announced that Tahmoor Colliery would be closed by 2019.[46] However, Glencore later sold the mine to SIMEC in 2018,[47][48] who still operate it.
In 2018, Rio Tinto completed its exit from coal mining with the sale of the Kestrel coal mine.[49]
BHP planned to sell the Mount Arthur mine in 2022, but failed to attract a viable offer and decided to continue operations there until financial year 2030.[50]
In August 2022, BHP completed its sale of the BHP Mitsui Coal to Stanmore Resources.[51]
Banks such as Westpac have introduced restrictions on lending for new thermal coal mines, including a limit of 6,300 kilocalories per kilogram for new projects.[52] By 2021, Australia' big four banks were committed to leaving thermal coal by 2030, pledging alignment with the Paris Climate Agreement.[53] In 2021, ANZ concluded that the Port of Newcastle could become a stranded asset. ANZ took the opportunity to divest when the port was refinancing.[54]
Environmental impacts
Both underground and open-cut mines generate significant environmental impacts, including modified topography, soil erosion, water pollution, air pollution and acid water drainage.[55] The coal industry claims that extensive rehabilitation of areas mined helps to ensure that land capability, after coal mining, meets agreed and appropriate standards.[56][57] It is estimated that air pollution from coal-fired power stations in Australia is responsible for 785 premature deaths each year.[58]
Coal is the principal fossil fuel used in power generation not only in Australia but in many other countries. Links between coal mining, coal burning, and climate change are being discussed widely in Australia.[59][60]
On 27 November 2006 the Land and Environment Court of New South Wales judge Justice Nicola Pain made the decision to set aside the Director-General's acceptance of the Environmental Assessment for the Anvil Hill coal mine,[61] on the grounds that it did not include a comprehensive greenhouse gas assessment, even though the proposed mining of coal was for export. However, on 7 June 2007 the planning minister for NSW Frank Sartor reversed this decision and approved the mine, attaching a list of 80 conditions to the mines operation including conservation offsets.[62]
An international climate think tank produced a report that concluded Australia's coal mines are emitting twice as much methane as national estimates, finding a massive under-reporting of methane emissions in Australia.[63] As part of the nation's commitment to the Paris Agreement Australia must reduce its emissions by 26–28% in 2030 compared to 2005. According to the International Energy Agency, no new coal projects or gas projects can be approved if the world is to achieve net zero emissions by 2050.[64] Шаблон:See also
Protests against coal
One of the first protests against coal development occurred to the south of Sydney in the early 1970s. Clutha Development wanted to build a new coal loading facility at Coalcliff.[65] Coal was to be stored in heaps along the coast. Local activist, Judy Gjedsted, organised protests which successfully ended the proposal.[65]
In November 2021, anti-coal protestors led by Blockade Australia disrupted activity at the world’s largest coal terminal, the Port of Newcastle, by abseilling from equipment and obstructing railway tracks. The protests lasted for 10 days and 17 people were arrested.[66][67] Coordinated action by Blockade Australia in June 2023 saw ports in Newcastle, Brisbane and Melbourne targeted.[68] In April 2023, about 50 people caused a train loaded with coal to come to a halt at Newcastle.[69] Some of the protestors then climbed on top of a carriage loaded with coal, remaining there for almost three hours.[69]
The Carmichael mine run by Adani Group, planned since 2012 and opened in 2021, drew national and international opposition, both from climate activists and traditional owners.[70][71] In August 2019, the government extinguished 1,385 hectares of Wangan and Jaggalingou native title in order to grant Adani title to the land.[72] Protestor activity at the mine has included 40 people blocking the entrance of the mine, with two chaining themselves to a drum of reinforced concrete.[73]
In November 2023, one of the largest protests against coal and fossil fuels in Australia took place in Newcastle. A 30-hour blockade consisting of kayaks, surfboards and pontoons across a shipping channel blocked coal exports from the port.[74] The occupation was organised by Rising Tide. More than 100 people were arrested after staying longer than an agreed deadline.[75]
Environmental regulation of coal mining
The Australian commonwealth government is responsible for making policy on off-shore exploration of coal and resources, while the governments of the states and territories are responsible for policy on onshore exploration.[76]
Commonwealth law
The main Commonwealth environmental laws potentially applicable to coal mining are the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and the Clean Energy Act 2011. The EPBC Act is triggered if a proposed action is likely to have a significant impact on a matter of national environmental significance, for example federally listed threatened species and groundwater impacts.[77]
In September 2022, the Australian Parliament passed the Climate Change Bill. It includes the national targets of cutting emissions by at least 43% by 2030 (compared with 2005) and reaching net zero by 2050.[78] The bill is largely symbolic, it doesn't stipulate how the country will get to its targets.
State laws
New South Wales
Relevant laws are mining law, land use planning law, biodiversity law and water law.
Pollution law
Coal mining requires a pollution control ('environment protection') licence under the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 (NSW) if it exceeds the following thresholds set out in Schedule 1 of the Act: if it is mining, processing or handling of coal (including tailings and chitter) at underground mines or open cut mines and (a) it has a capacity to produce more than 500 tonnes of coal per day, or (b) it has disturbed, is disturbing or will disturb a total surface area of more than 4 hectares of land by: (i) clearing or excavating, or (ii) constructing dams, ponds, drains, roads, railways or conveyors, or (iii) storing or depositing overburden or coal (including tailings and chitter).[79]
Queensland
In March 2020, the Queensland Resources Council introduced safety protocols to promote the health of coal mine workers amidst the international spread of COVID-19. These included improvements to social distancing of workers, disallowing visitors from the public to enter the sites and checking the temperature of workers at mine site entries.[80]
See also
- Carbon capture and storage in Australia
- Coal phase out
- Greenhouse Mafia
- Hunter Valley Coal Chain
- List of coal fired power stations in Australia
- Mining in Australia
- Coastal coal-carrying trade of New South Wales
References
External links
- Australian Mines Atlas.
- Atlas of Australian Mine Waste.
- "Illawarra Coal" - An unofficial history of coal mining in the Illawarra
- Survey of Energy Resources 2007 for Australia
Шаблон:Oceania topic Шаблон:Coal Шаблон:Energy in Australia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 8,0 8,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 13,0 13,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 20,0 20,1 20,2 20,3 20,4 20,5 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 26,0 26,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ 27,0 27,1 Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Minerals Council of Australia, Australia's Coal Industry - Ports and Transport
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ 35,0 35,1 http://www.transport.qld.gov.au/resources/file/eb3e0c4a36b1d25/Pdf_port_of_abbot_point_cape_flattery.pdfШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ 36,0 36,1 http://www.transport.qld.gov.au/resources/file/eb3dff4a36695d1/Pdf_coal_metals.pdfШаблон:Dead link
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Tahmoor SIMEC Group
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ De Valck, J., Williams, G., & Kuik, S. (2021). Does coal mining benefit local communities in the long run? A sustainability perspective on regional Queensland, Australia. Resources Policy, 71, 102009. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.10
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 65,0 65,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ 69,0 69,1 Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Protection Of The Environment Operations Act 1997 - Schedule 1. New South Wales Consolidated Acts. AustLII. Retrieved 2013-01-23.
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
.jpg){kind=link}
.jpg){kind=link}
