Английская Википедия:Colonial morphology
In microbiology, colonial morphology refers to the visual appearance of bacterial or fungal colonies on an agar plate. Examining colonial morphology is the first step in the identification of an unknown microbe. The systematic assessment of the colonies' appearance, focusing on aspects like size, shape, colour, opacity, and consistency, provides clues to the identity of the organism, allowing microbiologists to select appropriate tests to provide a definitive identification.
Procedure
When a specimen arrives in the microbiology laboratory, it is inoculated into an agar plate and placed in an incubator to encourage microbial growth. Because the appearance of microbial colonies changes as they grow, colonial morphology is examined at a specific time after the plate is inoculated. Usually, the plate is read at 18–24 hours post-inoculation,Шаблон:R but times may differ for slower-growing organisms like fungi.Шаблон:R The microbiologist examines the appearance of the colony, noting specific features such as size, colour, shape, consistency, and opacity.Шаблон:R A hand lens or magnifying glass may be used to view colonies in greater detail.Шаблон:R
The opacity of a microbial colony can be described as transparent, translucent, or opaque. Staphylococci are usually opaque,Шаблон:R while many Streptococcus species are translucent.Шаблон:R The overall shape of the colony may be characterized as circular, irregular, or punctiform (like pinpoints). The vertical growth or elevation of the colony, another identifying characteristic, is assessed by tilting the agar plate to the side and is denoted as flat, raised, convex, pulvinate (very convex), umbilicate (having a depression in the centre) or umbonate (having a bump in the centre).Шаблон:RШаблон:R The edge of the colony may be separately described using terms like smooth, rough, irregular and filamentous. Bacillus anthracis is notable for its filamentous appearance, which is sometimes described as resembling Medusa's head.Шаблон:R
Consistency is examined by physically manipulating the colony with a sterile instrument. It is described using terms like brittle, creamy, sticky and dry. Staphylococci are considered to have a creamy consistency,Шаблон:R while some Neisseria species are sticky, and colonies of diphtheroid bacteria and beta-hemolytic streptococci are typically dry.Шаблон:R Bacteria that produce capsules often have a slimy (mucoid) consistency.Шаблон:R
When certain microorganisms are grown on blood agar, they may digest the blood in the medium, causing visible hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells) on the agar plate. In colonial morphology, hemolysis is classified into three types: alpha-, beta-, and gamma-hemolysis. In alpha-hemolysis, the blood is partially digested, causing the area around the colony to turn green. In beta-hemolysis, the organism digests the blood completely, leaving a clear area around each colony.Шаблон:R Organisms that do not produce hemolysis are referred to as gamma-hemolytic.Шаблон:R Clostridium perfringens, which causes gas gangrene, is noteworthy for producing a "double zone" of both complete and incomplete hemolysis.Шаблон:R
The odour of a culture is sometimes considered part of colonial morphology. While intentionally smelling microbial cultures is not advised, some organisms produce distinctive odours that can be detected during routine examination of the culture. Among these are Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which has a grape-like scent; Staphylococcus aureus, which is said to smell like old socks; and Proteus mirabilis, whose scent is alternately described as putridШаблон:R or like chocolate cake.Шаблон:R
Other distinctive features of colonial morphology include motility and the production of pigments. Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces the pigments pyocyanin and pyoverdin, which give the colonies a greenish sheen.Шаблон:RШаблон:R Some specimens of Serratia marcescens produce an orange-red pigment called prodigiosin.Шаблон:RШаблон:R Organisms with swarming motility, like Proteus species, exhibit concentric waves of growth extending from the inoculation point.Шаблон:RШаблон:R Шаблон:Gallery
Interpretation
Colonial morphology serves as the first step in the identification of microbial species from clinical samples.[1] Based on the visual appearance of the colonies, microbiologists can narrow down the list of possible organisms, allowing them to select appropriate tests to provide a definitive diagnosis. For example, if a microbiologist observes colonies that resemble a Staphylococcus species, they may perform a catalase test to confirm that it belongs to the genus Staphylococcus, and a coagulase test to determine whether it is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus or a more pathogenic species, such as S. aureus.Шаблон:RШаблон:R
Observation of hemolysis is useful in the presumptive identification of bacteria,Шаблон:R especially streptococci, which are classified on the basis of their hemolytic reactions.Шаблон:R For example, Streptococcus pyogenes, which causes strep throat and scarlet fever,Шаблон:R displays beta-hemolysis, while Streptococcus pneumoniae, which can cause pneumonia and meningitis, displays alpha-hemolysis.Шаблон:R The highly pathogenic S. aureus classically displays beta-hemolysis,Шаблон:R while Staphylococcus epidermidis, part of the normal skin flora and an occasional opportunistic pathogen, does so weakly or not at all.Шаблон:R
Although automated techniques like MALDI-TOF are increasingly used to identify microorganisms in clinical laboratories, colonial morphology remains useful to distinguish potential pathogens, which must be identified, from normal flora, for which definitive identification is unnecessary,Шаблон:R and to confirm identification when automated techniques give inconclusive results.Шаблон:R
References
See also
- Bacterial cellular morphologies—the microscopic appearance of bacterial cells
External links
Шаблон:Clinical microbiology techniques
- ↑ Ошибка цитирования Неверный тег
<ref>; для сносокBaeKim2015не указан текст
