Английская Википедия:Cod Alliance Treaty

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Шаблон:Infobox treaty

The Cod Alliance Treaty was a 1350 or 1351 treaty by which a number of nobles and cities allied with William V of Holland against his mother Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and her allies. It was signed in the first phase of the Hook and Cod wars.

Context

Emergence of the Cod Alliance

Count William III of Holland, successfully reigned Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut from 1304 to 1337. An aspect of his reign that caused long term problems in Holland and Zeeland was that he let Willem van Duvenvoorde (c. 1290-1353) manage the internal affairs of Holland. This enabled Van Duvenvoorde and his relatives, the families: Wasseaar, Polanen, Brederode, Boechorst, etc. to amass fiefs and great fortunes. This to the detriment of families like: Arkel, Egmond, Heemskerk and Wateringen. It led to ever growing irritation and resentment with those families who were left out, and steadily lost goods. This formed one of the key causes of the later Hook and Cod wars.Шаблон:Sfn

The short reign of Count William IV (1337-1345) was less successful. The favoritism towards the Duvenvoorde clan continued, while the financial situation got out of hand due to the lifestyle of the count. Nevertheless, the count kept the peace in Holland.Шаблон:Sfn

Count William IV was killed in the 26 September 1345 Battle of Warns, part of his failed attempt to conquer Friesland. The lack of a clear heir caused chaos and confusion that was increased by an invasion by the Bishop of Utrecht. By this time the nobility had long been divided in two parties: pro and contra Van Duvenvoorde, and was arduous to fight.Шаблон:Sfn The Duvenvoorde clan would later become known as the 'Hook' faction, their enemies became known as the 'Cod' faction. Most of the cities of Holland inclined to the Cod faction.

In early 1346 Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut became count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainault. She restored order, and made her second son William of Bavaria her lieutenant in Holland. He was assisted by a council that was again dominated by Van Duvenvoorde, and so nothing was done to quiet the nobility and rebellious cities. Soon, insubordination and anarchy took over in Holland and Zeeland.Шаблон:Sfn

In September 1350 Margaret then deposed William, who had begun to act as count of Holland. With William imprisoned in Hainault, the Hooks seemed victorious, but by February 1351, the Cods had freed Count William, who became their leader.Шаблон:Sfn

First use of the names Hook and Cod

The faction names Шаблон:Lang (hook) and Шаблон:Lang (Cod) can only be traced back to the later phases of the Hook and Cod wars (1350-1490). Therefore, the Cod alliance treaty does not refer to a Cod faction or treaty in any way. The first time that the alliance, or faction, was labelled as such was in 1428. The Treaty of Delft (Шаблон:Lang) signed in July 1428, explicitly forbade the use of the faction names Hook and Cod: Шаблон:Lang (Neither speak of Hook nor Cod).Шаблон:Sfn In 1517 a printed chronicle mentioned the Шаблон:Lang (Cod) faction.Шаблон:Sfn

The Cod Alliance Treaty

The significance of the Cod Alliance Treaty

The Cod Alliance Treaty is a document which was retrieved in archives way after the end of the Hook and Cod wars (1350-1490). Without a direct contemporary reference to this treaty, it is hard to determine its exact significance. This is complicated by the fact that the treaty only survives in copy, and that these copies are inconsistent about the year it was signed; i.e. 1350 or 1351, see below.

If the treaty was drafted on 23 May 1350, it can be considered as one of the causes of the Hook and Cod wars. I.e. the Cod faction making an alliance to fight a civil war, before fighting started in earnest in about April 1351. If the document is dated to 23 May 1351 or later, it would have a more defensive character.

What is certain, is that the Cod alliance itself already existed before 19 November 1350.Шаблон:Sfn On that day Gijsbrecht of Nijenrode joined the alliance of Jan of Arkel, Jan of Culemborg, Jan of Egmond, Jan Persijn of Waterland, Gerrit of Heemskerk, Jan of Wateringen, Gerrit van Egmond, and the cities of Delft, Haarlem, Leiden, Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Schiedam,Шаблон:Sfn and mentioned as enemies: Willem van Duvenvoorde, Jan van Polanen, and all who allied with these two.Шаблон:Sfn

Even though the exact date of the treaty is still in doubt, the text is very significant. It confirms later writings about the Hook and Cod Wars, and shows the extent of the divisions in Holland.

The treaty text

Copies and other treaties

The treaty text has survived in copies that are not completely identical. It first appeared in print in a 1636 work by Van Gouthoeven.Шаблон:Sfn In 1667 a book by the lawyer Simon van Leeuwen followed.Шаблон:SfnШаблон:Sfn

A treaty with the same date formula (see below) and the same list of Cod Alliance members as one of the treaty texts, has been dubbed the Шаблон:Lang (Dordrecht version) by Brokken. This is confusing, because it is a different kind of treaty.Шаблон:Sfn In it Count Willem promises not to alienate any part of the county, nor to grant any fiefs or tax exemptions, in the coming year. It therefore has a very different content from the Cod Alliance Treaty.Шаблон:Sfn

The signatories and adversaries

After announcing himself as William Duke of Bavaria, Count of Holland, and Lord of Friesland, the count begins to sum up his Cod allies. The treaty carefully notes whether these are knights or squires, and whether they are lord of some fief. These allies had stood by the count and would continue to do so, in order to help him remain count and lord in Holland, Zeeland and Friesland, and to protect him against their mutual enemies, who wanted to drive them out and steal their possessions. The treaty then continues with summing up the enemies of the Cod alliance. These do get their rank as knight or squire, but are not marked as lord of a fief.Шаблон:Sfn

Шаблон:Col-begin Шаблон:Col-break

  • The Cod alliance members

Knights:

Squires:

