Английская Википедия:Colombia–United Kingdom relations
Шаблон:Use dmy dates Шаблон:Use British English Шаблон:Infobox bilateral relations Шаблон:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish wars
Colombia–United Kingdom relations are the bilateral and diplomatic relations between Colombia and the United Kingdom. Colombian-Anglo relations begin in 1810, and stem from the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the service of the British Legions who helped Colombia to win independence through Simón Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada in 1819–1820. However the first known English person to have traveled to modern day Colombia was Sir John Hawkins in 1565.
Country comparison
| Common name | Colombia | United Kingdom |
|---|---|---|
| Official name | Republic of Colombia | United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
| Coat of arms | Шаблон:Coat of arms | Шаблон:Coat of arms |
| Flag | Шаблон:Flagicon | Шаблон:Flagicon |
| Area | Шаблон:Cvt | Шаблон:Cvt |
| Population (est. 2023) | 52,277,995 | 68,795,198 |
| Capital | Bogotá | London |
| Largest metropolitan area | Bogotá – 307.36 km2 (23.96 km2 metro) | London – 1,485 km2 (13,709,000 km2 metro) |
| Government | Republic, unitary, presidential, constitutional | Parliamentary constitutional unitary |
| First leader | Simón Bolívar | Robert Walpole |
| Current leader | Gustavo Petro | Rishi Sunak |
| Established | Шаблон:Plainlist | Шаблон:Plainlist |
| Official languages | Colombian Spanish | British English |
| Currency | Colombian Peso | Pound sterling |
Background
Major interest in Colombia for the UK has lain in environmental protection and for Colombia the direct financial investment from the UK, military assistance, and gas production. Bilateral trade currently stands at £1 Billion.[1]
History
Early contact with the area known today as Colombia began in the 16th century with the limited expeditionary forces of Elizabeth I's privateers, most famously in the search for the mythical city of El Dorado. Until the early modern period British maritime activity, exploration and trade was limited to these skirmishes in the Caribbean such as the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568), which would lead to the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) and other successive Anglo-Spanish wars in the area.
By the 17th century the British began to become interested in the South American continent due to these trade and naval rivalries with Spain, with the British fighting Spain over a european regional conflict resulting in their defeat in the War of Jenkins' Ear (1739 to 1748), which lead to the British withdrawing to focus naval efforts on their North American wars (1775-1783) and resulting in the Anglo-Spanish War in the Americas (1779–1783). British maritime activity in the late 1790s became more aggressive and began actively gaining territory in the Caribbean (see Trinidad remained Spanish until 1797) to enable greater British mercantile trade in the area. At the time, they also furthered their interest against Spain, (see the Black Legend). After Napoleonic Invasion of Spain in 1808 looking to gain independence, the Venezuelan Junta formed in Caracas by 1810 was the first Junta to engage in diplomacy to gain ties to Great Britain.
In June 1810 Simon Bolivar travelled to London with Luis Lopez Mendez and Andrés Bello to explain why the Junta of Caracas broke relations with the Spanish Monarchy; to the British Foreign Office under secretary Richard Wellesley; seeking British naval and diplomatic protection, however the Spanish ambassador on the grounds Bolivar had at the time no diplomatic capacity to demand self-rule, engaged the British Foreign Office to turn Bolivar away. Bolivar instead returned to Venezuela and his entourage stayed behind in Somers Town, London, and in the following years did not gain further in their activities due to the fluctuation and instability of the parties and states they represented. Their case was also not helped by how in-flux the first statehoods of Venezuela were also viewed by the British as being too unstable to consider offering support to. But in a bid to engage British assistance, Colombian and Cartagena de Indias officials began to trade with British Caribbean colonial officials, failing to attract any substantial aid. However local naval trade did increase between British Caribbean Naval officials and Venezuela and New Granada, coming into the British sphere of influence.
