Английская Википедия:Colchicum

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Colchicum (Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell or Шаблон:IPAc-en Шаблон:Respell)[1] is a genus of perennial flowering plants containing around 160 species which grow from bulb-like corms. It is a member of the botanical family Colchicaceae, and is native to West Asia, Europe, parts of the Mediterranean coast, down the East African coast to South Africa and the Western Cape. In this genus, the ovary of the flower is underground. As a consequence, the styles are extremely long in proportion, often more than Шаблон:Cvt. All species in the genus are toxic.[2]

Common names

The common names autumn crocus, meadow saffron and naked lady may be applied to the whole genus or to many of its species; they refer to the "naked" crocus-like flowers that appear in late summer or autumn, long before the strap-like foliage which appears in spring.

Colchicum and Crocus look alike and can be confused by the casual observer. To add to the confusion, there are autumn-flowering species of crocus. However, colchicums have 3 styles and 6 stamens, while crocuses have 1 style supporting 3 long stigmas and 3 stamens.[3] In addition, the corm structures are quite different—in Colchicum, the corm is irregular, while in crocuses, the corm is like a flattened ball.[4] Crocus is in the iris family, Iridaceae.

Etymology

The name of the genus derives from Κολχίς (Colchis), the Ancient Greek name for the region of კოლხეთი (Kolkhida) in modern Georgia (Caucasus). Colchis features in Greek mythology as the land to which the Argonauts journeyed in quest of the golden fleece and where Jason encountered Medea. The Greek toponym Colchis is thought by scholars to derive from the Urartian Qulḫa, pronounced "Kolcha" (guttural "ch" - as in Scots loch).[5]

Relationships

Colchicum melanthioides, also known as Androcymbium melanthioides,[6] is probably the best known species from the tropical regions. In contrast to most temperate colchicums, the flower and leaves are produced at the same time, the white flowers usually in a small corymb that is enclosed by white bracts. Close relatives such as Colchicum scabromarginatum (Androcymbium scabromarginatum) and Colchicum coloratum (Androcymbium burchellii) have flowers with very short stalks and may be pollinated by rodents.[7]

Cultivation

Temperate colchicums are commonly grown in gardens as ornamental flowers. Species found in cultivation include: Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

There are also cultivars and hybrids such as:- Шаблон:Div col

  • C. 'Dick Trotter' (violet with white centre)
  • C. 'Disraeli' (purple white),
  • C. 'Giant' (red with white centre)
  • C. 'Harlekijn' (white with purple band)
  • C. 'Lilac Wonder' (lilac)
  • C. 'Pink Goblet' Шаблон:Smallcaps[8] (violet-purple)
  • C. 'Poseidon' (purple)
  • C. 'Rosy Dawn' Шаблон:Smallcaps[9] (rose pink)
  • C. 'Violet Queen' (purple)
  • C. 'Waterlily' Шаблон:Smallcaps[10] (double, lilac-pink)

Шаблон:Div col end

Those marked Шаблон:Smallcaps have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).[11]

In the United Kingdom, the National Collection of colchicums is maintained at Felbrigg Hall, Norfolk.

Medicinal uses and poisonous properties

Plants in this genus contain toxic amounts of the alkaloid colchicine which is used pharmaceutically to treat gout and Familial Mediterranean fever.[12] The use of the roots and seeds in traditional medicine is thought to have arisen due to the presence of this drug.[13]

Its leaves, corm and seeds are poisonous. Murderer Catherine Wilson is thought to have used it to poison a number of victims in the 19th century. The species known to contain the most lethal amount of colchicine is C. autumnale.[14][15][16][17]

Species

The following are the species included in the genus Colchicum.[18] Many species previously classified in Androcymbium, Bulbocodium and Merendera were moved to Colchicum based on molecular genetic evidence.[19][20][21][22] Androcymbium is currently considered a separate genus by some.[23] Шаблон:Div col

Шаблон:Div col end

References

Шаблон:Reflist

Sources

  • Suite 101. Plants and Bulbs: Hardy Fall-Blooming Bulbs for Your Garden
  • Veseys: Information for gardeners
  • A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, Bowles, E. A., D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1952
  • The European Garden Flora: A Manual for the Identification of Plants Cultivated in Europe, both Out-of-Doors and Under Glass, Volume 1, Walters, S. M., et al., editors, Cambridge University Press, 1984

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  1. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  2. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  3. ↑ A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, page 154
  4. ↑ A Handbook of Crocus and Colchicum for Gardeners, page 20, elsewhere
  5. ↑ Lordkipanidze, O. (1991). Archeology in Georgia, Weinheim, 110.
  6. ↑ Шаблон:Citation
  7. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  8. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  9. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  10. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  11. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  12. ↑ http://cme.lww.com/files/FatalColchicinePoisoningbyAccidentalIngestionofColchicumpersicumACaseReport-1406570921809.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
  13. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  14. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  15. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  16. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  17. ↑ Шаблон:Cite book
  18. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  19. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  20. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  21. ↑ Шаблон:Cite journal
  22. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  23. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
  24. ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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