  • Jan van Arkel
  • Jan Lord of Culemborg
  • Jan van Noordeloos
  • Hendrik van Heemskerk Hendrikszoon
  • Daniel van Toloysen

Cities:

Шаблон:Col-break

  • Their enemies (Hook)

Knights:

Priest:

  • Sir Mathijs van der Burgh

Squires:

  • Jan van Noordwijk
  • Jan van der Made
  • Reinier Dever son of Lord Gerrit
  • Gerrit Dever Jansz.
  • Floris van Raaphorst
  • Christiaan and Wouter van Raaphorst
  • The other Raaphorst brothers sons of Gerrit
  • Arend van Groeneveld
  • Dirk van Groeneveld
  • Jan van den Burch
  • Jan Symonsz. van der Burch

Шаблон:Col-end

The count then continues by stating that he takes responsibility for the actions that his helpers and friends take to hurt his enemies. Next came the important promise that without the consent of his allies mentioned in the treaty, William would not allow their enemies on his territories, would not make peace with them, and would not allow them back on the possessions they had forfeited.Шаблон:Sfn Of course William did want to make peace with the cities that opposed him. This seems a logical explanation why the list of his enemies did not include cities.

The same condition of not acting without the consent of his allies applied to William alienating part of his lands or his future inheritance the County of Hainault.Шаблон:Sfn

William named his younger brother Albert as his successor in case he would not have legal offspring. Albert would be bound to the alliance treaty and the promise not to let the Hooks back into his territories. The treaty / letter ends with a note that it was sealed and dated.Шаблон:Sfn

The date of the treaty

The original letter or charter of the treaty survived until the seventeenth century. Van Gouthoeven more or less claims to have seen it. In his printed text it is dated: Sunday, Шаблон:Lang, that is the 23rd Day of May 1351.Шаблон:Sfn Шаблон:Lang is currently known as Trinity Sunday. The 1667 book by the lawyer Simon van Leeuwen has the date formula On Sunday on Шаблон:Lang, the 14th day of May 1350.Шаблон:Sfn

The difference in these dates has triggered a long discussion amongst historians. In 1754 Van Mieris printed 23 May 1751, but noted that this had to be 1750, because Trinity Sunday fell on that day in 1750, but was on 11 June in 1751.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1991 Historians Prevenier and Smit gave three kinds of reasons why the date of the treaty should be 12 June 1351. The formal reasons centered on that Gouthoeven more or less claimed that he saw the original. They supposed that the treaty survived in city archives in Leiden and Dordrecht, with the Leiden text getting the year corrupted to 1350. Van Leeuwen would have used these texts. Gouthoeven's text and a 16th century manuscript would stem from copies kept by nobles. The reason for this reconstruction was that Gouthoeven claimed that the original text was with the heirs of Floris 's Serclaes, bailiff of Schoonhoven.Шаблон:Sfn As regards content Prevenier and Smit stated that Jan van Noordeloos still supported Margaret in March 1351. Dordrecht would only join William on 16 April 1351, and Geertruidenberg would do so only on 15 June 1351.Шаблон:Sfn The third reason centers on the date. On 23 May 1351 Count William was in Zeeland, from 12 to 17 June he was in Dordrecht, while Geertruidenberg joined his side. The date would then become Trinity Sunday, that is 12 June 1351. Prevenieer and Smit therefore suppose that the calculation 23 May that came with the 1351 texts was a later (obviously wrong) addition by a clerk.Шаблон:Sfn

In 1982 The historian Brokken put the year of the treaty to 1350.Шаблон:Sfn In 1998 the year 1350 was again defended by Van Wallene. He stated that the medieval extensive date description could only point to 1350, and that a later error could just as well be made in the year as in the day and month.Шаблон:Sfn As regards content he states that by 12 June 1351 the fight was not finished, and many Hooks were still in the county. In general, Wallene appreciates the text as a Cod alliance concluded on 23 May 1350, without William, who would have to join and seal it later.Шаблон:Sfn He furthermore states that Hendrik van Heemskerk could have been included in the treaty by his family member Gerard van Heemskerk, and that Jan van Noordeloos was a Cod member before his March 1351 pledge of fealty to Margret. He also states that Dordrecht and Geertruidenberg were members of an alliance in May 1350.Шаблон:Sfn With regard to the text, Wallene then continues by stating that the surviving manuscripts all give 23 May, and that Trinity Sunday 23 May can only refer to 1350. As regards content, Wallene notes that some notable Cods from 1351 do not appear in it. These were: Gijsbrecht van Nijenrode (joined in November 1350, see above), Gerard of Herlaer and Gerard van Merxem (joined January 1351). The latter two freed the count from his prison in Hainault in February 1351, and were then included in the county's council. Wallene sees only 1350 as compatible with the omission of these lords.Шаблон:Sfn The part played by the cities would also be strange with a date in 1351, because so little was agreed upon with regard to financial support and influence. Finally Wallene cites Brokken as claiming that the content of the treaty would have made it useless if it had been concluded in June 1351.Шаблон:Sfn

In his 2017 work about the Herlaer family Van Doornmalen gave a logical explanation why Gerard van Herlaer could have been omitted in June 1351, but also concluded that the debate about the year was still open.Шаблон:Sfn

The Cod City Alliance

On 26 September 1351 12 Cod cities made another alliance. These were the 11 cities of the Cod Alliance Treaty plus Vlaardingen. These made a treaty to mutually protect their citizens from aggression caused by the way the count handled his affairs.Шаблон:Sfn This treaty has been very well preserved, with 11 of the 12 city seals still attached.[1]

References

Notes

Шаблон:Reflist

Партнерские ресурсы
Криптовалюты
Магазины
Хостинг
Разное

  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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