By 1814, the United Province of New Granada sent José Maria del Real as an envoy to London for British support against Spanish military intervention, but as part of a long delay tactics on Britains part due to the defeat of Napoleon and the return of Fernando VII's restoration, Britain did not immediately recognise the new states representatives, denying requests for British assistance against Spanish attack by the Spanish General Pablo Morillo in 1815. Cartagena de Indias, under siege of Spanish fleet, even declared itself a British dominion, but was denied the request eventually falling back under Spanish control by 1816. However Bolivar, exiled in Jamaica in 1815, wrote from Kingston to Richard Wellesley, asking for military support against Spain, yet this was ignored based on the foreign policy of the British Foreign secretary Mr. Castlereagh who was aiming to keep the peace amongst the French, Spanish and European powers following a fine tightrope which British foreign policy makers walked in regards to South America after the close of the Napoleonic wars, culminating in the 1814–1815 Grand Alliance at Congress of Vienna, under which France supported Spain keeping its American colonies, and thus Britain supporting Spanish rule in the Americas. However around this time Lopez Mendez had begun recruiting what became the British Legions, over 7,000 ex-military Irish and Englishmen who had been dismissed after the Napoleonic wars ended; who went on to fight for Colombian Independence.
The British Government on paper however were still in support of Spain in official channels, apart from a number of liberal politicians, but British public favour went with Colombian patriots and favoured pressuring government to open new trade markets with these newly formed Spanish American groups in 1817 and 1818. However, by 1822 at the Congress of Verona, Castlereagh shifted position to favour Colombian independence, after the accession of British interest to the Western Question, due to the fluctuating relations with regards to the French Empire and its interests and power relations with the Spanish Empire. With the independence of several Spanish colonies such as Mexico and Peru between 1817 - 1821, and the success of Bolivars armies in the North South-Americas and in 1824 with the signing of the United States-Colombia Trade agreement, the UK under George Canning eventually recognised the Colombian state in 1825.[2]
Canning in the House of Commons defended his policies regarding France, Spain and Spanish America in a speech stating: "I resolved that if France had Spain it should not be Spain with the Indies. I called the New World into existence to redress the balance of the Old" - 12 December 1826
In the later half of the 19th century British merchants came to the area for the Coffee which in this century has become an important import once more. Steamships and steam trains began to be invested in the 1870s–1890s by English merchants and the Colombian government to transport goods such as Bananas, tobacco, coffee and European imports, which proved to create a flourishing community of British expats in Colombia and spread out across the South Americas.[3] The British expat community later controlled a portion of the railways in Colombia such as the Cartagena Railway line, the Colombian Northern Railway and the Southern Bogota Railway line by 1906, with all railways returning to Colombian ownership by the 1930s.[4]
Chronology of Colombian–British relations
Early
- 1565 - The slave trader John Hawkins attempts to trade in enslaved peoples from Sierra Leone with local peoples in Riohacha[5]
- 1586 - Battle of Cartagena occurs, with Francis Drake capturing the strategic settlement of Cartagena
- 1595 - Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition for the city El Dorado takes place with the crew travelling the Orinoco River in modern day Venezuela, with two Englishman left behind with local Indian chiefs, to whom he exhibited a portrait of Queen Elizabeth and promised to return and liberate them from Spanish dominion ... [whom were] promptly arrested by the Spanish colonial [authorities], who warned local chiefs to only trade with the Spanish[6]
- 1596 - Francis Drake ransacks the city of Riohacha, sailing away with 100 slaves as part of his booty[7]
- 1617 - Watt Raleigh with an expedition traverses the Orinoco, until he was killed in a battle with the Spanish[8]
- 1660-1668 - Henry Morgan operated a smuggling trade from Jamaica via Riohacha[7]
- 1679 - Gorgona is visited by Bartholomew Sharp
- 1709 - Gorgorna Island is home to Woodes Rogers and William Dampier
- 1739-1748 - Battle of Cartagena de Indias occurs due to British mercantile expansionism in South Americas, with Britain withdrawing to North America not to return to the area until the 1790s
- 1758 - Battle of Cartagena whereby the British blockaded the French in the port of Cartagena occurs during the North American Seven Years War
- 1808 - First Masonic Lodge is founded in Cartagena where José Maria Garcia-Toledo and members discussed European politics and history based on the broadsheets (Jamaica Courier and the Royal Gazette) and publications produced in Kingston, Jamaica
- 1810 - Bolivar travels to London
- 1815 - British Cartagenas de Indias is declared and fails, but Annual trade with Spain is replaced by trade between Colombia and British Jamaica via the Treaty of Utrecht in the Atlantic slave trade
Colombian Independence
- 1817 - Daniel Florence O'Leary, James Rooke, Thomas Charles Wright and John Illingworth Hunt enlist under Bolivar army
- 1819 - Battles of Vargas Swamp and Boyaca. In Angostura Bolivar proclamated the Republic of Colombia included present-day Colombia, Panama, and Venezuela, along with parts of northern Peru, northwestern Brazil and Guyana.
- 1821 - Francisco Antonio Zea was appointed by Bolivar as special diplomatic agent of Colombia to Europe and United States. In London he negotiated loans of financial creditors Herring & Richardson and gained recognition of his new country only from the United States.
- 1822 - The ambassador Zea dies in Bath, and a large amount of British private investment is made in the new state
- 1822 - Jose Rafael Revenga as substitute of Zea as Minister Plenipotentiary of Colombia in London, negotiated Great Britain's recognition of Colombia as an independent country.
- 1823 - Mary English known as the Belle of Santa Fe resides in Bogotá from 1823 - 1827 being the representative of financial creditors Herring & Richardson[9]
- March 1823 - John Potter Hamilton ESP the diplomat arrives in Gran Colombia, his 1827 narrative is notable for its depictions of free black men (bogas), such as Agustín Agualongo and women in Colombia
- 1824 - Bolivar leases the Aroa mines to generate revenue to fight the Spanish in the wars of Independence
- 1825 - The republic of Gran Colombia was recognised formally by United Kingdom in first South American envoy recognised by European state
- 1826 - The London stock market crashes reducing the already small number of private brokers willing to invest in what is now considered as a risky financial investment
- 1826 - Revenga complained to the British government at the direction of Bolívar about the illegal presence of British settlers in Essequibo territory claimed by Colombia.
- 1827 - The new ambassador of Colombia José Fernández Madrid lives in London
- 1831 - Gran Colombia was dissolved due to the political differences that existed between supporters of federalism and centralism, as well as regional tensions among the peoples that made up the republic. It broke into the successor states of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela. Since Gran Colombia's territory corresponded more or less to the original jurisdiction of the former Viceroyalty of New Granada, it also claimed the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, the Mosquito Coast, as well as most of Esequiba.
- 1865 - The American jurist Florence Gonzalez translates John Stuart Mill's Considerations on Representative Government
- 1869 - The historic railway of Ferrocarril de Bolívar based in Puerto Colombia is opened with the backing of British Businessman in Colombia[4]
- 1881 - Rosa Carnegie-Williams travels to Bogota, publishing her travel writing account A year in the Andes; or, A lady's adventures in Bogotá in 1889, which were published into Spanish in 1987
- 1882 - The English merchant Robert A Joy (1818-?) and the Colombian Manuel J. de Mier funded the Santa Marta Railway in 1882-1906 to connect Bogota with the Magdalena River, and by 1906 reached its longest length of 94 kilometers stretching to Fundación, mostly delivering Bananas[4][3]
- 1889 - Samuel Smiles Self-Help is published and put into circulation in Colombia, used from 1891 - 1912 to further the goal of the education of the Colombian working classes[10]
Modern
1903 - Panama was separated from Colombia
- 1938 - Jaime Jaramillo Arango arrives in Europe, where he is witness to Kristallnacht, the Blitz and becomes the Colombian Ambassador to the UK between (1938;)1943 - 1945
- 1940 - The British Council establish English examinations in Colombia.[11]
- 1955 - Cricket in Colombia became more institutionally recognised on 20 May 1955 with the creation of the Bogotá Cricket Club (BCC) whose first chairman of the club was the Englishman Reginald Brand alongside and Indian Rishiraj Patel.
- 1956 - Arango establishes the Anglo Colombian School in Bogotá
- 1959 - Alfonso López Pumarejo dies in London, with Mass being attended in his name at Westminster Cathedral
- 1961 - Elizabeth Masson founds the Colegio de Inglaterra
- 1975 - Sebastian Snow crosses the Darién Gap with the Canadian Wade Davis in 1975 as part of his unbroken walk from Tierra del Fuego to Costa Rica, with the trip documented in The Rucksack Man (1976) and Davis's The Serpent and the Rainbow (1985)
- 1978-1981 - Aline Helg travels between England and Colombia to write her 1987 work La educación en Colombia, 1918-1957: una historia social, económica y política
- 1982 - Colombia backs UK in the Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
- 1987 - David Wood (1951–?) author of An Englishman in Colombia (2013) visits Colombia
- 1980's - SAS train Colombian special forces in counter-narcotics[1]
- 2003 - David Hutchinson the banker was kidnapped by FARC for 10 months residing in the Andes[12]
- 2011 - Steve Cossey purchases and restores the No.8 Baldwin 1921 steam train, purportedly "the oldest operational steam engine in Colombia".[13][14]
- 2015 - Mike Slee releases the nature Documentary Colombia: Wild Magic
- 2016 - Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos visits UK on a state visit.
- 2017 - Levison Woods walks through 1,700 miles across South America for Channel 4 for the programme Walking the Americas[15]
- 2020 - 16 June - Bilateral trade agreement between two reached for post-Brexit
Britons in Colombia
- Jorge Isaacs
- Augustus Henry Mounsey - British Columbia Diplomat beginning in 1881
- George Saunders - Footballer who plays for Envigado F.C.
Colombians in the United Kingdom
- Steven Alzate
- Adam Garcia
- Sisco Gomez
- Tara Hoyos-Martínez
- Manuel José Hurtado
- Cristian Montaño
- Fernando Montaño
- Ian Poveda
- Courtney Webb
Economic relations
Following Brexit, the United Kingdom signed a continuity trade agreement with three Andean countries (Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru) on the 15 May 2019.[16][17] Colombia was not able to ratify the free trade agreement by 1 January 2021 and could not provisionally apply the agreement. Through the exchange of diplomatic notes the United Kingdom and Colombia agreed to a bridging mechanism arrangement, which was signed on 18 October 2019, allowing the two countries to continue to trading on preferential terms until Colombia could complete its domestic procedures to fully ratify the agreement.[18] Colombia ratified the agreement on 21 April 2022 and the UK-Andean countries free trade agreement entered into force on 28 June 2022 for Colombia.[19]
List of Ambassadors in United Kingdom to Colombia
Resident diplomatic missions
- Colombia has an embassy and a consulate-general in London.[20]
- United Kingdom has an embassy in Bogotá.[21]
-
Embassy of Colombia in London
-
Consulate-General of Colombia in London
See also
- Latin America–United Kingdom relations
- Colombians in the United Kingdom
- Foreign relations of Colombia
- Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
- Right-wing paramilitarism in Colombia
- British intervention in Spanish American independence
References
Шаблон:Foreign relations of Colombia Шаблон:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
- ↑ 1,0 1,1 Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sites/default/files/Document%20Bicentenary%20UK.pdf Шаблон:Bare URL PDF
- ↑ 3,0 3,1 Empresas de vapores en el Caribe Colombiano: la navegacion fluvial y los ferrocarriles en el Magdalena Grande y el Bajo Magdalena 1870–1930, Joaquin Valoria-de-la-Hoz, October 2016, No.40, Caudernos de historia Economica y Empresarial, ISSN 1692-3707, p.12 See [1]
- ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 Dawn of the Railway Era in Colombia, J. Fred Rippy, November 1943, The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 23, pp. 650-663
- ↑ Researching the history of slavery in Colombia and Brazil through ecclesiastical and notarial archives, Jane Landers, Pablo Gómez, José Polo Acuña, Courtney J. Campbell p. 259-292, Notaria Primera de Quibdo, Libro de Venta de Esclavos 1810-188, Fol. 132r. Notaría Primera de Riohacha Archive, Protocolo 1, Riohacha, 23 March 1831. Notaría Primera de Riohacha Archive, Protocolo 1, Riohacha, 4 May 1831. Baptism of María Olalla, Book of Baptisms, San Gerónimo de Buenavista, Montería, Córdoba, 20 February 1809
- ↑ Case of Venezuela, William Lindsay Scrugg, 1898, p.38
- ↑ 7,0 7,1 Researching the history of slavery in Colombia and Brazil through ecclesiastical and notarial archives, 2015, Jane Landers, Pablo Gómez, José Polo Acuña, Courtney J. Campbell, pp. 259-292, Notaria Primera de Quibdo, Libro de Venta de Esclavos 1810-188, Fol. 132r. Notaría Primera de Riohacha Archive, Protocolo 1, Riohacha, 23 March 1831. Notaría Primera de Riohacha Archive, Protocolo 1, Riohacha, 4 May 1831. Baptism of María Olalla, Book of Baptisms, San Gerónimo de Buenavista, Montería, Córdoba, 20 February 1809
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Adventuring Through Spanish Colonies: Simón Bolívar, Foreign Mercenaries and the Birth of New Nations, Matthew Brown, 2006, p.185, Liverpool University Press
- ↑ Business goals and social commitment. Shaping organisational capabilities - Colombia's Fundacion Social, 1984-2011, José Camilo Dávila, Carlos Dávila, Lina Grisales, David Schnarch, July 2014, p.2, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite news
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
- ↑ Шаблон:Cite web
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